SCIENCE | fourth QUARTER

Gases and gas laws

Properties of gases ◌ Celcius (°C)
◌ Kelvin (K)
◌ Have low density.
◌ Have indefinite shape and volume ◌ common units for volume:
◌ Highly compressible ◌ Liter (L)
◌ Atoms are widely separated and freely ◌ Milliliter (mL
3
moving ◌ Cubic Meter (𝑚 )

1 L = 1000 mL K = °C + 273.15
gas
1 ml = 1 cm °C = K - 273.15

◌ mainly concerns the relationship among four

Boyle’s law
important properties of gases:
◌ volume
◌ pressure ◌ Robert Boyle's “First studied gases”
◌ temperature ◌ States that the pressure of a fixed amount of
◌ amount in moles gas at a constant temperature is inversely
proportional to the volume of the gas

Pressure (p)

◌ amount of force exerted per unit area

SOME OF THE COMMON UNITS OF

PRESSURE:

◌ atmosphere (atm): 1 atm = 700 Torr

(mmHg)
◌ pounds per square inch (psi): 14 6959 psi
=1
◌ KiloPascal (KPa): 101.3 KPa or 101325 pa
= 1 atm

1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg

1 torr = 1 mm Hg
1 atm = 101,325 Pa
WORD PROBLEMS:

Temperature and volume 1. A 40 L balloon is filled with gas at 4 atm.

What will be its new volume at a standard
◌ commonly used to describe gases pressure of 1 atm?
◌ common units for temperature:

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 SCIENCE | fourth QUARTER
Gases and gas laws
2. A gas at 30.0°C occupies 500 mL at a proportional to the number of moles present in
pressure of 760 mmHg. What will be its volume the gas
at a pressure of 2.50 atm at the same
temperature?
Charle’s law

◌ JJacques Charles
◌ States that the volume of a fixed amount of
gas maintained at constant pressure is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature
(expressed in Kelvin) of the gas
◌ Take not that the temperature (PININDOT WORD PROBLEMS:
AGAD NI MAAM UNG NEXT SLIDE)
1. 1.0 mole of a gas occupies a volume of 22.4
L gas at 0°C and 1 atm. What would be the
volume of 7.5 mol of the gas at the same
temperature and pressure?

Combined gas laws

◌ Combination of Boyle’s Law and Charles’

Law
◌ Shows the relationship among Pressure,
WORD PROBLEMS: Volume and Temperature.

1. A balloon was inflated to a volume of 2.5 L at

11 am when the temperature is 30°C. At 9 pm
the temperature fell to 10° C. What will be the
volume of the balloon if the pressure remains
constant?

2. Compute the decrease in temperature when

2.0 L at 280 K is compressed to 1500 mL.
Avogradro’s law
◌ Amedeo Avogadro
◌ States that at constant pressure and
temperature, the volume of a gas is directly
WORD PROBLEMS:
1. A small bubble rises from the bottom of a
lake, where the temperature and pressure are
88° C and 6.4 atm, to the water’s surface
where the temperature is 258° C and the
pressure is 1.0 atm. Calculate the final volume

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 SCIENCE | fourth QUARTER
Gases and gas laws
(in mL) of the bubble if its initial volume was 2.1 sulfur (lipids can also
mL. contain N, but for
most cases, this is
2. A gas initially at 4.0 L, 1.2 atm, and 688° C sufficient)
changes so that its final volume and
Nucleic Acid carbon, hydrogen,
temperature are 1.7 L and 428° C. What is its
oxygen, phosphorus,
final pressure? Assuming the number of moles nitrogen and sulfur
remains unchanged.

CARBOHYDRATES (C, H, O)
Biomolecules
-Commonly, these molecules are known as
sugars. It Can range in size from very small to
Biomolecules -
very large.
-build up living organisms and are also required
- Like all the other biomolecules, carbohydrates
for their growth and maintenance.
are often built into long chains by stringing
-They are any of the numerous substances that
together smaller units. This works like adding
are produced by cells and living organisms. It
beads to a bracelet to make it longer. Single
has a wide range of sizes and structures and
unit or bead is a monomer, the term for a long
perform a vast array of functions; thus, they are
string of monomers is a polymer.
composed of different kinds of elements/
-examples: Milk( Lactose) Table sugar
(Sucrose)
C.H.N.O.P.S.
-Chemically defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes
● CARBON
or ketones–compounds which produce them on
● HYDROGREN
hydrolysis.
● NITROGEN
-Can be as monosaccharides(1 sugar unit),
● OXYGEN
oligosaccharides(2-10 sugar units),
● PHOSPHORUS
polysaccharides (more than 10 sugar units).
● SULFUR
-the source of energy and structural function

4 MAJOR CLASSES OF BIOMOLECULES

PROTEINS (C, N, O, H, sometimes s)

-are polymers of amino acids, arranged in the

Macromolecules Elements Present form of a chain called a polypeptide.
-it gives rise to a certain level of structural
Carbohydrates carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen organization (it can be classified as: primary,
secondary, tertiary, and quaternary)
Proteins carbon, hydrogen, -it plays both structural and dynamic roles.
oxygen, nitrogen and They help with hair, nails, and muscles.
sulfur
-Myosin is the protein that allows movement of
Lipids carbon, hydrogen, contraction of muscles, and protein is present
oxygen, phosphorus, as a major component of cell membranes. (it

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Gases and gas laws
acts as channels facilitating the movement of
ions, and molecules in and out of the cell.
-Ions like sodium, potassium, and chloride, and
molecules like glucose are maintained at the
proper concentration for cells to function
normally.
-A large group of proteins (enzymes) enables
the cell to carry out chemical reactions fast. In
order for the organism to maintain growth and
survival, the food being consumed must be
converted to energy at an appreciable rate.

Lipids (C, H, O, P, S soMETIMES n)

-Refers to fats, oil, waves, adn steroid

hormones.
-Regardless of the location, and function in a
cell/body, all lipids share common features that
make them to be grouped together.
-They do not dissolve in water; they are
hydrophobic
-fats: source of energy; Oils/waxes: protect
-They form protective layers on our skin,
preventing infections
-The activities of steroid hormones such as
estrogen have been implicated in cancers of
the female reproductive system

Nucleic acid

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Gases and gas laws

All macromolecules are polymers made up of Monomers of Biomolecules

monomers. Monomers are repetitive units that
form a larger compound.

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Gases and gas laws
The classes of biological molecules may be
grouped into the types of polymers they form
and the monomers that act as subunits:
● Lipids - polymers called diglycerides,
triglycerides; monomers are fatty acids
● Proteins - polymers are known as
polypeptides; monomers are amino
acids
● Nucleic Acids - polymers are DNA
and RNA; monomers are nucleotides,
which are in turn consist of a nitrogenous base,
pentose sugar, and phosphate group
● Carbohydrates - polymers are
polysaccharides and disaccharides;
monomers are monosaccharides
(simple sugars)
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 SCIENCE | fourth QUARTER
Gases and gas laws
GAS LAWS 1. Add the food sample onto the brown
Boyle’s Law paper bag square.
● Robert Boyle (1627 - 1691) 2. Wait 3 minutes until the food sample
● At constant T, as pressure increases, has settled.
volume decreases 3. Wipe off excess from the brown paper
● P1V1=P2V2 bag.
● Inversely proportional relationship 4. Hold up the paper bag piece to the
● Constant: Temperature & Moles of gas light and look at each spot. The foods
that contain lipids will leave a greasy
Charles’ Law mark that turns the brown paper bag
● Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles translucent.
(1746 - 1823) 5. Record your observations.
● At constant P, as volume increases,
temperature increases Iodine Test:
● V1/T1 = V2/T2 1. Place a small piece of each food item
● Directly proportional relationship on small plates.
● Constant: Pressure & Moles of gas 2. Add 2 to 3 drops of IODINE
SOLUTION to a small piece of each
Gay-Lussac’s Law food item.
● Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778 - 3. Wait until you see a color change.
1850) 4. A negative test will result in a dark red
● At constant V, as pressure increases, color. A positive test will result in a
temperature increases black color.
● P1/T1 = P2/T2 5. Record your observation.
● Directly proportional relationship 6. Dispose of the sample.
● Constant: Volumes & Moles of gas
ORGANIC MOLECULES:
Avogadro’s Law - are the molecules that exist in all living
● Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo things. They are life’s building blocks.
Avogadro (1776 - 1856) There are four categories of organic
● At constant T, as volume increases, the molecules: Carbohydrates, lipids,
amount of gas increases proteins, and nucleic acids.
● V1/N1 = V2/N2 Organic molecules have four common
● Directly proportional relationship characteristics:
● Constant: Pressure & Temperature 1. All organic molecules are
carbon-based.
Combined Gas Law 2. They are formed from just a few
● Obtained by combining Boyle’s Law, elements which join together to form
Charles’ Law, and Gay-Lussac’s Law small molecules that join together or
● P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 bond to form large molecules.
● Constant: Moles of gas 3. Each kind of organic molecule is built
from a single type of building block.
Ideal Gas Law 4. When these building blocks are joined
● PV = NRT together, they form a large molecule
(polymer), just as bricks joined
together form a wall.
BIOMOLECULES
Lipid Test:

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Gases and gas laws
The last common characteristic of all organic
molecules is that their form determines their
function.
That means that their shape determines how
they will behave and how they will react with
other molecules. For example, the order of
amino acids in a protein will determine the
shape and function of the protein just as the
order of words in a sentence shapes the
meaning of the sentence.
CARBOHYDRATES:
- are the most common organic
molecule because they make up most
plant matter. They are made from
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Their
building block is a single sugar called a
monosaccharide.
There are three classes of carbohydrate
polysaccharides:
1. Starch: Used in food storage in plants.
2. Glycogen: Used for food storage in
animals.
3. Cellulose: Used for structural support
in plants (stems, leaves).
Sugars
- can be detected in foods through a
simple lab test. To find out if a food
contains starch, iodine (a reagent) is
placed on the food. A food containing
starch will turn black when in contact
with iodine. A test for simple sugars
involves mixing the food with a liquid
blue reagent called Benedict’s
solution and then heating the mixture.
If the food is positive for simple sugars,
the heating process will cause the
Benedict’s solution to turn red, orange,
or green.
LIPIDS
- are a class of organic molecules which
includes fats and oils and has the function of
long-term storage of energy in the body.
The building block of lipids is the fatty acid,
which is a chain of carbons with hydrogen
attached to each side. Saturated fats have two
carbons attached to each carbon (except the
one at the end). Saturated fats are unhealthy
fats like butter and Crisco. Unsaturated fats
are missing at least one hydrogen and are
kinked in shape. The unsaturated fats are
healthy and include oils.
- are soluble (dissolve) in oil but are
insoluble (don’t dissolve) in water. When
mixed with water, the lipid will float on top to
form a separate layer. To test for the presence
of lipids in food, the sample is placed on a
piece of brown or newspaper, and then the
paper is held up to the light. A test that is
positive for lipids will have an oily spot that is
translucent, or clear, on the paper.
CARBOHYDRATES
● 1:2:1
● C, H, O
LIPIDS
● No fixed ratio.
● C, H, O
PROTEINS
● Include C, H, O, N, sometimes S
● No fixed ratio
PROTEINS
- are organic molecules that form
muscles, transport O2 (hemoglobin),
and act as hormones and enzymes.
Most importantly, proteins determine
how our bodies look and function.
Their building block is the amino acid.
Proteins are made of amino acids
combined through a dehydration link
called a peptide bond. When groups of
amino acids are joined together, a
protein is formed.
- There are about 20 different kinds of
amino acids. These amino acids
consist of five separate parts. The first
is a central carbon atom. Second is a
carboxyl group (-COOH). Third is an
amino group (-NH2). Fourth is a
hydrogen. The fifth group is a variable
‘R’ group. The only difference in the 20
kinds of amino acids is the “R” group.
Some “R” groups are very small, others
are large, and even others form chains
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Gases and gas laws
and rings. The sequence and shapes
of the “R” groups control the shape and
function of the protein.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
- The fourth class of organic molecules
is the nucleic acids. This class involves
the genetic materials, DNA, and
RNA. DNA is the blueprint of life
because it contains instructions on how
to make proteins in the body. Each
individual’s DNA is unique, which
means that each individual has a
unique set of proteins. That is why
each of us looks and behaves
differently. RNA is a copy of DNA.
Because DNA can’t leave the cell’s
nucleus, and because proteins are
constructed outside of the nucleus in
the cytoplasm, the RNA is necessary
to carry the instructions from DNA to
the cytoplasm where the protein is
made.
- The structure of DNA resembles that of
a twisted ladder. This twisted ladder
of DNA is called a ‘double helix.’ The
rails of the DNA ladder are made from
alternating sugars and phosphates
(sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate-su
gar…). In DNA, the sugar is called
deoxyribose. The rungs of the ladder
are made of four different kinds of
bases, with one base hanging off of the
sugar portion of each rail. The four
bases are A, T, C, and G. The rails of
the ladder are held together because
the bases from one rail bond to the
bases from the other rail to form rungs.
The bases from one side of the ladder
attach to the bases hanging from the
other rail. This keeps the ladder
together. The bases attach to one
another in a very specific way: ‘A’
bases always attach to ‘T’ bases,
and ‘C’ bases always attach to ‘G’
bases.
- RNA is very similar to DNA in all ways
except for a few differences. First,
where the sugar in DNA is
deoxyribose, the sugar in RNA is
ribose. Second, where DNA is a
double helix, RNA has just one
strand. Third, where the bases in DNA
are C, G, A, and T, in RNA the bases
are C, G, A, and U. The U in RNA
takes the place of the T in DNA.
Fourth, DNA cannot leave the
nucleus of the cell and RNA can.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
● Definition: A nucleic acid that contains
the genetic instructions used in the
development and functioning of all
modern living organisms. DNA's genes
are expressed, or manifested, through
the proteins that its nucleotides
produce with the help of RNA.
● Function: The blueprint of biological
guidelines that a living organism must
follow to exist and remain functional.
Medium of long-term, stable storage
and transmission of genetic
information.
● Structure: Double-stranded. It has two
nucleotide strands which consist of its
phosphate group, five-carbon sugar
(the stable 2-deoxyribose), and four
nitrogen-containing nucleobases:
adenine, thymine, cytosine, and
guanine.
● Base Pairing: Adenine links to
thymine (A-T) and cytosine links to
guanine (C-G).
● Location: DNA is found in the nucleus
of a cell and in mitochondria.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
● Definition: The information found in
DNA determines which traits are to be
created, activated, or deactivated,
while the various forms of RNA do the
work.
● Function: Helps carry out DNA's
blueprint guidelines. It transfers genetic
code needed for the creation of
proteins from the nucleus to the
ribosome or the protein synthesis.
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Gases and gas laws
● Structure: Single-stranded. Like DNA,
RNA is composed of its phosphate
group, five-carbon sugar (the less
stable ribose), and 4
nitrogen-containing nucleobases:
adenine, uracil (not thymine), guanine,
and cytosine.
● Base Pairing: Adenine links to uracil
(A-U) and cytosine links to guanine
(C-G).
● Location: Depending on the type of
RNA, this molecule is found in a cell's
nucleus, its cytoplasm, and its
ribosome.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGES:
Chemical Changes:
Chemical changes occur when the chemical
composition of a substance is altered, resulting
in the formation of a new substance. This
change involves breaking or creating chemical
bonds.
Physical Changes:
Physical changes occur when the form or state
of a substance changes, but its chemical
composition remains the same. These changes
do not involve the formation of new
substances.
Key Differences:
1. Structure Change:
● Chemical Change: Involves
breaking or creating chemical
bonds, resulting in the
formation of new substances.
● Physical Change: Involves a
change in the state or form of
matter without changing its
chemical composition.
2. Molecules:
● Chemical Change: Involves
the rearrangement of atoms to
form new molecules.
● Physical Change: Molecules
remain the same; only the
arrangement or state of the
molecules changes.
3. Conservation of Mass:
● Chemical Change: Follows
the law of conservation of
mass, meaning mass is
conserved in a chemical
reaction. The mass of the
reactants equals the mass of
the products.
● Physical Change: The law of
conservation of mass also
applies, meaning mass is
conserved. However, it does
not involve the formation of
new substances.
Symbols Used in Chemical Equations:
1. + (plus sign): Represents the
combination of reactants or products.
2. → (yield sign): Indicates the formation
of new products.
3. (s), (l), (g), (aq): Represents the state
of matter (solid, liquid, gas, aqueous).
4. ↔ (reversible reaction): Indicates a
reversible reaction.
5. Heat: Indicates that heat is supplied to
the reaction.
6. Pt: Represents a catalyst or solvent.
Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations:
● A chemical equation represents a
chemical reaction. It consists of
reactants, represented on the left side
of the equation, and products,
represented on the right side.
● The law of conservation of matter
requires that the number of atoms of
each element is the same on both
sides of the equation.
● Coefficients are used to balance
chemical equations. They represent
the number of molecules of each
substance involved in the reaction.
● Chemical equations can represent
different types of reactions, such as
combination, decomposition, single
displacement, double displacement,
acid-base, and combustion reactions.
Types of Chemical Reactions:
1. Combination or Synthesis Reaction:
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 SCIENCE | fourth QUARTER
Gases and gas laws
● Involves the combination of General equation:
two or more chemical species ● AB+CD→AD+CB
to form a more complex Example:
product. ● 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞)+𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3(𝑎𝑞)→𝑁𝑎
General equation: 𝑁𝑂3(𝑎𝑞)+𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙(𝑠)
● 𝐴+𝐵→𝐴𝐵 ● (Exchange of ions between
Example: sodium chloride and silver
● 8𝐹𝑒+𝑆→8𝐹𝑒𝑆 nitrate)
● (Combination of iron and sulfur 5. Acid-Base Reaction:
to form iron (II) sulfide) ● A type of double displacement
2. Decomposition Reaction: reaction that occurs between
● A compound is broken down an acid and a base.
into smaller chemical species. ● The H⁺ ion in the acid reacts
General equation: with the OH⁻ ion in the base to
● AB→A+B form water and an ionic salt.
Example: General equation:
● 2𝐻2𝑂→2𝐻2+𝑂2 ● 𝐻𝐴+𝐵𝑂𝐻→𝐻2𝑂+𝐵𝐴
● (Electrolysis of water into Example:
oxygen and hydrogen gas) ● 𝐻𝐵𝑟+𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻→𝑁𝑎𝐵𝑟+𝐻2𝑂
3. Single Displacement or Substitution ● (Reaction between
Reaction: hydrobromic acid and sodium
● One element displaces hydroxide)
another element in a 6. Combustion:
compound. ● A type of redox reaction in
General equation: which a combustible material
● A+BC→AC+B combines with an oxidizer to
Example: produce oxidized products and
● 𝑍𝑛+2𝐻𝐶𝑙→𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙2+𝐻2 generate heat (exothermic
● (Zinc replaces hydrogen in reaction).
hydrochloric acid) ● Oxygen usually combines with
4. Double Displacement Reaction or another compound to form
Metathesis: carbon dioxide and water.
● Two compounds exchange Example:
bonds or ions to form different ● 𝐶10𝐻8+12𝑂2→10𝐶𝑂2+4𝐻2
compounds. 𝑂
● (Burning of naphthalene)

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SCIENCE REVIEWER Q4
Assessments
Boyle’s Law:
1. Who was the English scientist who made accurate
observations on the relationship of pressure and
volume? Robert Boyle
2. Which of the following is constant when using the
Boyle’s Law? Temperature
3. Which of the following is the SI standard unit of
pressure? Pa
4. Which of the following is equal to the standard
pressure? 1 atm
5. When pressure on a gas goes down, what happens
to its volume? Rises
6. In the equation for Boyle’s Law, P1 stands for:
initial pressure
7. In the equation for Boyle’s Law, V2 stands for:
final volume
8. Which of the following graph correctly represents
the relationship between pressure and the volume
of an ideal gas that is held at constant
temperature?
9. What is the equivalent value of 1 atmosphere (1
atm) in Pascal (Pa)? 101,325 Pa
10. What relationship can be derived between
pressure (P) and volume (V) at constant
temperature? The volume is inversely
proportional to its pressure.
11. Which of the following illustrates the
mathematical statement of Boyle’s Law? P1V1 =
P2V2
12. A 2.75 L sample of dry air in a cylinder exerts a
pressure of 3.00 atm at 30 °C. Without changing
the temperature, a piston is moved until the
pressure in the cylinder is reduced to 1.00 atm.
What is the final volume of the gas? 8.25 L
13. If the pressure of a confined gas is doubled
while the temperature remains constant, what
change would be observed in the volume? It would
be half as large
14. A gas at a pressure of 658 mm Hg is held in a
container with a volume of 595 mL. The volume of
the container is then increased to 1,065 mL without
a change in temperature. What is the new pressure
of the gas? 368 mm Hg
15. Two hundred twenty-five cubic centimeters (225
cm^3) of a gas is contained in a vessel under a
pressure of 800 mm Hg. What would be the new
volume of the gas if the pressure is changed to
1000 mm Hg? Assume that the temperature
remains constant. 180 cm^3
Charles’ Law
1. Who was the French scientist who made accurate
observations on how the volume of the gas is
related to temperature? Jacques Charles
2. Which of the following is constant when using the
Charles’ Law? Pressure
3. When temperature of a gas goes down, what
happens to its volume? goes down
4. Which of the following graph correctly represents
the relationship between volume and temperature
of an ideal gas that is held at constant pressure?
5. Which of the following quantities are directly
proportional in Charles’ Law? volume and
temperature
6. What is the value of “k” in Charles’ Law? 𝑉/T
7. What temperature scale must be used when
applying Charles' law? Kelvin
8. How will you convert Celsius temperature to
Kelvin? add 273.15 to Celsius temperature
9. What is the equivalent value of 35⁰C in Kelvin?
308.15 K
10. What relationship between volume (V) and
temperature (t) of a confined air can be drawn from
the data? The volume is directly proportional
to temperature.
11. What is the temperature of the confined gas in
degrees Kelvin when its volume is 32 cm^3? 423
12. Which of the following illustrates the
mathematical statement of Charles’ Law?
13. A balloon with a volume of 250 mL at 25°C is
submerged in hot water to obtain a temperature of
50°C. Find out what will happen to the volume of
the balloon, provided the pressure remains the
same. The volume of the balloon will become
higher than 250 mL
14. A 420 mL of a sample of gas at 25.0°C is
compressed to 210 mL. What is the temperature of
the gas after compression? The pressure remains
constant. 149 K
15. A sample of helium gas is heated from 15.0°C to
30.0°C. This heating process causes the gas to
expand to a volume of 585 cm3. What was the
original volume of the helium gas? 556 cm^3
Biomolecules:
1. Carbohydrates provide energy to the body. These
are usually found in Starches
2. Purine is a type of Nucleotide
3. Which of the following contains the most lipids?
Olive oil
4. DNA can be used to produce RNA. This RNA can
be used to create Proteins
5. These are Carbohydrates that cannot be
hydrolyzed to simpler carbohydrates.
Monosaccharide
6. What are the possible products if sucrose is
hydrolyzed? glucose + fructose
7. Testosterone is an example of what kind of
biomolecule? LIPID/PROTEIN
8. If lactose is being hydrolized, what are the
possible products. glucose + galactose
9. What are the possible products if maltose is
hydrolyzed? glucose + glucose
10. Amino acid in proteins are connected by
Peptide Bonds
11. Lipids are composed of Glycerol and fatty
acid
12. Which of the following is NOT a biomolecule?
Water
13. Which of the following is NOT a component of a
nucleotide? Phospholipids
14. Which of the following is a possible base pairing
in a DNA strand? A-T
15. Which of the following is an exact pair? Starch:
Polysaccharide
Matter and It’s Interaction
1. Which of the following is NOT an example of a
physical change? Sour milk
2. Queonna is observing a piece of kiwi for 10 days.
She notices the kiwi becomes soft, and black and
brown spots appear on its skin. The kiwi is starting
to give off a strong, bad odor. Queonna hypothesizes
that the kiwi is changing because of the heat in the
room. What is an observation and an inference that
Keira made? Queonna notices that the color
has changed and infers that the heat is
responsible for the changes.
3. Evidence of a physical change. Shape Change
4. Which of the following is a sign that a chemical
reaction has occurred? Formation of gas
5. Eloisa is making smokes over a campfire. Her
marshmallow falls into the fire and burns. Which is
true about her marshmallow? The marshmallow
turns into new matter (ashes).
6. Chemical reactions proceed under the law of
definite proportions: Always
7. Ms. Pantoja asked her Science class what would
happen if a substance were to undergo a chemical
change. The students said that a new substance
would be formed. Which of the following would NOT
provide evidence that supports the students’ claim?
Change in size and shape
8. Which of the following is a balanced chemical
reaction?

None of the above

9. Which of the following shows the production of

mechanical energy? Electricity produced by
battery of a car/ Car exhaust

10. Which of the following is an example of a

combustion reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 +
6 H2O

11. Write and balance the chemical equation that

represents nitrogen and hydrogen reacting to
produce ammonia, NH3. N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3

12. Write and balance the chemical equation that

represents Ethane, C2H6, reacts with oxygen to
make carbon dioxide and water. 2 C2H6 + 7 O2 → 4
CO2 + 6 H2O

13. Which of the following are required for

combustion to take place? All of the above

14. Antoine Lavoisier broke with the alchemists in

declaring that is neither created or destroyed in
chemical reactions. Mass

15. Which equation indicates a synthesis reaction?

4 H2 (g) + 2 O2 (g) ---> 4 H2O