Human Geo - 3 July - 21714824 - 2024 - 02 - 22 - 13 - 31

Geography(SSM)@PremrajChavan
Dilip Sir's STEP UP Academy for MPSC/UPSC, PUNE
^yJmob
amÁ¶godm ‘w»¶ narjm
gm‘mÝ¶ AÜ¶¶Z (nona- 1)
³bmg ZmoQ²>g
GS-1
2.3 - ‘mZdr ^yJmoc
2.3 - ‘mZdr dñË¶m
2.7 - A§Vami V§ÌkmZ
ào‘amO MìhmU
B.Sc(Agri), M. A. (Pol.Sci.)
Copyright @ Premraj Chavan Geography
Dilip Sir's STEP UP Academy For MPSC/UPSC- 9503908354 / 8623908354 Join us on Telegram @ Premraj Chavan :: 1
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Geography Notes
""amÁ`godm _w»` narúmm''

GS - 1 : 2.3 - ‘mZdr ^yJmob by ào‘amO MìhmU
(A) ‘mZdr ^yJmocmMm n[aM¶
 BaoñQ>moWoZrg ¶m ^yJmocdoÎ¶mZo n¥ÏdrÀ¶m dU©ZmgmR>r gdm©V àW‘ {OAm°J«m’$s hm eãXn«¶moJ Ho$cm.

(Geo - n¥Ïdr, Graphy - dU©Z)
 BaoñQ>moWoZrg ¶m§ZmM ^yJmocmMo OZH$ (Father of Geography) åhUVmV.
 H$mc© arQ>a - ^yJmoc hr Aer kmZemIm Amho Á¶m‘Ü¶o ‘mZd OmVrÀ¶m g§X^m©V ^¥n¥ð>mÀ¶m ~hþ{d{dYVoMm Aä¶mg Ho$cm
OmVmo.
 ^yJmocmÀ¶m XmoZ ‘hÎdmÀ¶m emIm :
1) àmH¥${VH$ ^yJmoc
2) ‘mZdr ^yJmoc
 ’«o$S>[aH$ {dë¶‘ hoZ[aH$ A°co³Pm§S>a ìhm°Z h§~moëQ> ¶m§Zm "AmYw{ZH$ ^yJmocmMo OZH$' åhUVmV.
 h§~moëQ> ¶m O‘©Z ^yJmocmdoÎ¶mZoM "H$m°g‘m°g' ¶m J«§WmMo EHy$U 4 I§S> {chrco.
 H$mc© arQ>>a ¶m§Mohr AmYw{ZH$ ^yJmocmÀ¶m Aä¶mgmVrc ¶moJXmZ ‘hÎdmMo Amho. Ë¶m§Zr ES>©Hw§$S> (Erdkunde) ¶m à{gÕ J«§WmMo
coIZ Ho$co.
 "Ooåg aoZoc' ¶m§Zm "^maVmVrc AmYw{ZH$ ^yJmocmMo OZH$' Ago åhUVmV.
 O‘©Z ^yJmocVÁk [’«$S>[ae a°Q>Poc ¶m§Zm ‘mZdr ^yJmocmMm OZH$ Ago åhUVmV.
(Am¶moJmZo amÁ¶godm nwd© 2022 ‘Ü¶o ¶mMo CÎma {dXmc-Xm-cm-ãcme Ago {Xco Amho, VgoM JwJcda ¶mMo CÎma ~è¶mM
{R>H$mUr H$mc© arQ>a' Ago gmnS>oc.)
 a°Q>Poc ¶m§Mm J«§W "A±W«monmo{OAmoJ«m’$s' hm 1882 ‘Ü¶o àH$m{eV Pmcm.
 E. Huttington ¶m§Mo nwñVH$ - Principles of Human Geography (1945)
 ’o«§$M ^yJmoc VÁk {dXmc-Xm-cm-ãcme ¶m§Zr ^yJmocmÀ¶m Aä¶mgmgmR>r "’«|$M ñHw$c Am°’$ {OAm°J«m’$s' Mr ñWmnZm Ho$cr.
 1901 ‘Ü¶o OrÝg ~«wÝg ¶m§Mm "‘mZdr ^yJmoc' ZmdmMm J«§W àH$m{eV Pmcm.
 {~«Q>re ‘mZdr ^yJmoc Aä¶mgH$ - h~©Q>©gZ, ‘°qH$S>aI S>S>co, ñQ>°ån
 O‘©Z ‘mZdr ^yJmoc Aä¶mgH$ - a°Q>Poc, ’«$mo~oc, [aeWm°’o$Z, hoQ>Za
 A‘oarH$Z ‘mZdr ^yJmoc Aä¶mgH$ - S>oìhrS> hmd}, Om°O© ‘me©, Hw$. EocZ g|nc, {J«{’$W Q>oca, B©gm ~mo‘oZ, H$mc© gm°¶a
‘mZdr ^yJmocmÀ¶m ì¶m»¶m d AW©
1) ""‘mZdr OrdZmda n[aUm‘ H$aUmè¶m n¶m©daUmÀ¶m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä¶mg åhUOo ‘mZdr ^yJmoc hmo¶.'' - {’«$S>[ae a°Q>Poc
2) ""‘mZdr ^yJmoc åhUOo ApñWa n¥Ïdr d M§Mc ‘mZd ¶m§À¶mVrc ~XcË¶m g§~§Ym§Mm Aä¶mg hmo¶.'' - Hw$. EcoZ g§onc
3) ""Z¡g{J©H$ {Z¶‘ Am{U ‘mZdmÀ¶m nañna g§~§YmVyZ EH$ ZdrZ {dMma àñVwVH$aUmao emó åhUOo ‘mZdr ^yJmoc hmo¶.''
- {dXm-Xr-cm-cme
4) ""‘mZdr ^yJmoc åhUOo ‘mZdr ì¶dgm¶ d Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$ ¶m§À¶mVrc g§~§Ym§Mm Aä¶mg hmo¶.'' - OrÝg ~«wÝg
5) ""‘mZdg‘yh d g‘mO ¶m§Mo Z¡g{J©H$ n¶m©daUmer AgUmao g§~§Y AÜ¶¶Z H$aUmam {df¶ åhUOo ‘mZdr ^yJmoc hmo¶.''
- X‘m°{O¶m
6) ""^m¡Jmo{cH$ n¶m©daU d ‘mZdr ì¶dgm¶ JwU ¶m§Mo ñdén d nañnag§~§Y ¶m§Mm Aä¶mg åhUOo ‘mZdr ^yJmoc.'' - h§{Q>½Q>Z
7) ""‘mZdr ^yJmoc åhUOo Z¡g{J©H$ n¶m©daU d ‘mZdmMr ^m¡{VH$ àJVr ¶m§‘Yrc H$m¶©H$maU^mdmMo g§emoYZ hmo¶.'' -
S>opìhg
8) ""‘mZdr ^yJmocmV n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmcm AZwgéZ ‘mZdr g‘mOmMo AÜ¶¶Z Ho$co OmVo.'' - aoZa
9) ""^yn¥ð>mdarc ‘mZd{Z{‘©V pñWa d ApñWa KQ>Zm§À¶m ñWm{ZH$ AmH¥${V~§YZmMo dU©Z d {dícofU åhUOo ‘mZdr ^yJmoc.
- àm. S>m°. H$m°³g
10) ""‘mZd d n¶m©daUmer g§~§{YV g‘ñ¶m ¶m§Mm Aä¶mg åhUOo ‘mZdr ^yJmoc hmo¶.'' - co~m°Z
11) ""‘mZdr OrdZmÀ¶m ~hþ{dY A§Jm§n¡H$s Or A§Jo gVV ~XcUmè¶m ‘mZd d {ZgJ© ¶m§À¶mVrc nañnag§~§Ym‘wio EImÚm
àXoemV EH$ {d{eï> àH$maMo {MÌ {Z‘m©U H$aVmV, Ë¶m§Mm Aä¶mg åhUOo ‘mZdr ^yJmoc hmo¶.'' - àmÜ¶mnH$ OmoÝg.
 ‘mZdr ^yJmocmMo ñdén :-
1) dU©ZmË‘H$
2) dJuH$aUmË‘H$
3) Am§Va{dÚmemIr¶
4) {ZgJ©dmXr
5) ‘mZdVmdmXr
6) EH$g§K
7) emór¶/d¡km{ZH$
8) J{Verc
9) AmYw{ZH$
 ‘mZdr ^yJmocmMr ì¶már :-
1) ‘mZdr CËH«$m§Vr :-
hmo‘mo  hmo‘mo h°{dcrg  Am°ñQ´>ocmo{nWo³g  hmo‘mo Bao³Q>g

hm¶S>oc~J}pÝgg

âcmoao{gpÝgg

{ZA±S>aWc

hmo‘mo go{nEÝg go{nEÝg
2) ‘mZdr d§e :-
a) H$m°Ho$gmB©S> - Jmoao a§JmMo
b) {ZJ«m°B©S> - H$mio a§JmMo
c) ‘§JmocmB©S> - {ndio a§JmMo
3) Y‘© d OmV
4) ^mfm Am{U ^mfm g‘wh
5) n¶m©daU d ‘mZdr OrdZmMm ghg§~§Y
6) ‘mZdr dñË¶m
7) cmoH$g§»¶m emór¶ KQ>H$
8) Am{W©H$ {H«$¶m
9) gm‘m{OH$ - gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ
 ‘mZdr ^yJmocmÀ¶m emIm :-
A) Am{W©H$ ^yJmoc (Economic Geography) :-
 {~«{Q>e ^yJmoc VÁk Om°O© {Memoë‘ ¶m§Zr ¶mgmR>r ^y-AW©emó Agm eãXà¶moJ gd©àW‘ Ho$cm.
 ¶m§Zm Am{W©H$ ^yJmocmMo OZH$ Ago åhUVmV.
B) H¥${f$^yJmoc (Agricultural Geography) :-
 {hc‘Z, Am°ñQ´>oå~mB© [aS²>g Ec. Oo. Og{~a qgJ ¶m§Mo H$m‘
 gm¶‘Z (1970) ¶m§Zr H¥${f ^yJmocmMr gd©àW‘ ì¶m»¶m Ho$cr.
C) Am¡Úmo{JH$ ^yJmoc (Industrial Geography) :-
 Am’«o$S> do~a, Am°JñQ>, cm°e, dm°ëQ>a Am¶PmS>©, Om°O© aoZa ¶m§Mo H$m¶©.
D) cmoH$g§»¶m ^yJmoc (Population Geography) :-
 E{àc 1953 ‘Ü¶o A‘o[aH$Z g§emoYH$m§À¶m Pmcoë¶m cmoH$g§»¶m {df¶H$ ~¡R>H$sV {ÌdmWm© ¶m§Zr cmoH$g§»¶m ^yJmoc
hr ñdV§Ì emIm Kmo{fV Ho$cr.
 {ÌdmWm©, Om°Z ³cmH©$, {dë~a Poc|ñH$s ¶m§Zr ¶mV H$m‘ Ho$co.
E) dgmhV$ ^yJmoc (Settlement Geography) :-
 a°Q>Poc, hoam°ëS>, ‘o¶a, S>S>co, ñQ>±n, {J«{’$W Q>oca, X‘m±{OAm±, {OZ ~«wÝg ¶m§Zr ¶mV ¶moJXmZ {Xco.
F) gm‘m{OH$ ^yJmoc (Social Geography) :-
 EcrPo a³ë¶w, Om°O© ‘me©, EM.Oo. ‘°qH$S>a ¶mMo àdV©H$.
 1907 ‘Ü¶o A‘oarH$Z VÁk Om°O© hmo ¶mMm "X ñQ>S>r Am°’$ gmoec {OAm°J«m’$s' hm J«§W àH$m{eV Pmcm.
 ‘mZdr ^yJmocmVrc {d{dY {dMmagaUr :-
A) {ZgJ©dmX/{ZíM¶dmX (Determinism) :- (1920 À¶m AmYr)
 i) OZH$ : {’«$S>are a°Q>Poc (O‘©Zr)
ii) Founder : {hßnmoH«°$Q>g (5th B.C.)
iii) g‘W©H$ : ñQ´>°~mo, [aQ>a, h§~moëQ>, ~H$c, S>o‘m°{ce, c°ßco, Ac ‘gwXr.
 ‘mZdr {dH$mg gd©ñdr {ZgJm©daM H$gm Adc§~wZ Amho ho ‘m§S>Umar {dMmagaUr.
 ¶mcmM ~è¶mMdoim {Z¶VrdmX hr åhUVmV (Oo ^m½¶mV Agoc VoM hmoB©c.)

 ¶m‘Ü¶o ‘mZdr {dH$mgmda Z¡g{J©H$ n¶m©daUmMm Ho$di n[aUm‘M hmoVmo Ago Z ‘mZVm ‘mZdr {dH$gZm‘Ü¶o H$m¶©aV
Agcoë¶m ‘mZdmMr BÀN>m d ñ’w$Vu gwÕm {ZgJm©daM Adc§~yZ AgVo Ago ‘mZco OmVo.
 ‘mZd hm A{H«$¶merc Va {ZgJ© {H«$¶merc KQ>H$ Amho.
 a°Q>Poc ¶m§Zr Ë¶m§À¶m A±W«monmo{OAm°J«m’$s (^mJ-1) ¶m J«§WmV n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmdarc ‘mZdrg‘whm§Mo {dVaU Z¡g{J©H$
eº$s H$em àH$mao {Z¶§{ÌV H$aVmV ho gm§{JVco.
 ~H$c ¶m emókmZo B§½c§S>‘Yrc gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmg ¶m J«§WmV hr n¶m©daUdmXmMrM H$mg Yacocr AmT>iVo.
 20 ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m gwédmVrg ¶m {dMmagaUr‘Ü¶o ‘m¡{cH$ â Q>mH$Umam emók åhUOo ES>‘§S> S>o‘m°{cÝg hmo¶.
 {ZgJ©dmXr qH$dm n¶m©daUdmXr {dMmagaUrÀ¶m {dH$mgmVrc eodQ>Mm Q>ßnm åhUOo EcoZ g|nc ¶m {dXþfrMo H$m¶©.
 {VZo 1911 ‘Ü¶o ""^m¡Jmo{cH$ n¶m©daUmMo n[aUm‘'' J«W {c{hcm.
 EcoZ g|nc hr a°Q>PocMrM {dÚmWuZr hmoVr.
 g|nc hrÀ¶m ‘Vo ‘mZd n¥ÏdrÀ¶mM Yw{cH$UmVrc EH$ Amho. (dust of her dust)
 n¶m©daUmÀ¶m KQ>H$mMo ‘mZgemór¶ n[aUm‘ {H$aem°’$ ¶m a°Q>PocÀ¶mM {dÚmÏ¶m©Zohr gm§{JVco AmhoV.
 g§onc (n¶m©daU {ZíM¶dmX)
 EH$ ~m~ cúmmV KoVcr nm{hOo H$s ~hþYm Ancient Geographer d Thinkers ho Determinist hmoVo.
B) g§^ddmX/e³¶VmdmX (Possibilism) :- (1920 Z§Va)
 i) OZH$ : {dXmc-Xm-cm-ãcme (’«|$M)
ii) Zm‘H$aU : cw{g¶Z ’«o$do (àdV©H$)
iii) nwañH$ma : - ~«wÝg, X‘m±{OAm, ’o$~ (ãcme ¶m§Mo AZw¶m¶r)
- A‘o[aH$Z g‘W©H$ H$mc© gm°¶a
 cw{g¶Z ’«$o ~o : The true & only geographical problem is that of utilisation of possibilities. "There are no
necessities but everywhere is possibilities."
 ‘mZdr à¶ËZm‘wio {ZgJm©Mr ~§YZo IwnM {e{Wc hmoD$Z OrdZ gwgø hmoD$ eH$Vo. {ZgJm©V AZoH$ gwá KQ>H$ AmhoV.
Ë¶m§Mm ¶mo½¶ àH$mao Aä¶mg H$éZ Amnë¶m AJ«H«$‘mZwgma {dH$mg KS>{dUo ho gd©ñdr ‘mZdr à¶ËZm§da Adc§~wZ AgVo
ho ‘mZUmar {dMmagaUr åhUOo e³¶VmdmX.
 ’«$mÝg‘Ü¶o ¶m {dMmagaUrMm OÝ‘ Pmcm d {dH$mg Pmcm åhUyZ ¶m {dMmagaUrcm ""^yJmocmVrc ’«|$M {dMmagaUr''
Ago åhUVmV.
 ãcme ¶m§Zr ^m¡Jmo{cH$ EH$Vm ¶m {gÕm§VmEodOr ¶m Jmoï>rda {deof â {Xcm hmoVm H$s, ‘mZd hm EH$ ^m¡Jmo{cH$ H$maH$
Amho Omo H$s H$V¥©àYmZ (Active) d H$‘©àYmZ (Passive) XmoÝhrhr Amho.
 ¶mMm {damoY {J«’$sW Q>oca ¶m§Zr Ho$cm.
C) Wm§~m d nwT>o Om/Zd {ZíM¶dmX (Stop & Go Determinism) :- (gÜ¶m)
 i) OZH$ : {J«’$sW Q>oca (Am°ñQ´>o{c¶m)
 Q>oca ¶m§Zr ‘mZd d {ZgJ© ¶m§À¶mVrc g§nH$m©Mr VwcZm JO~Ocoë¶m añË¶mdarc dmhVwH$sÀ¶m Vm§~S>çm, {haì¶m
{Xì¶m§er Ho$cr. dmhVwH$ åhUOo ‘mZdr hmcMmcr d {ZgJ© åhUOo {Xdm.
 {ZgJm©Zo H$mhr ¶moOZm V¶ma Ho$coë¶m AgVmV Ë¶mMrM H$m¶©dmhr ‘mZd H$aVmo.
 Q>oca ¶m§Mm Zd {ZíM¶dmX, g§^dVmdmX d {ZgJ©dmX ¶m§Vrc {ddoH$s ‘mJ© H$mT>Ê¶mgmR>r àUoVm hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
D) Cultural/Social Determinism :-
 i) àgma : ES>dS>© Cc‘Z
 ¶m {gÕm§VmZwgma ‘mZdmMr {dMma d H¥$Vr ho ‘mZdmÀ¶m OrdZmcm AmH$ma XoV AgVmV.
 åhUOoM {gÕm§VmZwgma ‘mZdr g‘mOmÀ¶m gm§ñH¥${VH$ d gm‘m{OH$ OS>UKS>UrZwgma Ë¶m g‘mOmMr {dH$mgmMr {Xem
R>aV AgVo.
E) AmemdmX (Positivism) :-
 i) àdV©H$ : Am°JñQ> H$m°‘Q>o (1920)
 ¶m {gÕm§VmZwgma Amnë¶m gX²gX²{d{dHo$ ~wÕrcm nS>Umè¶m d VÏ¶ ‘mhrV AgUmè¶m Jmoï>tda AmYm[aV g§H$ënZm
¶mo½¶ AgVmV.
F) Radicalism in Human Geography :-
 Founder-Professor Peet.
 ¶m Ñï>rH$moZm‘Ü¶o H¥$îUdUr©¶ cmoH$m§da hmoUmao AÝ¶m¶, ~mcH$m§Mo emofU B. ‘mZdr n¡cwda àH$me Q>mH$cm Amho.
G) Welfare Approach :-
 By Smith
 7 Indicators :- Income, living environment, physical & mental health, education, social order, social
belonging, recreation.
*****
""amÁ`godm _w»` narúmm''- ^yJmob

2.3) ‘mZdr dñÎ¶m
By ào‘amO MìhmU
Human Settlements
 A cluster of dwellings ranging from hamlet to Villages, and towns, big or small are called human settlements.
 UN-Declaration on human settlements :
"Human settlement means the totality of human community-whether city, town or village-with all the social,
material, organizational, spiritual & cultural elements that sustain in it."
 C. A. Doxiadis developed "Ekistics" - the science of human settlements.
 Doxiadis was greek architech & town planner (Architect of Islamabad & proponent of Ekistics)
Nature
Networks Man
Shells Society
"Doxiadis Concept of H.S."

 The sequence (Small to Biggest) :
Hamlet  Village  Town  City  Metropolis  Megapolis
1) Hamlet - It has no specified number of minimum buildings.
- Buildings are fewer and more loosely clustered than in village.
2) Village - A group of houses & associated buildings larger than hamlet & smaller than town situated in
rural area. (Farming)
3) Town - Villages which succeed.
- Human made structures predominate over natural landscape.
4) City - Leading town, one which has outstripped its local & regional rivals.
- Supprasses neighbouring town in terms of population, areal size, economic production. (e.q. New
Delhi to Gurgaon, faridabad, Sonepat ect.)
5) Metropolis - Cosmopolitan population.
6) Megopolis - Bloated city in which material wealth dominates life.
· Classification of Settlements :-
A) Size :
1) Compact Settlement - Houses close to each other
- Found in highly productive alluvial plains.
2) Semi Clustered - in process of becoming compact Settlement.
3) Dispersed Settlement - Spread over large area.
B) Function :
1) Rural - Primary occupation
2) Urban - In India as per 1971 census criteria.
a) All places with Municipality, Corporation, Cantonment or notified town area.
b) All other places having criteria -
i) Minimum population - 5000
ii) 75% (at least) male working population was non - Agril.
iii) Density of population at least 400/km2.
Rural Settlements
· Factors attecting Rural Settlements :-
1) Site :- i) Wet point settlement (water source)
ii) Dry point settlement (sites avoid risk of flooding)
iii) Spur line settlement (Valley in mountain & hills)
2) Situation :- Culture, economy and political set up of settlement.
· Types of Rural Settlements :-
1) Compact Settlements :- (Nucleated/Clustered)
- Houses closely located, Density of houses high
- Found in areas of fertile land, river valleys
2) Semi - Compact Settlements
3) Dispersed Settlements :- In regions of high relief, rugged terrain, desert
4) Farmstead :- Small population, large agril fields
· Distribution of Rural Settlement in World :
No. Continent Settlement Type
1) Asia Compact
2) North America Dispersed
3) South America Semi-Sprinkled
4) Europe Semi-Compact
5) Africa Semi-Sprinkled
6) Australia Semi-Sprinkled
· Major Patterns of Rural Settlements :

1) Linear - Along river sides or stream or canal or along roads or railway lines.
2) Rectangular -
3) Square -
4) Circular / Semi-Circular (Horse-shoe shaped)
5) Chess board -
6) Amorphous -
Albert Demangeon - French Geographer
- Classified Rural Settlements.
Urban Settlements
· Urban Settlements According to Population Census :-
1) Any place with Municipality Corporation, Cantonment or Notified Town Area.
2) Any place which satisfies following Criteria -
i) Minimum Population - 5000
ii) At least 75% of male working in non-Agril occupation.
iii) Population density at least 400/km2
3) Settlements having population of more than 5000 may therefore be designated as towns.
4) In China (> 20,000 & 2000 in non Agril), USA (>2500)
· On basis of size of population :-
Town Class Population
Class - I > 1,00,000
Class - II 50,000 - 1,00,000
Class - III 20,000 - 50,000
Class - IV 10,000 - 20,000
Class - V 5,000 - 10,000
· Sequence :-
Town  City  Metropolis  Megapolis  Conurbation
· City - Defined by Lewis Mumford.
· Conurbation - term given by Patrick Geddes
· Term city was borrowed from latin word Civitas.
· In 2022, there are 44 megacities (> 10 million population) in world (^maVmV gÜ¶m 3)
· By 2030, India will have 7 megacities (New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Ahmedabad,
Hyderabad)
 Classification of Cities :-
A) Classification by Age :-
- Attempted by Lewis Mumford
- Advanced by Taylor (Infantile/Juvenile/Senile)
- Worked by Geddes (Eopolis/Polis/Metropolis)
B) Functional Classification :-
I) By M. Aurousseau (6 fold classification) :-
1) Administration
2) Defence
3) Culture
4) Production
5) Communication
6) Recreation
II) By C. D. Harris :-
- Manufacturing/Retail/Diversified/Wholesale/Mining/University/Resort/Transporation Cities.
C) Classificaton of Size :-
- By G. K. Zipf
- Rank Size Rule : Inverse relationship between city's population & its rank.
- Second ranked city has half the population of first, the fourth a quarter & so on.
- Primate City (By Jefferson) - EImÚm àXoemVrc gdm©V ‘moR>çm ehamMr cmoH$g§»¶m Ë¶m àXoemVrc Xþgè¶m d
{Vgè¶m H«$‘m§H$mÀ¶m ehamÀ¶m EHy$U cmoH$g§»¶onoúmm XþßnQ> AgVo.
Agriculture Land use model proposed first by J. H. Von Thunen in 1826.
 Theories of Internal Structure of Cities :-

A) The Conenctric Zone Theory :-
- Proposed by E.W. Burgess
- He called C.Z.T. was based upon Robert Park's essay upon human ecology
 Zones & their nomenclature & Associated land Use :-
Zones Nomenclature Functions/Use
I) Loop CBD/Commercial
II) Zone of Transition Factories, ghettos, crime areas
III) Zone of Worker's Homes Lower income working people's residential areas.
IV) Residential Zone Upper income residential area
V) Commuters Zone Commuting
B) Sector Model :-
- Developed by Homer Hoytt.
C) Multiple Nuclei Theory :-
- Proposed by Chancy Harris & Edward Ullman in their paper "Nature of Cities".
· Urban Village Concept :-
- First used by Pahl in 1968.
- According to Ramchandran (1989), the urban village continues its degraded & slum like existence
until "redevelopment" of site takes place.
· Slums & Squatters :-

- UN - Habitat defined slum household as a group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban
area who lacks permanent house or Sufficient living space or Easy access to safe water or access to
adequate Sanitation.
- Latin America (Barrios, Favelas, Ranchos)
India (Bustees)
Turkey (gecekondu)
Malaya (Kampongs)
Phillipines (Barung-barongs)
Urbanisation
Urbanisation is a process which is associated with the process of migration of populations from rural to
urban areas accompanied by a change in occupational structure.
· Process of Urbanization
 Earliest example of urban development originated on the banks of Tigris & Euphrates (5000-3000 B.C.)
 Babylon population - 80,000
 Alexandria, Athens - 1,00,000 to 1,50,000 (326 B.C.)
 Rome - 2,00,000 (2nd Century A.D.)
 Technical & economic changes which accompanied the industrial revolution had proved to be the most
potent force affecting the development of whole history of urbanization.
 By 1860, 50% of population of England & wales was urban & it has risen to 77% by end of century.
 Levels of urbanization in 1976
a) World = 38%
b) Africa = 23%
c) North America = 74%
 The proportion of urban population in the world was 53% of total population in 2012.
 In 2022 it is 57% of total worlds' population.
· Urban Fringe :-
 The rural-urban fringe is the transitional zone in which the influence of the urban centre decreases
categorically while rural characteristics take over.
· Urbanization in India :-
Year No. of Towns % Urban Population
1901 1827 10.84
2001 5161 27.81
2011 7935 31.16
 For the first time since independence, census 2011 reveals that the absolute increase in urban population
has been more than its rural counterpart.
 Growth rate of urban population was 31.5% (2001), 32.7 (2011) - 1.2 times increase.
 Urban population in India 37.7 crore (2011)
· Problems of Urban Growth :-
1) Infra-facilitis shortfall in housing, drinking, water, sewage.
2) Short fall in capital investment
3) Lack of skills
4) Lack of knowledge about one anothers roots & cultures.
5) Air pollution, water pollution, solid waste, loss of natural ecosystems.
*****
""amÁ`godm _w»` narúmm''

GS - 1 : ^yJmob
2.7) ^yJmob Am{U AmH$me - AdH$mer` / A§Vami V§ÌkmZ, ISRO, DRDO ¶m§Mr ^w{‘H$m
By ào‘amO MìhmU
 1) DRDO - Defence Research & Development organization (g§aúmU g§emoYZ d {dH$mg g§KQ>Zm) :
1) ñWmnZm : 1958 (g§ajU _§Ìmb`m§VJ©V H$m`©), ‘w»¶mc¶ - Zdr {X„r.
2) Motto : Strength's origin is in science (~cñ¶ ‘wc§ {dkmZ‘²)
3) Chairman : Dr. Sameer Kamath
4) Initial Achievements :-
a) First Project - Project Indigo (1960)
b) Now has 52 laboratories
5) It was estalished in 1958 by combining technical development establishment (IDEs) of Indian Army
& DTDP with defence science organisation.
6) Mission of DRDO :-
1) Design, develop & lead to production state-of the-art sensors, weapon systems, platforms &
allied equipment for our defence services.
2) Provide technological solutions to services.
3) Built strong indigenous technology base.
 2) ISRO - Indian Space Research Organisation
1) ñWmnZm/H.Q. : 15 August 1969 (~|Jcmoa)
2) Preceding Agency : Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR)
(AÜ¶úm - {dH«$‘ gmam^mB© (1962))
3) ~«rXdm³¶ : Space technology in the serives of mankind (‘mZdgodogmR>r A§Vami V§ÌkmZ)
4) First Satellite : Am¶©^Å> (Launched from Soviet Union on 19/4/1975)
5) Chairman : 1st - {dH«$‘ gmam^mB©, Now S. Somnath (14 OmZo. 2022 nmgwZ)
6) Major bodies : 1) Ww§~m am°Ho$Q> cm±qMJ ñQ>oeZ - Ww§~m (Ho$ai)
2) gVre YdZ ñnog g|Q>a (lrharH$moQ>m, A.P.)
3) {dH«$‘ gmam^mB© ñnog g|Q>a (eréAZ§Vanwa‘, K.R.)
4) Physical Research Lab (Ah‘Xm~mX)
5) ¶w. Ama. amd g°Q>ocmB©Q> g|Q>a (~|Jcmoa)
6) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing - Dehradun (U.K.)
7) Indian Institute of Space Science Technology - Thiruanathpuram
8) Antrix Corporation Limited (Marketing Arm of ISRO)
9) New Space India Ltd. (Commercial Wing)
10) National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad)
 Major Mission of ISRO :

1) Mm§Ð¶mZ I - Launched on 22 Oct. 2008
2) Mm§Ð¶mZ II - Launched on 22 July 2019 (GSLV MK III)
3) Mars Orbitor Mission - Launched 5 Nov. 2013
- End 2 Oct. 2022
- India is first nation in world to do so in first attempt.
4) Aditya L-1 : Feb. 2023 (Expected)
: First Indianobservatory class mission to study solar coronagraph.
5) Chandryan-3 : July 2023
6) JJZ¶mZ-1 : Mid 2023
7) JJZ¶mZ-3 : Crewed Spacecraft (2024)
 3) Am¶wH$m (IUCAA) :
1) Full Form - Inter University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics)
2) H. Q. - Pune
3) Established - 1988
4) Chairman - 1st : O¶§V ZmairH$a
Now : gm¡‘H$ am¶Mm¡Yar
 Mission Shakti : Anti- Satellite Mission (A - SAT)
 ISRO d DRDO Mm g§`wº$ CnH«$‘
 _mo{h_oMo ZoVË¥d : DRDO
 A - SAT àUmbrMm {dH$mg : DRDO
 MmMUr {R>>H$mU : S>m°. APJ AãXþc H$bm_ ~oQ>, Amo{S>>gm
 doi d VmarI : 27 _mM© 2019, gH$mir 11 dmOyZ 10 {‘{ZQ>m§Zr
 _mo{h_oMo Zmd : {‘eZ eº$r (1978 _Yrb AmpÊdH$ MmMUrg XoIrc "eº$r' Zmd )
 DRDO Zo Ho$boë`m H¥${Ì_ CnJ«h {damoYr jonUmñÌ MmMUrV 2 KZê$n ~yñQg© - 3 Q>ßß`mVrb interceptor jonUmñÌmMm
dmna
 gXa jonUmñÌmZo n¥ÏdrnmgyZ 274 km A§Vamda Low Earth Orbit (LEO) _Üò pñWV 740 kg Microsat - R `m H$m¶©aV
CnJ¥hmg (active / live satellite) Ho$di 3 {‘{ZQ>mV bú` Ho$bo & Ë`mZ§Va gXa missile ~§JmbÀ`m CngmJamV _Ü`^mJr
nmS>Ê`mV Ambo
 DRDO Zo 2002 _ÜòM H¥${Ì_ CnJ¥h {damoYr jonUmñÌ MmMUr KoÊ`mg gÁO Agë`mMo Omhra Ho$bo hmoVo. 2016-17
Xaå`mZ DRDO À`m àH$ënmbm A§{V_ _mÝ`Vm
 A - SAT> MmMUrMr d¡{eï²ò :
 H¥${Ì_ CnJ¥h {damoYr MmMUr KoUmam ^maV 4Wm Xoe , `mnydrMo Xoe - A_o[aH$m, a{e`m, MrZ
 g§nyU© ñdXoer àUmbr - MmMUr gmR>r dmnabobo gm{hË` DRDO d {VÀ`m {d{dY g§ñWmZr ~Zdbobo gm{hË` dmnabo.
 H$m¶©aV ( active satellite) CnJ¥hmMm dmna : A_o[aH$m, a{e`m, MrZ `m§Zr ~§X/H$m`©aV Zgboë`m CnJ«hmMm dmna Ho$bm hmoVm,
^maVmZo _mÌ `mgmR>r H$m`©aV CnJ¥hmMm dmna Ho$bm.
 H$_r AdH$me H$Mam : A - SAT MmMUr Xaå`mZ H$_r AdH$me H$Mè`mMr {Z{‘©Vr, `mgmR>r ^maVmZo 280 km C§Mrda
MmMUr KoVbr - `m_wio H$_r H$Mam {Z‘m©U & {Z‘m©U Pmbobm H$Mam bdH$a Zï Pmbm.
 A - SAT> jonUmñÌ àUmbrV DRDO Zo "Ballistic Missile Defence Interceptor' Mm dmna Ho$cm - hm interceptor
^maV gÜ`m {dH${gV H$aV Agboë`m "Ballistic Missile Defence System' (BMDS) Mm EH$ ^mJ Amho.
 Kinetic Kill V§ÌkmZ :
Low Earth Orbit _Üò pñWV 7.8 km/sec (ÜdZrÀ`m doJmnojm 20 nQ> A{YH$) doJmZo {’$aUmè¶m Microsat - R `m H¥${Ì_
CnJ¥hmÛmao {Z‘m©U hmoUmè`m J{VO D$O©oMmM (Kinetic Energy) dmna H$ê$Z gXa CnJ¥hmg Zï H$aÊ`mV Ambo, `mgmR>r
Hw$R>ë`mhr ñ\$moQ>H$mMm/XméJmoi`mMm dmna Zmhr `mbmM "Kinetic Kill' Ago åhUVmV.
 BVa V§ÌkmZo :
 Active Kill Approach : `mV jonUmñÌmZo Zoboë`m ñ\$moQ>H$mÛmao CnJ¥h Zï Ho$bm OmVmo.
 Fly - by Test : `mV jonUmñÌ CnJ¥hmda Z AmXiVm/_mam Z H$aVm Ë`mÀ`m OdiyZ Zobm OmVmo åhUOo àË`jmV CnJ¥h Zï
Z H$aVm Ver j_Vm Amho Ago XmIdbo OmVo.
 Jamming : `mV jonUmñÌ CnJ¥hmbm OmD$Z {MH$Q>Vo, `m_wio XoIrb CnJ«h ôXr j_Vm XmIdbr OmVo.
 CnJ¥h {damoYr jonUmñÌ (A-SAT) :
 CnJ¥h {damoYr jonUmñÌ Oo CnJ¥h qH$dm BVa bú`mÀ`m Odinmg ñ\$moQ> KS>dyZ AmUVo {H$§dm h„m MTdVo Ë`mg "Kinetic
Physical Weapon' Ago åhUVmV. `mMo 2 àH$ma -
 Direct Ascent A-SAT (DAASAT) weapon : H$joV pñWa Agboë`m interceptor àUmbr{edm` target bm
Xþ^mJUmè`m _mJ©H«$‘{ZHo$Mm dmna H$ê$Z H¥${Ì_ CnJ¥hmda h„m H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrMm DAASAT> àUmbrV g_mdoe hmoVmo.
^maVmZo MmMUr Ho$bobr A-SAT> àUmbr DAASAT> `m àH$mamVbr Amho.
 Co-Orbital A-SAT weapon : `mV àW_ jonUmñÌmg H$joV àñWm{nV H$aUo Amdí`H$, Ë`mZm§Va Vo b{úmV CnJ¥hmÀ`m
Odi OmVo.
 A-SAT MmMUr _wio ^maVmZo H$m` gmÜ` Ho$bo? :
 `m_wio ^maVmbm Amnbr Am§VamimVrb gmYZ gm§nÎmr g§a{úmV Ro>dVm òB©b.
 eÌw amï´>mMo ^maVmÀ`m hÔrV Qo>hiUr H$aUmao CnJ¥h Zï H$aVm òVrb.
 ^maVmÀ`m AdH$me hÔrVrc BVa YmoH$mXm`H$ dñVy Zï H$aVm òVrb.
 AmnËH$mbrZ n[apñWVrV EImXm A{Z`§{ÌV CnJ¥h dñVr/JXuÀ`m {R>>H$mUr nS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm Agë`mg A-SAT Mm Cn`moJ
H$ê$Z Vo hdoVM Zï H$aVm òB©b.
 `wÕmÀ`m H$mimV eÌw amï´>mMr CnJ¥h AmYm[aV XiUdiU `§ÌUm ~§X nmS>Vm òB©b.
 A-SAT Mm ì`mdgm{¶H$ dmna XoIrb H$aVm òB©b - V§ÌkmZ hñVm§VaU
 Microsat - R CnJ¥h Zï>> H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaboë`m interceptor jonUmóm~m~V :
 Microsat - R `m AdH$memVrb H¥${Ì_ CnJ¥hmg Zï H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV Amboë`m interceptor missile Mo dOZ - 18
Q>Z, C§Mr - 13 _r
 XmoZ KZê$n am°Ho$Q> ~wñQ>g©Zr gÁO {ÌñVar` jonUmñÌ (3 stage - 2 solid rocket booster's)
 n¥Ïdr jonUmñÌ dJm©Vrb H$mhr V§ÌkmZmMm dmna
 n¥Ïdr jonUmñÌ Ho$di 80 km Am§Vamdarb bú` ôXÿ eH$Vo, nU H¥${Ì‘ CnJ¥h {damoYr jonUmñÌ 300 km n¶ªV bú` ôXVo.
(^maVmZo MmMUr Ho$bobo A-SAT/LEO _Üò 1000 km n¶ªV Agboë`m bú`mbm d EH$mM doir AZoH$ bú`mbm ôXÿ
eH$Vo.)
 Microsat - R CnJ«h :
 {Z{‘©Vr : DRDO , àjonU : ISRO Ûmao
 àjonU VmarI : 24 OmZodmar 2019
 àjonU ñWi : gVre YdZ AdH$me Ho$§Ð, lrharH$moQ>m (Amm§Y« àXoe)
 CnJ¥hmMo dOZ : 740 kg

 n¥ÏdrnmgyZMo Am§Va : 274 km
 ISRO Zo Microsat - R CnJ«hmg_doV H$bm_g°Q> - V2 hm CnJ¥h XoIrb àjonrV Ho$bm hmoVm.
 Microsat - R hm PSLV àH$maMm CnJ¥h AgyZ Vmo PSLV Ûmao AdH$memV gmoS>bobm 44 dm CnJ¥h R>abm.
 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) :
 n¥ÏdrÀ`m n¥îR>^mJmnmgyZ 160 Vo 200 km Am§Vamda hm ^mJ pñWV Amho.
 _mZdmZo AdH$memV nmR>dboë`m AZoH$ dñVy/ AdH$memV nmR>dbobo CnJ«h LEO _Üò pñWV AgVmV / gmnS>VmV
 EImÚm CnJ«hmbm LEO _Üò pñWa H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$_r D$OoMr JaO.
LEO : 160 Vo 2000 km
MEO : 2000 Vo 35786 km
GEO : 35786 + km
 nyd©V`mar :
 MrZZo OmZodmar 2007 _Üò H¥${Ì_ CnJ¥h{damoYr MmMUr KoVbr.
 Ë`mZ§Va ^maVmbm XooIrb `mMr JaO dmQy> bmJbr.
 {S>>go§~a 2007 ^maVmZo advanced air defence system Mr MmMUr KoVbr.
 Ballistic missile À`m g§ajUmgmR>r XrK© A§VamÀ`m swordfish aS>ma Mr MmMUr KoVbr.
 2010 - gm§ajU _§Ìmb` - 15 dfmªMm 1 XrKm©H$mbrZ _gwXm V`ma, Ë`mV A-SAT> {dH$mgm~m~V â.
 Am°JñQ> 2013 - ^maVmZo àW_M bîH$amgmR>r GSAT - 7 hm XiUdiU CnJ¥h AdH$memV gmoS>bm.
 OmZodmar 2014 - ñdXoer cryogenic engine Mm dmna H$ê$Z GSLV - D5 CnJ¥h AdH$memV gmoS>bm.
 OmZodmar 2017 - Cartosat - 2E CnJö AdH$memV gmoS>bm.
 BVa Xoem§À`m MmMÊ`m :
 A_o[aH$m :
 A_o[aHo$Zo 1959 gmbr OJmVrb n{hbr CnJ«h ôXr MmMUr Ho$br, `mV "~moëS> Amoam`Z jonUmñÌ' EH$m ~m°å~a {d_mZmdê$Z
"EŠgßbmoaa - 6' `m CnJ¥hmÀ`m {XeoZo nmR>{dbo, CnJ¥hmÀ`m OdiyZ Jobo.
 1985 - "F-15' bT>mD$ {d_mZmVyZ "AGM - 135' jonUmñÌmZo A_oaaHo$ MmM "gmobqdS> P - 78' hm CnJö Zï Ho$bm.
 2008 - operation burnt frost A§VJ©V OhmOmdê$Z SM-3 jonUmñÌmZo ñdV…MmM {ZH$m_r hoa{Jar CnJ¥h Zï Ho$bm.
 a{e`mMo àW_ CnJ¥h {damoYr jonUmñÌ V§ÌkmZ 1973 _Üò H$m`m©pÝdV Pmbo. 1980 nmgyZ A{YH$ à^mdr H$m¶©.
 gÜ`m a{e`mMr "Zma`mS>' (Naryad) hr CnJ¥h{damoYr jonUmñÌ àUmbr gh-H$jr` CnJ¥h H$joV H$m¶©aV - 40 hOma km
Am§Vamdarb CnJömda h„m H$aÊ`mMr `mMr j_Vm Amho.
 a{e`mZo {S>go§~a 2020 _Üò DAASAT> Mr MmMUr KoVbr.
 MrZ :
 MrZZo 2005 d 2006 gmbr àW_ DAASAT àUmbrÀ`m MmMÊ`m KoVë`m.
 2007 _Üò MrZZo A-SAT missile Ûmao n¥ÏdrnmgyZ 865 km AdH$memVrb Fengyun 1C hm {ZH$m_r CnJ«h Zï Ho$bm,
`m MmMUr_wio Iyn AdH$me H$Mam {Z‘m©U Pmcm.
 `mZ§Va MrZZo MEO d GEO _Üò AZoH$ MmMÊ`m KoVë`m.
 2013 _Üò MrZZo GEO _Üò n¥ÏdrnmgyZ 30 hOma km H$joV MmMUr KoVbr.
{d{dY Xoem§Mr A-SAT> j_Vm :
MrZ : 10 Vo 30,000 km
A_o[aH$m : 600 Vo 6000 km

a{e`m : 600 Vo 40,000 km ({dH${gV H$aV Amho)
^maV : 1000 km n¶ªV
 AdH$me H$Mam (Space Garbage / Debris) :
 ^maVmZo 27 _mM© 2019 amoOr Ho$boë`m MmMUr_wio Zï Pmboë`m CnJ«hmMo 400 VwH$So> Pmbo, Ë`m_wio `m H$Mè`mÀ`m
VwH$S²>`mMr International Space Station er Q>¸$a hmoD$Z AnKmV hmoÊ`mÀ`m eŠ`VoV 44% Zr dmT> Pmbr Ago NASA
Mo à_wI {O_ ~«rS>ñQ>mB©Z `mZr åh§Q>bo.
 400 VwH$S²>`mn¡H$r 60 VwH$S²>`m§Mm Zmgm Zo _mJmodm KoVbm, Ë`mVrb 24 VwH$So> ISS À`m A{VCƒ (apogee) ñWmZr pñWa Pmbo
AmhoV.
 ^maVmMo ñnïrH$aU : A-SAT> MmMUr _wio 270 VwH$So> {Z‘m©U, Ë`mMo 45 {XdgmV AnKQ>Z hmoB©b, MmMUr LEO _Üò
Ho$ë`m_wio {Z‘m©U Pmbobm H$Mam ObX n¥ÏdrH$So> òD$Z dmVmdaUmVrb gm{ZÜ`m_wio Ë`mMo Ëd[aV ÁdbZ hmoB©b.
 2007 - MrZZo XrK©H$mi AdH$memV {ñWa d AH$m`©aV Fengyun 1C bm Zï Ho$bo, Vo§ìhm CnJ¥hmMo Jmoë\$ ~m°b À`m
AmH$mamMo 2000 VwH$So> Va 1.5 bmI H$Mam H$Um§Mr {Z{‘©Vr.
 AdH$memVrb àËòH$ CnJ¥hmMm {ZpíMV H$m`©H$mi - H$m`©H$mi g§nbm H$r CnJ¥h {ZH$m_r hmoD$Z Ë`mnmgyZ H$Mè`mMr {Z{‘©Vr
 AdH$me `wJmg gwédmV Pmë`mnmgyZ 5450 rockets À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ 8950 CnJ¥h n¥ÏdrÀ`m H$joV gmoS>Ê`mV Ambo
(2019).
 8950 n¡H$r 5000 CnJ¥h AÚmn AdH$memV Ë`mVrb 1950 H$m`©aV.
 `m CnJ¥h_wio n¥Ïdr H$joV EHy$U 8400 Q>Z dOZ ^ma {Z‘m©U.
 gÚñWrVrV AdH$me H$Mam : 3 àH$maÀ`m AmH$mamMo (2019)
1 cm nojm H$_r AmH$mamMo (0.4 B§M) : 128 million gyú_ VwH$So>
1 Vo 10 cm AmH$mamMo : 9 bmI VwH$So>
10 cm (3.9 B§M) nojm A{YH$ AmH$mamMo : 34 hOma VwH$So>.
 LEO _Üò gdm©V OmñV H$Mam : 160 km Vo 2000 km Xaå`mZ.
 LEO n¥ÏdrnmgyZ H$_r C§Mrda Agë`m_wio `mVrb H$Mam n¥Ïdrda H$mhr dfm©V òD$ eH$Vmo. 500 km n`ªVMm H$Mam 25
dfm©V, 800 km n`ªVMm H$Mam 100 Vo 150 dfm©V & 1200 km n`ªVMm H$Mam 2000 dfm© n`ªV Imbr òD$ eH$Vmo.
åhUyZ Am§Vaamï´>r` gyMZoZwgma hm H$Mam n¥Ïdrda AmXiy Zò åhUyZ Ë`mMo dmVmdaUmVM {dKQ>Z KS>dyZ AmUbo nm{hOo.
 Ho$ñba qgS´>mo_ (Kessler Syndrome) : ZmgmMo d¡km{ZH$ S>moZmëS> Oo. Ho$ñba `mm§Zr 1978 _Üò hm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm.
`mZwgma n¥ÏdrÀ`m {ZåZ H$joV (LEO) dñVy§Mr KZVm dmT>ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m_Üò YS>H$m hmoD$Z Aem YS>H$m§À`m e¥§Ibm V`ma
hmoÊ`mÀ`m pñWVrbm Ho$ñba qgS´>mo_ g§~moYbo OmVo.
 GEO _Yrb H$Mam n¥Ïdrda òÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm H$_r AgVo.
 AdH$me H$Mè`m_wio hmoUmar hmZr :
 24 Owb¡ 1996 : AdH$memVrb OJmVrb n{hbm H¥${Ì_ dñVy§Mm AnKmV - `yamonr`Z am°Ho$Q> E[a`Z 1H - 10 (Á`mMm
1986 _Üò ñ\$moQ> Pmbm hmoVm) À`m VwH$S²>`mMo ’«|$MÀ`m microsatellite Cerise gmo~V Q>¸$a. Cerise Mr hmZr _mÌ Varhr
H$m`©aV am{hbm.
 \$o~«wdmar 2009 : àW_M XmoZ H¥${Ì_ CnJ«hm§À`m AnKmVmMr Zm|X - A_o[aHo$À`m _moQ>moamobm H$§nZrMm Iridium - 33 `m H$m`©aV
CnJ¥hmMr a{e`mÀ`m Cosmos - 2251 `m CnJ¥hmgmo~V CÎma g¡~o[a`mÀ`m hX²XrV Q>¸$a, XmoÝhr CnJ¥h Zï hmoD$Z hOmamo VwH$So>
V`ma.
 AdH$me H$Mam {Z‘m©U H$aUmao Xoe d AdH$me H$Mam VwH$S²>`m§Mr g§»`m (2019) :
a{e`m : 6598
A_[aH$m : 6310
MrZ : 4025
’«$mÝg : 554
OnmZ : 286
^maV : 208
 {‘eZ eº$r A§VJ©V 27 _mM© 2019 amoOr KoÊ`mV Amboë`m A-SAT MmMUrV DRDO À`m nwUo pñWV "Research &
Development establishment engineers' (R & D - E) - {XKr d "Cƒ XOm© nXmW© g§emoYZ g§ñWm (HEMRL) - nmfmU
`m g§ñWm§Mm gh^mJ hmoVm.
 {XKr òWrb R&D - E Zo A-SAT àjonUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ àjonH$ VgoM O{‘Zrdarb nyaH$ `§ÌUm & OoQ> {S>âco³Q>a {dH${gV
Ho$co.
 nmfmU òWrb HEMRL> g§ñWoZo A-SAT> À`m VrZ Q>ßß`mV dmnaÊ`mV Amboë`m EHy$U 38 Q>Z B§YZmÀ`m _moQ>ma {dH${gV
Ho$ë`m hmoË`m.
 DRDO À`m XoemV 50 g§ñWm Ë`mVrb nwÊ`mV Agboë`m g§ñWm :
1) Research & Development Establishment - {XKr, nwUo
2) Armament Research & Development Establishment
3) High Energy Materials Research Lab. (HEMRL) - nmfmU, nwUo
 ^maV : A§Vami joÌmVrb O~m~Xma Xoe :-
 A§Vamimg§~§Yr gd© à_wI Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amam§Mm ^maV gXñ` Amho.
 UN> er g§b¾ AgUmao 'Centre for Space & Science Technology Education in Asia Pacific' ho Ho$§Ð ^maVmV Amho.
 Am§VamimÀ`m em§VVmnyU© dmnamdarb UN g{‘VrÀ`m gd© gÌm§_Üò ^maV gh^mJr hmoVmo.
 AdH$me H$Mè`mÀ`m ì`dñWmnZm~m~VÀ`m 'Inter Agency Space debris Coordination' CnH«$_mV ^maV gh^mJr hmoVmo.
 Space object proximity awareness - SOPA & Collision Avoidance - COLA {díbofU `mV gh^mJr.
 A§VamimV n{hë¶m§Xm eñÌmñÌo ñWmnZ H$aUma Zmhr `m~m~VÀ`m UN À`m R>amd H«$. 69/32 bm ^maVmZo nm{R>§~m {Xbm hmoVm.
 {ZeñÌrH$aUmdarb n[afXoV 1981 nmgyZ AOo§S²>`mda AgUmè`m àñVm{dV 'PAROS' (Prevention of an Arms Race in
Outer Space) H$amambm ^maVmMm nmqR>~m Amho.
 {‘eZ eº$r _mohr_ ^maVmZo ghr Ho$boë`m "Am§Vami/AdH$me H$ama - 1967 Mo C„§KZ H$aV Zmhr.
 A§Vamim g§~§Yr Am§Vaamï´>r` H$ama :
 Outer space Treaty (~mø AdH$me H$ama) : 1967
 A_o[aH$m, {~«Q> Z & gmoìhr`V a{e`m `m§Zr _m°ñH$mo òWo 27 OmZodmar 1967 amoOr `m H$amamda gøm Ho$ë`m d 10 Am°ŠQ>mo~a
1967 nmgyZ hm H$ama bmJy Pmbm.
 ^maVmZo 3 _mM© 1967 amoOr `m H$amamda ghr Ho$br d 18 OmZodmar 1982 amoOr H$amambm _§Owar (ratification) {Xbr.
 \$o~«wdmar 2019 n¶ªV 108 Xoem§Zr H$amambm _§Owar (ratification) {Xbr, Va 23 Xoem§Zr ghr Ho$bobr Amho nU _§Owar {Xbobr
Zmhr.
 hm H$ama AdH$memV bîH$ar H$madm`m H$aÊ`mda qH$dm geñÌrH$aUmda ~§Xr KmbV Zmhr. _mÌ Vmo AdH$memV, M§Ðmda qH$dm
H$moUË`mhr IJmob dñVyda (celestial body) AÊdñÌm§gmaIo gm_y{hH$ {dZmeH$ eñÌ (weapons of Mass Destruction)
ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mda ~§Xr KmbVmo.
 M§Ð VgoM BVa IJmob dñVy Ho$di em§VVmnyU© dmnamgmR>r, Ë`mda bîH$ar gamd, MmMUr KoVm òUma Zmhr.
 hm H$ama Am§VamimVrb H$joV nmam§n[aH$ eñÌmñÌo ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mg à{V~§Y H$aV Zmhr.
 `m H$amamZwgma A§VamimVrb emoYH$m`© gd© Xoem§Zm bm^ XoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bo Omdo, gdmªgmR>r Iwbo.
 H$moUmbmhr AdH$memVrb dñVy§da _mbH$r h¸$ {‘idVm òUma Zmhr, AdH$memV nmR>dboë`m dñVyda _mÌ g§~§{YV XoemMm
A{YH$ma.
 EImÚm XoemÀ`m AdH$memVrb dñVy_wio H$mhr ZwH$gmZ Pmë`mg g§~§{YV Xoe O~m~Xma.
 AdH$me H$Mam ì`dñWmnZ :
 A§VamimV 10 go§_rnojm _moRo> Odinmg 23,000 VwH$So> AmhoV Am{U US Space Surveillance Network hr g§ñWm `m
H$Mè`mMr Zm|X Ro>dVo, Aer _m{hVr Orbit Debris Programme Office (ODPO) `m ZmgmÀ`m {d^mJmZo {Xbr Amho.
 A§Vami H$Mè`mMr {dëhodmQ> bmdÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ Xoe Am{U H$mhr ImOJr H$§nÝ`m à`ËZerb AmhoV. Ë`mgmR>r hmny©Z,
Om`m§Q> _°JZoQ>, ZoQ²>g, boga V§ÌkmZ Ago AZoH$ à`moJ gwê$ AmhoV.
 Xaå`mZ, n¥ÏdrÀ`m H$joVrb A§Vami H$Mam hQ>dÊ`mgmR>r `wamonr` A§Vami g§ñWm 2025 gmbr EH$ _mohr_ am~dUma Amho.
 A§VamimV {d{dY {R>>H$mUr Va§JUmao ZD$ bmI {d{dY àH$maMo VwH$So> ~mOybm H$ê$Z A§VamimVrb hm H$Mam hQ>dÊ`mMr
_mohr_ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV òUma Amho. Mw§~H$r` V§ÌkmZ, boPa V§ÌkmZmgh `§Ì_mZdmMmhr dmna Ë`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmUma Amho.
 gÜ`m A§VamimV 8 Km à{V goH$§X `m doJmZo ZD$ bmI VwH$So> {’$aV AmhoV. Joë`m H$mhr dfm©À`m H$mbmdYr_Üò Oo CnJ«h
A§VamimV Zï Pmbo Ë`m CnJ«hm§Mo ho VyH$So> AmhoV.
 A§VamimVrb hm H$Mam AmJm_r A§V[aj _mo{h_m§gmR>r Am{U BVa H$maUm§gmR>rhr YmoH$mXm`H$ R>aÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Agë`mZo
A_o[aHo$Mr AdH$me g§emoYZ g§ñWm Zmgm (NASA) Am{U BVa g§ñWm§Zr hm H$Mam hQ>dÊ`mgmR>r nwT>mH$ma KoVbm Amho.
 H$mhr ImOJr H$§nÝ`m§Zr hr `m_Üò Amnbm gh^mJ Zm|Xdbm Amho Á`m_Üò OnmZ _Yrb Mma ImOJr H$§nÝ`m§Mm g_mdoe
Amho. `mn¡H$r EH$m ImOJr H$§nZrMo g§ñWmnH$ amo~mo CH$mS>m `m§Zr `m _mo{h_oMr _m{hVr àgm[aV Ho$br Amho. A§VamimV
{’$aUmè¶m `m VwH$S²>`m§Zm ~mOybm H$aÊ`mgmR>r {deof CnJ«h àjo{nV H$aÊ`mV òUma AgyZ Ë`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ho VwH$So>
hQ>dÊ`mV òUma AmhoV.
 O‘©ZrÀ`m A§V[aj g§emoYZ g§ñWoZo `m H$m_mgmR>r boPa V§ÌkmZ {dH${gV Ho$b§ Amho. `wamonr` A§Vami g§emoYZ g§ñWoZo EH$
Jm~©oO `§Ì_mZd V`ma Ho$bm AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m _XVrZo hm H$Mam gm\$ Ho$bm OmUma Amho. `§Ì_mZdmMo ho V§ÌkmZ 2023 _Üò
àË`jmV òUma Amho.
 ZmgmZo hm H$Mam gm\$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r BboH«$m°ZoQ> ho V§ÌkmZ dmnaÊ`mMo R>adbo Amho. `m V§ÌkmZmà_mUo EH$m _moR²>`m Omir_Üò
gd© H$Mam O_m Ho$bm OmUma AgyZ n¥Ïdrda AmUbm OmB©b n¥ÏdrÀ`m dm`y _§S>im_Üò Ooìhm hm H$Mam àdoe H$aob Voìhm
Vmo AmnmoAmn OiyZ OmB©b Agohr g§emoYH$m§Zm dmQ>V Amho. A_o[aHo$Vrb ghmnojm OmñV ñQ>mQ©An H$§nÝ`mhr `m {df`mda
g§emoYZ H$aV AmhoV.
 OmŠgm `m OnmZr H$§nZrZo BboH«$moS>m`Zm{‘H$ ^w`mamÛmao H$Mam gm\$ H$aÊ`mMm àñVmd _m§S>bm Amho. 700 _r bm§~
BboH«$moS>m`Zm{‘H$ ^w`ma ñQo>Zbog ñQ>rb Am{U A°ë¶y{‘{Z`_ _Üò V`ma Pmbobo Agob. ho ^w`ma H$Mè`mÀ`m doJdmZ
àX{úmUocm _X H$aoc. Am{U hiyhiy Ë`mbm dm`w_§S>imÀ`m {XeoZo T>H$bob.
 Remove DEBRIS (2018) is a satellite research project intending to demonstrate various space debris removal
technologies. The mission is led by the Surrey Space Centre from the University of Surrey with the satellite's
Platform manufactured by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL).
 Project NETRA :
 àmoOoŠQ> ZoÌ A§VJ©V Am°pßQ>>H$b Xþ~uUrÀ`m (telescope) ñWmnZogmR>r ISRO Zo OmZodmar 2020 _Üò ^maVr` IJmobemñÌ
g§ñWogmo~V H$ama Ho$bm.
 ISRO H$Sy>Z gßQo>§~a 2019 _Üò àmoOoŠQ> ZoÌ bm gwédmV - Network Traffic Analysis - NETRA
 hr EH$ nyd©gyMZm àUmbr (early warning system) AgyZ Ë`mA§VJ©V Bòmo n`©dojU gw{dYm (observational facilities )
C^maÊ`mMo {Z¶moOZ.
 `mMm dmna ^maVr` CnJ¥hm§Zm Ë`m§À`m H$joVrb H$Mam d YmoHo$ (debris & hazards) `m{df`r nyd©gyMZm XoÊ`mgmR>r hmoUo
Ano{úmV.
 `m_Üò aS>ma, Xþ~uU, {Z`§ÌU H$j, Data processing units `m§Mm g_mdoe Agob. `m_wio 3400 km Am§Vamdarb 10 cm
BVH$m bhmZ H$U XoIrb {Xgy eHo$b.
 ISRO system for safe & sustainable space operations management (IS4OM) : 11 July 2022.
 AdH$mer¶ eómó ñnYm© :
 gÜ¶m nwÝhm MM}V H$maU 15 Zmoìh|~a 2021 amoOr a{e¶mZo A±Q>r g°Q>ocmB©Q> {‘gmB©c Q>oñQ> Ho$cr. (H$m°g‘m°g 1408 hm CnJ«h
Zï> Ho$cm.)
 CnJ«h ôXr úmonUmómMr MmMUr H$aUmao Xoe - MrZ (2007), ¶wEgE (2008), ^maV (2019)
 O‘©ZrZo 1942 ‘Ü¶o V2 am°Ho$Q> àúmo{nV Ho$ë¶mZ§Va A§VamimMm dmna cîH$ar H$maUmñVd hmoÊ¶mg gwédmV Pmcr.
 ’«$mÝg, ¶wEgE, a{e¶m, MrZ ¶m§gma»¶m àJV Xoem§À¶m cîH$amV ñdV§Ì AdH$me {d^mJ {Z‘m©U Pmco. (gÜ¶m ¶wEgE d MrZ)
(A‘oarHo$Zo ZwH$VoM Amnë¶m cîH$mamMr ghmdr emIm åhUyZ "A§Vami {d^mJ ñWmncm'.
 1967 (UN-Outes space treaty) - ¶m H$amamV Am[ÊdH$aU à{V~§{YV H$aÊ¶mV Amco Amho. nU nma§nm[aH$ eómó,
Antisattellite dmnam¶cm ~§Xr Zmhr.
 Zmoìh|~a 2021 ‘Ü¶o UN Zo EH$ ZdrZ R>amd g§‘V H$éZ ¶m‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm H$aÊ¶mMr JaO AYmoao{IV Ho$cr.
 ¶mAmYr a{e¶m d MrZZo "Prevention & Placement of Weapons in Outer Space" hm R>amd AmUcm hmoVm. (A‘oarHo$Mm
{damoY)
 OJmVrc n{hcr 'Space Force' a{e¶mZo V¶ma Ho$cr hmoVr.
 ^maV (Defence Space Agency), a{e¶m (Aerospace Forces), BamU (Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
Aerospace Force) Zì¶mZo V¶ma hmoVmZm {XgV AmhoV.
Xoe  {XemXe©H$ àUmcr
1) MrZ  BeiDou
2) a{e¶m  GLONASS
3) OnmZ  QZSS
4) A‘o[aH$m  GPS
5) ¶wamo{n¶Z ¶w{Z¶Z  Galileo
6) ^maV  IRNSS/NavIC
All*****
The Best !!!

Human Geo - 3 July - 21714824 - 2024 - 02 - 22 - 13 - 31

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Geography(SSM)@PremrajChavan

Dilip Sir's STEP UP Academy for MPSC/UPSC, PUNE

Copyright @ Premraj Chavan Geography

""amÁ`godm _w»` narúmm''

 BaoñQ>moWoZrg ¶m ^yJmocdoÎ¶mZo n¥ÏdrÀ¶m dU©ZmgmR>r gdm©V àW‘ {OAm°J«m’$s hm eãXn«¶moJ Ho$cm.

 ¶mcmM ~è¶mMdoim {Z¶VrdmX hr åhUVmV (Oo ^m½¶mV Agoc VoM hmoB©c.)

""amÁ`godm _w»` narúmm''- ^yJmob

"Doxiadis Concept of H.S."

· Major Patterns of Rural Settlements :

Agriculture Land use model proposed first by J. H. Von Thunen in 1826.

 Theories of Internal Structure of Cities :-

· Slums & Squatters :-

""amÁ`godm _w»` narúmm''

 Major Mission of ISRO :

 CnJ¥hmMo dOZ : 740 kg

A_o[aH$m : 600 Vo 6000 km

 AdH$mer¶ eómó ñnYm© :

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