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INTRODUCTION OF MODERN MARINE TECHNOLOGIES IN SHIP NAVIGATION

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Article in ГРААЛЬ НАУКИ · August 2022

DOI: 10.36074/grail-of-science.26.08.2022.33

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.ARTICLE.
DOI 10.36074/grail-of-science.26.08.2022.33

INTRODUCTION OF MODERN MARINE

TECHNOLOGIES IN SHIP NAVIGATION
PROCESS

RESEARCH GROUP:

СЕКЦІЯ XV. ТРАНСПОРТ ТА ТРАНСПОРТНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ

Oleksiy Melnyk
PhD (Tech.), Assoc. Prof.
Odessa National Maritime University, Ukraine

Oleg Onishchenko
Sc.D. (Tech.), Prof.
National University “Odessa Maritime Academy, Ukraine

Nadiia Vasalatii
PhD (Geo.), Assoc. Prof.
Odessa National Maritime University, Ukraine

Tetіana Varlan
Ass. Lecturer
Odessa National Maritime University, Ukraine

Summary. Safety of navigation is a direct obligation of countries party to the International

Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS Convention, 1974), which provides that every
government must take all measures, including the prompt communication of information relating
to the safety of navigation to all persons concerned, whether to ships or coastal stations. This task
depends not only on the collection, processing and storage of navigational and
hydrometeorological information, but also on technical measures aimed at the transfer of this
information and its reception on board the ship. This paper proposes a new approach to
navigational safety, based on the introduction and use of digital technologies applicable for
application in navigation equipment, and improving the efficiency of navigation data transfer in
the broadband system.
Key words: navigational telex, data transmission, communication systems, safety of shipping

Ensuring the safety of the process of operating complex technical transport

vehicles is an urgent problem for the global maritime industry, which feels the lack
of information about risk levels and the consequences of their incorrect assessment.
Among the requirements for ship management and operation, the presence of a
highly professional crew as well as modern navigation equipment is of great
importance. In view of this, navigational safety is one of the components of the
integral concept of safe operation of the merchant ships. Modern experience in the
implementation of technically complex projects requires the use of digital
technologies, including the application of digital modeling and design, which can
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 International scientific journal «Grail of Science» | № 18-19 (August, 2022)
182
reduce the development time of navigation equipment and devices, reduce the cost
of field testing, solve resource constraints in the design and construction projects of
ships, including navigation devices and systems, hull and power plant, and obtain a
ship with competitive characteristics. The result of automation of the process of
navigation safety information broadcasting of ships and coastal navigation warnings
was the appearance of the NAVTEX system, which greatly facilitated the receiving and
timely warning of seafarers by the necessary information. The use of a single
frequency of 518 kHz made it possible to unify the system and introduce it
worldwide.
The first middle-wave teletype transmissions were carried out in the early to
SECTION XV. TRANSPORT AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGIES

mid-80's in the high-latitude regions. This was due to the fact that in polar latitudes
the signal transmission is extremely difficult and subject to strong atmospheric
interference. The teletype code standard used at that time - МТК-5 was not
sufficiently anti-jamming as the later MTК-7 appeared. At the same time, the passage
of the signal on medium waves in these areas was very confident. Therefore, at that
time on merchant ships modified receivers were available, which the radio operators
adapted to receive in F1B mode on the medium waves. Such re-equipment was not
very complicated, but gave not a few advantages including further qualitative
changes and innovations, such as teletype, receivers with digital frequency
synthesizers, equipment of increased reliability, etc. By using a single frequency and
limiting power, the shore stations created for NAVTEX use were conveniently
organized in chains. The number of chains was determined according to NAVAREA
areas, and each station was assumed to be identified alphabetically. The algorithm
for identifying messages by station and message type was implemented simply and
conveniently. Thus by the mid-1980s the foundation of NAVTEX had been laid.
Further development and coordination of the system proved so successful that
NAVTEX became one of the first components of GMDSS.
At the same time the process of realization of the unified approach to
integration of marine communication systems, navigational and meteorological
provision of ship navigation, demanded by time and technological development, has
caused the necessity to create a unified information space on the basis of modern
digital technologies. Among the latest solutions in this area was the use of new
maritime digital information systems, based on the transfer of digital navigational
data for ensuring the safety of navigation.

Fig.1. Informational interaction of NAVDAT elements

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The Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) is an international
service governed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Convention on
Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). Its purpose is to provide assistance to ships in distress.
More than 60,000 ships around the world may require such assistance today.
According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Maritime Safety
Committee's review and modernization work plan, search and rescue activities are
to be considered at various levels of review to modernize and develop new
standards for shipboard and shore-based equipment.
On the one hand, a review of basic functional requirements and clarification of
definitions are expected. The other level of review is detailed and includes

СЕКЦІЯ XV. ТРАНСПОРТ ТА ТРАНСПОРТНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ

consideration of the inclusion of new systems and electronic technologies into the
GMDSS: automatic identification systems, ship security alert systems, identification
of ships at a long range, elements of e-navigation, new requirements for equipment
of lifeboats and life rafts in terms of ensuring long range radio communication,
review of the evolution of emergency radar beacons taking into account the
introduction of a medium orbital satellite system with a search and rescue mission,
as well as other aspects.
Сomparative analysis of existing narrowband systems of direct transmission of
information NAVTEX and TELEX, which transmit information from the shore station
to the ship at a low speed of 50 bps and a delay of 20 m per sec, shows their
obsolescence and does not meet modern requirements of information exchange. It
is not possible to increase the speed by decreasing the duration of the signal
because of the effect of multipath and defects in the deformation of the message
formation when the signal passes through the Earth's atmosphere. Such
deformation defects lead to retraction of the message in time and overlapping them
one on one.
Inventions in the field of navigation instrumentation find their application in
automatic vessel navigation systems, which significantly expands their functionality.
During the 16th session of Committee on Radio Communications (Search and
Rescue) of the International Maritime Organization a new development of the French
company Kent, namely the digital maritime information system for the transmission
of navigational data - NAVDAT (Navigational Data) was presented, which aims to
introduce a new digital system of marine communication, accessible to ships around
the world, using a universal frequency of 500 kHz, which is the analog of the system
NAVTEX (Navigational Telex), and which is the result of a joint project called
Shipboard Communication Internet Protocol. The data transfer speed offered by
NAVDAT enhances the service provided by the NAVTEX flowing global system and
includes the same basic functions (navigation warnings, weather forecasts and
urgent navigational information). In addition, the system NAVDAT offers increased
speed of transmission and improved quality of processing, providing access to low
additional data in text format, as well as in the form of images and graphs. This data
is set in such a way as to include meteorological and oceanographic information in
the form of diagrams (e.g., isobaric) or numerical data (e.g., regular updates of the
weather situation), regular updates of the tropical cyclone's location, information on
the location of ice and icebergs on the chart, interim reports on piracy, and other
information related to search and rescue. The NAVDAT system also offers a range of

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 International scientific journal «Grail of Science» | № 18-19 (August, 2022)
184
broadcast options for ships sailing in a particular geographic area, and has the option
of encryption for transmission of confidential information at significant distances,
which without a doubt is a practical way to implement a common approach to the
integration of maritime communication and networking systems, navigational and
hydrometeorological safety provisions for ships and increasing the safety level of
international shipping.
The NAVDAT digital broadband system for MSI (maritime safety information)
and security related information presented by KENTA (France) has a central
frequency of the system as mentioned above of 500 kHz with a 10 kHz shift. Used
228 subcarrier frequencies. They abandoned the use of frequency modulation to
SECTION XV. TRANSPORT AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGIES

reduce the width of the signal spectrum in favor of a multiple-amplitude-phase

coding, which increases the ability to receive large amounts of information. NAVDAT
stations are located off the coast of Europe and Asia. The speed of NAVDAT data
transmission, given the presence of some disadvantages grows hundreds of times
over in comparison with existing systems, analogous to its intended use. The
signal/noise ratio in the signal reception area is also improved.
The new version of the NAVDAT system is able to provide a higher speed of
data transmission due to a number of technological solutions: high frequency signal
transmission; QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) of the signal; over-link
coding. Nevertheless, the main thing is that the digital broadband transmission of
data via NAVDAT enables to replace the narrowband transmission of data via TELEX.
Additional advantages of the NAVDAT system include a higher data transmission
speed than NAVTEX. The method of transmission NAVDAT based on the standard
Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) using one of two modes of modulation 16-QAM and
64-QAM, depending on the required coverage, transmitter location, the power and
height of the antenna. The types of transmissions and messages that are broadcast
may be as follows:
- navigational safety messages;
- information on safety of the crew, ship or cargo;
- warnings on the dangerous areas;
- urgent notices;
- ice situation and icebergs;
- search and rescue;
- meteorological bulletins;
- currents and tides;
- pilotage and port notifications;
- transmission of ship traffic service files;
- information of the automatic identification system;
Messages can be transmitted as a collective broadcast to all ships or selective
communication to a particular ship. In addition, notifications are sent to a group of
ships or a specific navigation area or in a separate notification mode addressed to
one ship using an identifier. The most important feature is that the system provides
not only text files, but also graphs, charts, images.
Conclusion. Implementation of NAVDAT maritime information system, its
integration with the modernized Global Maritime Distress and Safety System on the
basis of the e-navigation concept within the context of maritime technology

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185
development is quite capable to play an important role in the navigation information
and communication support system of navigation process. It is fully capable of
providing an effective communication component in the maritime safety system by
increasing the speed of data transfer and expanding the types of transmitted
information on safety of navigation.

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