Represented By

Bisma Khalid. 70145526

Muhammad Abubakar Latif. 70148272
Muhammad Junaid. 70145270
Eman Raza. 70144979
Ayesha Gull. 70146081
Ahmad Raza. 70145787
Abdul Aziz. 70145580
Aadis Khan. 70145801
Course-In-charge:
Mam Rukhsar
Subject:
Biochemistry
Course code:
PHARM 317
Department:
Faculty Of Pharmacy
The university of Lahore
Introduction to Hormones

Hormones are chemical messengers

produced by glands in the endocrine
system.

They travel through the bloodstream to

target tissues to regulate various
physiological processes.

Hormones can have diverse mechanisms

of action and different target sites in the
body.

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Hormones are chemical messengers
produced by various glands in the
endocrine system.

They regulate various bodily functions such

as metabolism, growth, mood, and
reproduction.

Hormones travel through the bloodstream

to target cells and help maintain
homeostasis in the body.
Mechanism of Hormone Action

Hormones exert their effects by binding

to specific receptors on target cells.

This binding initiates a signaling cascade

that leads to changes in cellular activity.

The response to hormone binding can

involve gene expression, protein
synthesis, or cellular signaling pathways.

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Role various Hormones in our Body

Insulin: Regulates blood sugar levels by

facilitating glucose uptake into cells.

Estrogen: Responsible for female

reproductive development and menstrual
cycle regulation.

Testosterone: P romotes male reproductive

development, muscle growth, and bone
density.
Hormone Synthesis Sites

Hormones are synthesized in specialized

glands or tissues in the body.

For example, the adrenal glands produce

cortisol and adrenaline.

The thyroid gland synthesizes thyroid

hormones like thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3).

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Hormone Target Sites

Hormones have specific target tissues or

organs where they exert their effects.

For instance, insulin targets muscle and fat

cells to regulate glucose uptake.

Thyroid hormones act on various tissues

to regulate metabolism and growth.

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Regulation of Hormone Release

Hormone release is tightly regulated by

feedback mechanisms in the body.

Negative feedback loops help maintain

hormone levels within a narrow range.

For example, high levels of cortisol can

inhibit further release of
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

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Hormone Signaling Pathways

Hormones can activate different signaling

pathways within target cells.

Some hormones use cyclic adenosine

monophosphate (cAMP) as a second
messenger.

Others may activate kinase cascades or

intracellular receptors to elicit a response.

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Hormone Receptor Interactions

Hormone-receptor interactions are highly

specific and crucial for signaling.

Receptors can be located on the cell

surface or within the cell.

Hormone binding to receptors leads to

conformational changes that initiate
downstream signaling events.

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Clinical Implications of Hormones

Hormonal imbalances can lead to various

health conditions.

Hormone replacement therapy is used to

restore hormonal balance in certain
disorders.

Understanding hormone actions and

mechanisms is essential for developing
effective treatments.

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Importance of Hormonal Balance

Imbalance of hormones can lead to various

health issues such as diabetes, thyroid
disorders, and infertility.

Factors such as stress, diet, and genetics

can influence hormone levels in the body.

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle through

proper diet, exercise, and stress
management is crucial for hormone
balance and overall well-being.
Thanks All of
you for listening
attentively

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