Geometrical Optics 9.

Chapter 9 Geometrical Optics

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1.
V = 24 cm
-V
m = u =+ 3

Image is virtual & magnified and erect

1 1 1
8. V + u = f

i & r are parallel. u =- 10 cm

2. If mirror rotates with ω , the reflected ray rotates by f =+ 15 cm

2ω

V =+ 6 cm
3. VI0 = VI - V0 =- 2V0 -V

magnification = u = 0.6
4. Height of mirror must be half of height of face
= 12 cm
Image is erect & virtual
-V 1 1 1

For width edge of face 9. m = ! 2 = u and V +u = f
1 1 1
A +u =
C C' - 2u - 40

16 cm 8 cm 4 cm A, B are edges u =- 20
D

D'
of face. 1 1 -1

B
+u =

C, D are eyes. 2u 40
3 -1
=

Required length PQ = 4cm 2u 40
u =- 60
5. Mirror is concave and image becomes real &
invertial as mirror moves away from face. 10. For A u =- 30 f =- 7.5
1 1 1 1 1 1
6. V + u = f u =- 15cm f =- 10 cm
V + u = f & V =- 10 cm
1 1 1 -V -1
7. V + u = f
m= u = 3
u =- 8 cm
Size of image of A = Size of image of B
f =- 12 cm
= Size of object of B
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. µ1 sin i = µ 2 sin r nB V

also sin C = n = VA
B
also i + r = 90c & n1 sin i = n 2 cos i A
3. Since ray would emerge parallel to incident ray,
n2 divergance angle of emergent beam would be α .
tan i = n
1
4
4. 1.5 sin C = 3 sin 90c
i = tan 1 e o
n2
-
n1 8
2. Let the critical angle be C
also sin θ > sin C = 9

µ A sin C = µ B sin 90c

9.2 Physics
5. 1 sin 30c = n sin r = 1 sin r'

Apparent depth r' = 30c

t t Net deviation = ]i - rg + ]r' - rg

= +
2n1 2n 2 1

= 60 - 2r = 60c - 2 sin -1 d n
2n
6.  1 1.6 1 - 1.6
8. V - -4 = 3
4
V = 1.6 = 2.5 cm
A 
1 1.6 1 - 1.6
90   V - -4 = -8
B

At “A” V =- 3.08 cm

4
Distance between images c 2.5 cm
sin 90c
n sin a $ .....(1)
3
Total shift = 8 b1 - 11.6 l + 4.5 c1 - µ m
1

At “B”, for tottal internal reflection. 9.

+ 6 c1 - m = 6 & n = 1.5
4 1
n sin ]90c - ag $ sin 90c .....(2) 4
3 3
4 4 10.

i.e. sin a $ and cos a $
3n 5n
sin 2 a + cos 2 a = 1
C B A
16 16
2
+ 2
#1
9n 9n

* as light is refracting while travelling from glass to
4 2
n $ air
3 n1 = 1.5, n 2 = 1.5
7.
1 1.5 1 - 1.5
V - - 10 = - 5

V =- 20

i.e. image is at 20 cm on right side of “C” and 15 cm
from centre B.

INTEXT EXERCISE: 3

1 =e n 1 1 (D + d )
1. oe - o m1 = D  d1 d1
f n m - 1 R1 R2 (D − d )
D  d2 d2
1 = ^µ - 1 hc 1 - 1 m
2. nr < nb f R1 R2 (D − d )

and m2 =
(D + d )

So fr > fb & Fb < Fr
4 Dd
I I
` m1 – m2 =
3. m1 m2 = 1 & h1 # h2 = 1 D2 − d 2

& h = I1 I2 D2 − d 2 d

But = f so m1 – m2 =
4D f
4. If D is the distance between the object and the
screen, d the separation of the two position of lens d
& f=
throwing two images on the screen then m1 − m2
 Geometrical Optics 9.3
V - ] X - αg X -1 1 2 ^n - 1 h
6. m = u = α & α = 1-m =3-
28 R
1 1 1
V - u = f n-1 1
= cm
1 1 1 R 56
x-α + α = f
Case II- Curved surface is silvered,

Substitute α to get f

given, feff =- 10 cm
1-m 1-m 1 mx
& - mx + x = &f= 2 ^n - 1 h
f ]m - 1g2
-1
=
1
-
1 = ^µ - 1 hc 1 - 10 R R
R2 m -d n
1
7. f R1 2
8. Complete image is formed only intensity decreases. 1 2 2 ^n - 1 h
= +
d 10 R R
9. f = m -m (Same as Q.5)
1 2
2 1 1
= -
1 1 1 R 10 28
10. = ^n - 1 hd - 3 n
f2 R 280
R = cm
R 9

& f2 =
n-1 n-1 1

]280/9g
=

Case I- Plane surface is silvered 56

given, feff =- 28 cm 5

& n-1 =
9
1 1 2
= = 14
feff fm f2
& n = = 1.55
9

INTEXT EXERCISE: 4

A + δ min 4. For dispersion with out deviation

sin c m
2
1. µ = = 3
A
sin 2 ^n1 - 1 h A1 = ^n 2 - 1 h A2 & A2 = 3c

sin ] Ag

& = 3 5. δ = ^µ - 1 h A µ is least for red
sin A/2

sin c m
δ min + A

& 2 cos ] A/2g = 3 2 sin ]45cg
6. µ = = 2
sin ]30cg
A =

& A = 60c sin 2

2. sin i = 2 sin 30c 1

7. sin C = n & n = 2 = 1.414

i = 45c

So only red colour will be refract out green & blue
will suffer total internal reflection.
30

8. Two prisms can produce zero deviation and hence

the min deviation for three prisms is δ .
3
3. i = e = 4 A = 45c

Deviation = 2i - A = 30c
9.4 Physics
9. 2
d sin -1 d n n . So ray undergoes total internal
A
60 3
30 reflection. Thereby, ray is incident normally on
60 surface BC

60

Net deviation = 60c
B C 10. Total deviation = ^µ - 1 h A d + ]180c - 2ig d

Incident angle (i) at surface AC is 60c , which is = 32c + 180c - 2 b 32c l
greater that critical angle for glass - air interface
= 178.5c d

EXERCISE - 1

1. 5.

Final ray is parallel to first mirror.

2. 6. L1 L2

I1 I2 I1 '

In 3 ABC 90c + 3θ = 180c & θ = 30c

Second Image I1 ' (image of I1) = 5 + 1 = 6 m [from
3. person]

7.

(i) (ii)
1 1 1

From figure (i) and (ii) it is clear that if the mirror v = f -u
moves distance 'A' then the image moves a distance
1 1 3 20
= 10 - ]
'2A' . - 20g
=+ 20 ; v =+ 3 cm

Therefore Amplitude of SHM of image = 2A 20
v # 1
I =- u h0 =- ] 3 g # 1 = 3

4. - 20

` The distance between tip of the object and image

is = AC = ] BC g2 + ] ABg2

8. It is created at focus ie + 20 cm , when object is at

infinity.

90c - θ = 180c - 70c - 70c & θ = 50c
 Geometrical Optics 9.5
9.
From v = nλ

But frequency is the fundamental property. It never
change by changing the madium hence λ is also
changed as v is change.
r r
22. r2 = sin 1 c µ m = 45c
10. Diameter of image = fi = 10 # = - 1
180 18
11. The line joining O and I crosses principal axis of the
r1 = A - r2 = 75c - 45c = 30c
mirror at centre of curvature. In a convex mirror, for
object to be at centre of curvature, the object has to sin i
sin r1 = 2 & sin i = 2 sin 30c
be virtual.
= 2 # 12 & i = 45c


Hence the given situation can be achieved only by
using a concave mirror with object placed a distance 23.
‘a’ above centre of curvature C on principal axis as
shown.

12. Image formation by concave mirror when object is

real & placed at focus f, forms image at infinity but
not in other cases.
sin i i
mV 6000 sin A = n since i and A are small angle. A = n
13. n = = = 1.5
m m 4000
3
14. i = 2r 1 3 1- 2
24. v - 2 # 30 = + 20

1 sin i = n sin r
1 1 1 1
v =- 40 + 20 =+ 40 v = 40cm
1 C V
15. sin i = n = C A & CB =
B sin i
25.
16. Either magnitude of velocity or direction change
after refraction.

17. Every point of the image will be at distance c1 - µ m

1

towards left of the object. The image will be parallel

Considering refraction at the curved surface,
to ‘AB’ and of the same size.
u =- 20 ; n2 = 1
4 nquartz = 2 = 3 =
18. nquartz = 2; nglycerine = 3 ; n 4/3 2 µ rel
glycerine n1 = 3/2 ; R =+ 20

shift = t c1 - µ m = 18 b1 - 3/2 l = 6 cm
1 1 ∝2 ∝1 ∝2 - ∝1

applying
rel v - u = R

t 21 1 3/2 1 - 3/2
19. 4/3 = 2 & v - - 20 = 20 & v =- 10

20. An object is seen when reflected light from object 1 ^n - 1hb 1 - 1 l

26. f =
enters into eyes when refractive index exactly same R1 R2
then no reflection from the object.
& - 24 = ]1.5 - 1gb 2R - R l
1 1 1

21. As Speed of light in vacuum / air

& - 24 = 2 b - 2R l
1 1 1

µ = Speed of light in medium
c
R = 6 cm & 2R = 12 cm

µ = v & velocity of different in different medium
9.6 Physics
1 ^n - 1hb 1 - 1 l 35. for vertical erect image by diverging lens.
27. f = R1 R2

u, v and f are negative
1 ]1.63 - 1gb 2 l ]n - 1gb 2 l u v
f = RA = B RB
` f =+ ve and f =+ ve

R 0.63 1 1 1 f f 1 1

nB - 1 = 0.63 # RB = 0.9 = 0.7 f = v - u 1 = v - u y = x +1
1
x

y = x + 1 since x & y are +ve graph lies in first

nB = 1.7
quadrant.
28. P = ^n - 1hb R - R l
1 1
.....(i)
x
y = x+1
1 2

Also, at x = 0, y = 0 and at x = 3, y = 1
P0 = c n - 1 mb R - R l .....(ii)
n 1 1

0 1 2

Hence (d)
P ^n - 1h n 0 P ^n - n 0h 1 1 1
P0 = ^n - n 0h n 0 ^n - 1h
P0 = 36.
v - u = f .....(1)
v

m = u .....(2)
29. Lens changes its behaviour if R.I. of surrounding
f
becomes greater than R.I. of lens.
From (1) and (2) m = f+u

30. Image of sun is formed in the focal plane. So, 18

Here m =- 2 =- 9 {only real images can be

formed on the screen, which

Diameter of image
is inverted}

f
f + ]- 10g

` -9 =
100 # 0.5c # #

= fi = 180c r 10mm = 9

` - 9f + 90 = f
rd 2
31. Initial area = 4
10f = 90
after blockening, area that allows light
f = 9cm
rd 2 rd 2 3 rd 2

= 4 - 16 = 4 . 4
37.
3

It is 4 th of the total area of the lens that would

allow the light, hence

31

Intensity is now 4 . There will be no change in
1 1 1 1 1 1
focal length. v-u = f & ]d - ug - ]- ug = f
32. fA = fB = fC = fnet & PA = PB = PC = Pnet = P u2
^ f - uh
u
& 2 - du + df = 0 & d =
33.
For minimum d, u =- 2f Hence dmin = 4f

30 n n
38. Diameter of image = 45 # d n# = cm
60 180 8

Distance between lens is f1 + f2 1

Intensity (1) ? area
1 1 1 1 1 1 (3r) 2
34. f = v-u & +f = +v - -u
Ii r
4
1 1 1 1 1 1
` = = 576
Is
c m
& f = v+u & v =- u + f r 2
8
r
4
 Geometrical Optics 9.7
39. R1 =- R, R2 =+ R, µ g = 1.5
m = f c1 + m = 10 b1 + 25 l = 12
f0 fe 5
'
e d

and µ m = 1.75
1 d ng
= n - 1 nd -
1 1
n
1 1

` 50. f = p = 2 metre
f m R1 R2

Substituting the values, we have
f = 0.5 m this is positive so lense is convex lense.
1 = a 1.5 - k` 1 - 1 j R1 R2
1.75 1 - R R
^ L3 - f0 - fe h.D
f
f = 3.5 R 51. By using m3 = f0 fe

^ L3 - 1 - 5 h # 25

Therefore, in the medium it will behave like a
convergent lens of focal length 3.5 R, be understood
& 45 = & L3 = 15 cm
1#5
as n m > n g , the lens will change its behavior.
v D
40. Refractive index of the lens depends upon 52. m3 = u00 # f
e
wavelength of incident ray.

` Focal length and power also depends upon
From
1 1 1
wavelength of incident light. f0 = v0 - u0

1 1 1

as P= = ^n - 1 he - o 1 1 1
f R1 R2

& ]+ 1.2g = v0 - ]- 1.25g & v0 = 30 cm

Radius of curvature of the lens doesn’t depend upon
wavelength of incident light.
` m3 = 30 # 25 = 200
1.25 3
41. MP = c1 + f m = b1 + 5 l = 6
D 25
53. Dispersion of light refers to the phenomenon of light
splitting into it’s constituent colours. This is due to
42. In a compound microscope, the intermedidate image
is real, inverted and magnified. varying refractive index of the medium for different
wavelength. All 3 options convey the same meaning.
43. Resolving power of telescope can be increased by
M2
54. iC = sin -1 f p
increasing operature and decreasing wavelength.
M1
44. In normal adjustment 1
f0
M2 ? ; m is maximum for red. iC is maximum
m =- f m
e
for red light.
100

so 50 =- f & fe =- 2cm
e

55. Ax = t d1 - n . n is minimum for red light.

1

( a eyepiece is concave lens) n

and L = f0 + fe = 100 - 2 = 98 cm
` shift is minimum for red light.
45. Convex lens is used to microscope, telescope and nv - nr 6
56. ω = = 25
c m- 1
projector. nv + nr
2
D
46. m = 1 + f 57. ~ is property of material.
49. For normal adjustment

f0

m =- f
e

When final image is at least distance of distinct
vision from eyepiece.
9.8 Physics

EXERCISE - 2

1. tan ]11.5 + 41.5gc 11.5º 6. Taking first reflection by A.

/
//////
//////
//////
30º 0.75m
P

//
///////
11.5º
PQ

= tan 53c = 0.75 41.5

//////
º

///////

4

& PQ = 3 # 0.75 = 1m Q

Taking first reflection by B

2.

7.

ED = AD - AE = 1.4 - 0.8 = 0.6 m

When mirror is rotated with angular speed ω,
3. If time in the clock is T , & time in image clock is the reflected ray rotates with angular speed
2~ ^= 36 rad/sh
T2 then.
= dt = dt ]10 cot ig
dh d

Speed of the spot
T1 + T2 = 12: 00: 00
di

4: 25: 37 + T2 = 12: 00: 00
= - 10 cosec2 i dt

T2 = 07: 34: 23

10
= - ] g2 # 36 = 1000 m/s.
0.6
4. V I, M = V O, M (normal to plane mirror)
PR AC
8. tan i = OR = PC
& V I - V M =- ]V 0 - V M g

3L/2
& VI - V sin i =- ]0 - V sin ig
AC

& L = 2L

& VI = 2V sin i
& AC = 3L

5. V 0 = 3 S
i + 4Uj + 5V
k QR BD

tan a = OR = DQ
V m = 8S
i + 5Uj + 11V
k
L/2
& BD = L # 2L = L

VIZ = 2Vmz - Voz = 2 # 8 - 5 = 11

` AB = AD - BD = ]3L + Lg - L = 3L

VIx = Vox = 3

From A to B observer can observe M1

VIy = Voy = 4
Making similar diagram for lower mirror

Total visible distance = 3L + 3L = 6L
V I = 3S
i + 4Uj + 11V
k
Total time
6L
= u
 Geometrical Optics 9.9
9. 14.

Only in above two cases image moves towards
mirror

Length of light spot = AB = OB - OA 15.

= 2 ] L + xg - 2x

= 2L = constant
0.2 l = 2 3m
10. d = 0.2 tan 30c = d
3 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 1 =1 1 1 1 1
f v + u & - 10 = v + - 15
2 3
= dl =
0.2m
= 30 30° 30°
1 2-3
0.2/ 3 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////
& v = 30 v =- 30 cm

Therefore, maximum number of reflections are 30. h v - 30
m = h i =- u =- - 15 =- 2

o

d dh0
11. dt hi = 2 dt = 4 mm/ sec .
16. Using mirror formula
1 1 1
- 10 = v + - 15 & v =- 30 cm .

Axial magnification = V2 = b 15
30 l2
2
=4
u
V
& I I = vI - vI = 0
Amplitude of image = 4 # 2 = 8 mm
1 2 2 1

uf ]- 15g # ]- 10g 17. Using newton’s formula. x " distance of object

12. v = u - f = - 15 + 10 =- 30cm,
from focus
v xy = f 2
y " distance of object from focus

m =- u =- 2 ` A'B' = C'D' = 2 # 1 = 2 mm

Now
f " focal length

& by = ]a/2g2, y = 4b
2
2
B'C' = A'D' = v = a
4 & B'C' = A'D' = 4mm
BC AD u
2

I v

Perimeter length = 12mm 18. O =- u
I

if O and I are on same sides of PA . O will be
13.
4 cm/sec positive which implies v and u will be of opposite
signs.
I

Similarly if O and I are on opp. sides, O will be
-ve which implies O and I will have same sign.
1 1 1 1 1 1
f = v+u - 12 = v + - 20
If O is on PA, I = b - Vu l]Og = 0 & I will also be

1 1 1 on PA

& v = 20 - 12
1 1 1 1 -1 1

& v =- 30 cm 19. - f = - v + - u & v = u + f

- V2
Slope =- 1
1
Intercept = f (opposite)
VI = 2 V0 =- 9 cm/s
u
9.10 Physics
20. For real inverted image formed by concave mirror
For M2 : u =+ 20. f = 10

v =- ve, u =- ve, f =- ve
1 1 1
` v + 20 = 10 & v = 20
u v

& f & f are positive 20

` m2 =- 20 =- 1 ` m = m1 # m2 =+ 2

& (a) is right answer.
25. The image 'I' of the object 'O' formed by plane
21. For m = 2 mirror moves towards left. I acts a real object for
v concave mirror. As I moves towards left, its image
m =- u = 2 formed by concave mirror (whether real or virtual)
V =- 2u .....(i) moves towards right.
1 1 1 1 1 1 26. Can be understood by the following ray diagrams:
f = v+u & f = - 2u + u
1 1 f

& f = 2u & u= 2

& v =- f

Distance between object & image = f + f/2 = 3f/2

For m =- 2
v

m =- u =- 2

v = 2u
1 1 1 3f

& f = 2u + u & u= 2


& v = 3f
3f 3f
Since, rays are almost perpendicular to y-axis
Distance between object & image = 3f - 2 =
2
Image will form at focus, of size = fi
22. In the question, the image is inverted and magnified.
so, it is formed due to concave mirror with image 27. For M1

- 15 # ]- 10g
and object on the same side of mirror and the object uf
- 15 - ]- 10g
closer to the mirror Hence, (b)
v = u-f = =- 30 cm

23. I1 is the image

For M2 u = 10cm
formed by concave
mirror 10 # ]- 10g
10 - ]- 10g

` v= =- 5 cm

For reflection by
m = u =- b 10 l = 2
-v -5 1
concave mirror
Magnification

u =- x, v =- ]45 - xg, f =- 10 cm
1 3

So, distance of image from CD = 2 # 3 = 2 cm
1 1 1
- 10 = - ]45 - xg + - x 3 3

` Distance of image from AB = 3 - 2 = 2 cm
1 x + 45 - x
10 = x ]45 - xg
2
& x - 45x + 450 = 0
28. Image velocity (w.r.t. mirror)

But x = 30 cm is not acceptable because
x < 22.5 cm =- m # object velocity (w.r.t. minor)

24. For
here m = 1

uf ]- 30g # ]- 20g ` i = vm =- ^v0 - vm h & vi = 2vm = 2 u

v
M1 : v1 = u - f = ]- g ]- g =- 60

^a v0 = 0 h
30 - 20

 Geometrical Optics 9.11
29. Let the length of rod be ‘a’. The magnitude of 33.
transverse magnification of ends A and B is 2 each.
The image of B is virtual and that of A is real.

Applying mirror formula to B and A

IA a/2 IB
oo = t c1 - µ m
A B 1
'
L  a
2 L − 
 2
4
 a 34. nquartz = 2; nglycerine = 3
2 L + 
2

nquartz
1 1
&n = 42/3 = 32 = µ rel
- =- 1f
` a j ` a j
glycerine
2 L- 2 L- 2
Shift = t b1 - n1 l = 18 c1 - m = 6 cm
1 1 1

- - =- 1f
2` L + 2 j ` L + 2 j
a a rel 3/2

Solving we get a = L 35. As n varies 'y' , parallel slabs can be taken, and we
know in parallel slabs.
30. The ray diagram is shown in figure. Therefore, the
image will be real and between C and O sin
nr ir = Constant.
Normal at P will
as n1 sin i1 = 1 # sin 90c = 1 = constant
C Pass through C

n final = nair = 1
Image

& 1 = 1 # sin rfinal & rfinal = 90c
P
` Deviation is zero.
O O

31. For M1 : u =- 10 cm 36.

f =- 20 cm; h0 =- 0.1 cm
200 200

v = - 10 + 20 = 10 = v = 20 cm
200 200

v = - 10 + 20 = 10 & v = 20 cm

v h + 20
m =- u & h i = + 10

Distance of I1 from refracting surface = 20n
0

& hi = 2 # - 0.1 =- 0.2; hi =- 2mm
Distance of I2 from reflecting surface = 20n + 10

- 20
For m2 = - 10 = 2 & hi = 0.2 cm = 2 mm
Distance of I1 from reflecting surface = 10 + 20n

Distance of I2 from reflecting surface = 20 + 20n

Distance between two images = 2mm

Distance of I3 from refracting surface
t sin ]i - rg
32. Displacement = cos r and t sin i = n # sin r
20 + 20n
Since i and r are small angles. and i = nr = n = 10 + 23.2

Displacement = t ]i - rg
20
= n + 20 = 13.2
= ti b1 - i l
r
` Displacement

ti ]n - 1g
20 200

= t i b1 - n l =
1 n = 13.2 = 132 cm

n
9.12 Physics
37. Let y-axis be vertically upwards vy(real) v h = 1

sin r =
and x-axis be horizontal. h 5 5

Vy ]real g sin i sin 45c = 5

Vy ^app h =

µ = sin r = 2
θ = sin -1(3/5) 1/ 5
c1µm vx(real)
a
43.
Vx ^app. h = Vx ]real g
b
i
v x-z plane
vy(app)
r
d

φ c

vx(app)

From Snell’s law : 1.5 sin i = 2 sin r
Vy ^apph 4
= tan θ = 34 # 34 = 1
Vx ^app h 3

tan φ = a c a 4

1.5 # = 2# & c =3
a2 + b2 c2 + d2

& φ = 45c
7a a 2 + b 2 = c 2 + d 2 = 1 ^unit vector hA

38. The final image formed by slab has a fixed separation
from ‘O’ 44. µ 1.014 1.02... 1.50µ

Shift produced is t b1 - 3/2 l = 3 where ‘t’ is

1 t

θ
thickness which is constant. The shift produced in
the position of the image w.r.t. ‘O’ is fixed

For composite transparent IInd slabs

` velocity of final image is zero w.r.t. ‘O’

= µ sin θ = constant µ sin θ = 1.6µ sin x
39. Velocity of the final image = velocity of object = 10
m/s
sin x = 5/8 sin θ

40. 45. Initially observer is mirror for image formation of

object O. As O is kept at the bottom, then it sees
somewhat above the bottom.
10

Apparent position of coin for mirror
` Distance = 5 + µ

= 5 + 10 4 3 = 12.5 cm (in front)

7 3 #

1.4 + 1.2 = 9cm
1.2 1.2

Hence image from the mirror after reflection is also
so the position of image with repsect to the observer at 12.5 cm.
= 9cm + 3cm = 12cm
x x A
46. Image formation by mirror at
41. α = OC β = OC' a depth ‘h’ from mirror. The P
α OC' 1 x
6° distance (apparent) between h

& β = OC = µ β B 2h
C' α these two will be = µ h
β = µα = b 3 l ]6cg = 8c
4 I
C 47. Image position coincides with

Bending angle = β - α = 2c the object when an object is placed on centre of
curvature i.e.

42. PQ = QR = 2h ` +i = 45c R = 0.5m when transparent liquid is filled then

phenomenon occurs when the pin is placed 0.4 m

ST = RT = h = KM = KN from mirror i.e. effective distance must be 0.5 again

KS = h 2 ]2hg2 = h 5
So
0.2 + n0.2 = 0.5; n = 3/2
 Geometrical Optics 9.13

2 sin ^1/µ h A # 2 sin ^1/µ h

-1 -1
48. From Snell’s law 2 sin i = 1 sin 90c
r1 + r2 #

i' = 45c
sin 1 ^1/µ h $ 45c
2 sin 1 ^1/µ h
- -
i=c

` Again 1. sin 45c = 2 sin r

A # 2 sin 1 ^1/µ h

r = 30c & 2 sin 30c = 1 sin r'

-

30°

r' = 45c

30°
30°
Hence θ = 180c - ]30 + 45cg = 105c sin 1 ^1/µ h $ 45c
30°
θ 1 1

-
& µ $ &µ# 2
2

45°
49. When a ray enters into different medium & again 54. Deviation by prism
reenter in a same medium there is no deviation due
to refraction (overall) but bottom silvered glass d1 = A ^n - 1h = 4c ]1.5 - 1g
& d1 = 2c
surface provides 180° deviation from the reflection.

for plane mirror
50. Maximum possible deviation = δ = π/2 - C

i = 2c
Reflected ray)

Denser
δ
Rarer

d2 = 180c - 2i = 176c & d = d1 + d2 = 178c
c
c 55. Deviation by prism = A ^n - 1h = 4c ]1.5 - 1g = 2c

For 90c total deviation, Deviation by mirror

= 90c - 2c = 88c
51. As given: r + r' = 90c
180c - 2i = 88c

u2 sin r = u1 sin r' 2i = 92c
& u2 sin r = u1 sin ]90 - rg
i = 46c
sin
u2 C = u1 sin 90c

Mirror should be rotated 1c anticlockwise
n1 n1
n2 = tan r ; sin C = n2 56. For refraction by upper surface

^C Critical angleh
: 1.6

1 1.6 - 1
v1 - - 2 = 1
` sin C = tan r; C = sin 1 ]tan rg

-
1.6

& v1 = 0.6 - 0.5 = 0.1
52.

& v1 = 16 m

For refraction by lower surface

2 1 2-1
2 - - 2 = 1
v
sin i #1 1 2
sin 30c = 2 & sin i = 2 2 = 2 & i = 45c
& v2 = 1 - 0.5 = 0.5

53. For transmission

2
& v2 = 0.5 = 4m

r2 # sin 1 ^1/µ h
r1 # sin 1 ^1/µ h = ]16 - 4g = 12m
- -
&
Distance between images
9.14 Physics

57. Deviation by prism 1.8c b 2 - 1 l = 0.9c

3
& A/2 = 45c

& a = 90c
60. δ min = 60
δ = ^i1 + i2 h - A


A = r1 + r2 = 2r
δ = ^i1 + i2 h - A



a = r1 = r2 = 2r

R = 20 cm f = 10cm
For minimum deviation

i1 = i2

Image will form on focal plane

r1 = r2

Distance of image from y-axis = f d

δ min = 2i - A
0.9r

= 100 # 180 mm = 1.57 mm
60 = 2i - 90
r r r
2i = 150
58. i = 2 , e = 4 , A = 4

i = 75c
sin i sin e
A = 2r
sin r1 = sin r2 = n
90
1 1
r = 2 = 45c

& sin r1 = n and sin r2 =
2n
sin i sin 75c
r r sin r = µ = sin 45c

Since r1 + r2 = A = & r1 = - r2
4 4
61. µ red sin i = 1 sin r
1 1 45°
& sin r1 = cos r2 - sin r2
2 2 1

1.39 # 1.414 = sin r 45°

= 2 sin r1 + sin r2 = cos r2

sin r < 1 & possible

2 1 1
(refraction is possible)
= n + 2n = 1-
2n 2 1

µ green # sin i & 1.44 # 1.41 > 1 & not possible
1 b2 + 1 + 2 l 1
= = 1- 2 1
n2 2 2n
Same for blue 1.47 # 1.41 > 1

1 b9 + 1 l
& It also not possible.
= =1
n2 2 2
1
62. n sin A = 1 # sin 90cn =
n = 5 &2
n= 5 sin A
A 1 A

& µ sin 2 = 1 # sin e = sin A # 2 = sin e
59. Put a = δ min and µ = 2

sin c m
A + δ min 90°
2

The relation µ =
sin ` 2 j
A

Sin A
2 = Sin A/2 & 2 = 2 cos A/2
A
sin 2
A & C = sin 8 2 sec 2 B
-1 1 A
1
sin e = A

& cos a/2 = 2 sin 2 cos 2
2
 Geometrical Optics 9.15

63. δ min = 2i - A; 60 = 2 # 60 - Ac ; A = 60c

The line CE will be angle bisector of +BCD
a
BE = a tan 30c =
sin c m sin ` 60 + 60 j
A + δ min . 3
2 2

µ= =
A
sin 2
60
sin 2 BE a/ 3 2
` Now tan i = AB = a/2 =
3
3 /2 2

µ = 1/2 = 3 ` sin i = . Now, by snell’s law
7
64. i = 50c , equilateral prism a = 60c; e = 40c 2 = #1
1 # sin i = n sin r & n 2
7

Total angle of deviation 4
n
& =

δ = i + e - A = 50 + 40 - 60; δ = 30c 7

Hence δ min < δ & δ min < 30c 68. This is a case of total internal reflection

n 2 n1 n 2 - n1 n 2 n1 n 2 - n1
θ > θC c = sin
-1 1m C
65. v - u = v - =
` µ
Vaccum
R -R -R
glass
B

v =- R for all values of µ 1 θ
µ < sin θ

v =- R A
1

i.e. 10cm below the curved surface or 10cm µ < sin 45c

above the actual position of flower.
µ > 1/ sin 45c
66. Using refraction formula at curved surface.
µ> 2
3
-1
3 1 2 3 1 c
- 3 = ; 2V = 2R ; V = 3R av= µ
2v R
` v < 2.1 # 108

` only (b) is not possible

69. Let us say PO = OQ = X

x d 2

From 2R = 3R ; x= 3d
67.
A
i air
<

i E
(

B r
liquid n 2 n1 n 2 - n1
D
Applying v - u =
R
C a

Substituting the values with sign
<

N
1.5 1.0 1.5 - 1.0
+X - -X = +R

Given r = +NED = 30c

(Distances are measured from O and are taken as
` +BED = 120c positive in the direction of ray of light)

BCDE is cyclic quadrilateral
2.5 = 0.5

` X R ` X=5R
` +BCD = 60c
9.16 Physics
70. From Snell’s law 75.

1. sin 45c = 2 sin r; r = 30c

1 1 1
10 = v - ]- 15g
& v =+ 30 cm

for small object dv = 2 du = b 15 l # 1 = 4mm

v2 30 2

u

& from nell’s law (refraction)
76. Focal length of plano-convex lens is 10cm
2 sin 30c = 1. sin r; r = 45c

1 b3 lb 1 1 l
10 = 2 - 1 3 - - R

1 1# 1

so δ net = δ1 + δ 2 + δ3 + δ 4 = 270c
10 = 2 R & R = 5cm

71. n1 > n2 but at here i > r not possible

Let focal length of water lens is fw

1 = b4 - lb 1 - 1 l
fw 3 1 -5 5

1 = 1 # b 2 l = -2
fw 3 -5 15


Optical power of system
u 1 u -1
72. (i) For (i) v2 - 3 = 2 6 1 1 1
1
P = f + f + f
w
3

v1 = 2 # 6 # 2 = 18 cm
= 0.1 + 0.1 + b - 40 l
1 1
3

For plane surface: I1 " object
= 6.67 D
n n
dapparent = n2 # dactual = n2 # ]18 - Rg
77.
1 1

= 31/2 # ]18 - 6g = 8 cm

3/2 - 4/3 = 3/2 - 4/3

73. v u - 10
1 2 2
- 10 = - R - f,
3/2
3 1 4
2v = - 60 - 3u
4/3

2 1 2 56 - 20 36
θ
R = 10 - 56 = 560 = 560
So v = 3 # - ]veg
2

1 = 18
so for any value of u, v is ]- veg . So image is
R 560
virtual.
^µ - 1h 560

18 = 1
56
74.
10

µ - 1 = 18

10 28 14
µ = 1 + 18 = 18 = 9
 Geometrical Optics 9.17
1 = 1 +1 - d = 86. u =- 30 cm; h0 =+ 0.5 cm; f = 20 cm
79.
f f1 f2 f1 f2 0
1 + 1 - d =

= 25 - 20 - 500 0
d
= 2050025 =- 500
-
0.5

d = 5 cm

]+ 20g]- 40g
uf - 30 # 20
80. f1 = ] - g f2 =- 40 v = u + f = - 30 + 20 = 60 cm
20 40
= 40 v + 60

m = u = - 30 =- 2
1 1 1 x
f = f1 + f2 - f1 f2
hi = mh0 =- 2 # 0.5 =- 1 cm from P axis
1 10 20
40 # ]- 40g
= 40 + - 40 -
1 + 0.5 = 1.5 cm below xy .
1 1 87. From figure 1st behave as diverging and 2nd behave
f = 80
as converging
f = 80cm

In 1st incident ray appear to pass at 5 cm distance
81. For first refraction point and after refraction it becomes parallel to
principle axis i.e. the focal length f = –5cm
n 2 n1 n 2 - n1
v - u =
and for second f = 5cm
R
3 - 1 = 3/2 - 1
2 # 3 ]- xg + 10 88.
1 = 1
x 20 & x = 20 cm

v2 uf -f v
82. Vi =2 V0 & v = - u - f & u + f = u
I1 I2
u

Vrel = V0 - Vi = c1 - 2 m V0 = <1 - c f + u m FV0

v2 f 2

Final image (by lens) object I2
u

as u decreases vrel decreases
u =- 30, f =- 10

83. n1 = n3 since there is no bending at first surface uf 300 300

v = u + f = - 30 - 10 = - 40 =- 7.5
n3 < n 2 since the ray bends towards normal as it
passes from µ3 to µ 2 medium.
` 2.5 cm in front of mirror
84. As given n 2 > n1 > n3
89.

a n 2 > n1 & lens act as a concave lens for upper
half portion of lens & n3 < n1

& Lower half portion act as a convex lens.
-2 v
85. m = 1 =- 2 = u & v = 2u
]90 - ug = 2u & u = 30 cm

(i) vI = m 2 v0x (same direction)

x

v

(ii) a m =- ve, m = u ,

^v =- ve, u =+ veh then vly =- ve

Hence lens location =- 40 + 30 =- 10 cm
9.18 Physics
1 1 1 1 = ]n - 1g 1 - 1 df
a R R k & - 2 = c R - R m dn
90. v - - 20 = 10 & v = 20 cm 1 1
95. f 1 2 f 1 2
` R for mirror = 2f = 2 # 60 = 120 cm

(Differentiating both sides)

` x = 20 + R = 20 + 120 = 140 cm
&- f ]n - 1ga R - R k = a R - R k
df 1 1 1 1

\\\\
1 2 1 2

\\\\\\
dn

\
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
dn &- df = f n - 1
O
n -n

but dn = nv - nR ` - d f = nv - 1R f & df
\\\\
=- ωf & fv - fR =- ωf

91. Concave lens behaves as divergent lens and diverges

=- 0.04 # 10 =- 0.4 cm
the beam of light as passes from lens. When the fR - fv = 4 mm
screen is brought close towards lens it receive more
= 1f = ^µ - 1 hc R - R m
number of rays hence light intensity increases. 1 1
96.
1 2

92. Am = A1; A b m
1 l= A
2
For no dispersion
& 2 = A1 A2 & A =
A A1 A2
d' f 1 = 0
1

93. X = u2 - u1 = 24
dµ & R - R 0 = 0
1 1
v
or
m = u1 = 3 & v1 = 3u1 or u2 = 3u1
1 2
1

or R1 = R2

3u1 - u1 = 24 & u1 = 12 cm
97.

Distance between object & screen is

D = v1 + u1 = 3u1 + u1 = 4 # 12 = 48 cm
fR
D 2 - X 2 = ^48h - ^24h
2 2

Hence f = 4D 4 # 48 fR=y
^48 + 24h^48 - 24h
= 72 242 = 9 cm
#

4 # ^48h
= 4 # 48
f ? λ; λ R > λ g > λ B (VIBGYOR)
94. Answer is (a) because (a) net angle of dispersion by
each surface slope is equal to zero.
y>z>x

EXERCISE - 3

Numerical Type
For Objective :
1. For the image to coincide with object, image formed 1 1 1 1 1 1
v - u = f & 10 - u = 2 & u =- 2.5 cm
by concave mirror must be at a in front of plane
mirror. 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 3. By Snell’s law, 1 # sin 53° = # sin r
` v + u = & + = & f =- 4m 3
f - 2a - 4a f 3 6
` R = 8m =
5
62 + d2
2. For eyepiece :
d=8m
1 1 1 1 1 1
v - u = f & - 25 - u = 6.25 & u =- 5 cm
 Geometrical Optics 9.19
4. 3 cos 60
8. Let the angle of incidence be q
3
2
 V0 m n
Position vector of image
3 m / s  Vm rI = (- x cos 2iit) + (- x sin 2i) tj

3 sin 60
d dx di
3 (rI ) = vI , = v, =~
 V0 m t dt dt dt
2
d dx di t
(rI ) = < . cos 2i - x (- sin 2i) .2 Fi
dt dt dt
- dx di t
3 + =d
n sin 2i - x. cos 2i # 2 Gj
3 Vi m   dt dt
 Vi m n 2
2 VI = [- V cos 2i + 2~x sin 2i] it

]Vi mgn =- ]Vo mgn and ]Vi mgt = ]Vo mgt

+ [- V sin 2i - 2~x cos 2i] tj

3 3

from diagram, Vi = 2 + 2 = 3m/s along the

Putting the given values of q, in and v,

direction = lar to mirror
31

; VI ;= a = cm/s
5. Normal to mirror is along tj direction 9

vI = (6it - tj + 2kt) + (- 2tj) 9. 1 1 2 2 2

= - =- -
(feq) m fm fL R fL
. .

Due to object Due to mirror 1 2 1.5 2 0.1 2
= e - 1o = d - 1n =
nL
#
v = 6it - 3tj + 2kt
i
fL ns R 1.4 R 1.4 R

vI = 36 + 9 + 4 = 49 = 7 m/s 1 1
=
fL 7R
~A ~B ~A - fA - fA -3
6. + =0& = & = 1 2 2 16
fA fB fA fB fB 5 =- - =-
(feq) m R 7R 7R
- 5fA
f
& B= ...(i) 7R
3 (
& feq) m =-
16
1 1 - 0.5
+ = 10.  
fA fB 100
1 3 -1 A B

& - = [using...(ii)]
fA 5fA 200  Liquid
5-3 -1 


& = & fA =- 80 cm
5fA 200

Image of B must be at infinity
7. n3 n1 n 2 - n1 n3 - n 2
60 cm 5 cm v - u = +
R1 R2
o
2 n3 n1 n 2 - n1 n3 - n 2
h1 
o
2
3 - = + 3
(- 2R) (- R)
n1 n 2 - n1
=
h1 2R -R

2° = ...(i)
- n1 = 2n 2 - 2n1
60
h1
n1 = 2n 2

i= ...(ii) n1
5
= 2

(ii) ' (i), n2
i 60

& =
2 5

& i = 24°
9.20 Physics
11. 1 1 1 13. Considering refraction at curved surface :
v + u = f
Differentiating above equation w.r.t. time t,
1 dv 1 du dv v 2 du

- - = 0 or =-
v 2 dt u 2 dt dt u 2 dt

lnstantaneous velocity of the image, d
v2 2.4 1 2.4 - 1

vi =- u0 =- m 2 u0 + x =
u2 2#5 5

Now, the instantaneous acceleration of the image,
x = 25 cm
dv -d dm

ai = = (m 2 u0) =- 2m .u
dt dt dt 0 14. DABC & DAB'C
v

Now, m =- u x x+3
0.20 = 1
dm d v 1 dv v du

& = c m= - 2
dt dt u vu u dt u dt
x = 0.2x + 0.6
1 2 0

= u (- m u0) - 2 3
u
0.8x = 0.6 & x = 4 cm
vu0 vu0 v v 2 uo
c m e o
v
x = 75 cm

=- 1+ u =- =
u2 u2 f u2 f

Thus, instantaneous acceleration of the image
u0 Hmin 40cm
dm
ai =- 2mu0 d n =- 2mu0 f m 2 p
15. 80cm = 20 cm

dt f
H
& min = 160 cm
2m3 u02

&; ai ;= ,
f H 80 cm
& 80 min
cm = 20 cm

Now take |m| = 1 for object at C.
12. Air H
& max = 320 cm
C

o
90 - C
/2

From Snell’s law,
z

1 # sin = n sin (90° - iC)
2
z
sin
& = n cos iC
2
1
Also, iC = sin -1 n

z n2 - 1

` sin = n. n = n2 - 1
2
 Geometrical Optics 9.21
16. 18. So total distance = 60 cm

f =- 20 cm
1 +1 = 1
v u f
1 1 = 1

^- 60h - 20
& v+
1 1 1 - 40

& v = 60 - 20 = 60 # 20 & v =- 30

1 1 1
So image after reflection from mirror will be at
f =- 20 cm; v + ]- g = ]- g d = 30 cm . So 10 cm above ‘A’
60 20
1 = 1 - 1 = - 40
After refraction at A: it will be at
v 60 20 60 # 20 & v =- 30
v ]- 30 # - 1g = - 1 ^3/2h = 8 = 4 cm
10 90 45

m =- u = ]- 60g 2 ^4/3h

so distance from ‘B’ layer is
so image coordinates are ^- 30, 3/2h

`45 - 45
4 j = 45 # 4
3

At m2:

So final image after refraction at ‘A’ will be at:
1 1 1 1 1 1 - 50 3 2 45
v + ]- 70g = - 20 & v = 70 - 20 = 70 # 20
45 # 4 # 3 = 2 from ‘A’ surface.
- 140 19.

v= 5 =- 28 cm
- v ]- 28g]- 1g
QC
So magnification = u = ] =- 52
- 70g

Q
3

Object length = 2 cm
∝
image length = b 32 lb 52 l = 5 cm
3 3 3 2 3
sin θ = = ∝R = 4 # 3 = 2 & QC = 60c

P

below axis of M2: y = b - 53 l

3 3 3
4 sin θ = 2 sin 30c & sin θ
x coordinate = ]40 - 28g = 12

= 1 & θ = sin -1 1
3 3
so coordinates = b12, - 53 l

R 1 R 1
20. sin c = R + d = 1.5 & R + d 2 1.5
17. Speed of balloon = 20 m/s
20m/s
1 1 1 d d 1

d = 20 # 4 - 2 # 10 # 16
1 + d/R 2 1.5 & 1.5 > 1 + R & R < 2
15cm

d=0
\ \ \\

u =- 15, R =- 20, f =- 10 \\\\\\\\\\

ub 150

v = u - f = - 5 =- 30
v 30

m =- u = - 15 =- 2, v0 =- 20

v1 =- m 2 v0 =- 4 # - 20 = 80

x = 45 b 3 l # 3 = 40 cm
4 2

9.22 Physics
21.
2i + 23c - 60c = 23c

\
\\\\\\ \\\\
1mm
(0,0)
i = 30c

\
\\
f=10 f=10
15 45 1

e = 53c & = n sin r1
2
- 15 # 10

Image formed by the lens v = - 15 + 10 = 30
& n sin ^60 - r1 h = sin 53c =
4

5

(Right from lens)

Reflection from mirror u =- 15 3
& ne 1 - sin 2 r1 - sin r1 o =
1 4

(- 30) 2 2 5
- 15 # - 10

v = - 15 + 10 =- 30; m =- - 15 =- 2

Co-ordinate of image = ^30, 0.3 cmh

3 1 1 1 4
& nf
1- - # p=
2 4n
2 2 2n 5

Now again taking refraction from lens)
4 21 2 1

- 15 # 10
v = - 15 + 10 = 30 (left from lens) & 3 4n 2 - 1 - 1 =
# 4 & 4n 2 = c m + 1
5 5 3
30

m = - 15 =- 2
1 441 129 43

&n= ' + 11 = =
` Final co-ordinate of image = ^- 15cm, - 6mmh
4 25 # 3 75 5

-f
22. For real image m = f + 16 25. For critical angle

f

Virtual m = f + 6 µ sin ]90 - rg = 1. sin 90

-f f

` f + 16 = f + 6 & f + 16 =- f - 6 1

cos r = µ

2f =- 22 & f = 11 cm
90 - ]120 - rg = ]r - 30g

23.
4mm

From snell’s law
40cm

100cm µ sin ]r - 30cg = 1 sin 30c

x

µ 5 r cos 30c - cos r sin 30c? = 2

1
sin
0.4 x

From similar triangles 40 = 100 ; x = 1 cm
2
n -1
n= - n # G=
3 1 1 1
#
n 2 2 2
24. A = 60c
3 4 7 1 /2

i + e - 60 = 23c & e = i + 23c u 2 - 1 # = 1 & n2 - 1 = & n = c m
2 3 3
 Geometrical Optics 9.23

EXERCISE - 4

1. For the reflection from mirror 4. Field of view of (R.R)

y
image is decided
45°
u =- 1
by the reflection IR
f =- 2 rays. As we can
P
see that the 45° (IR) O

reflection rays
1 1 1 (R.R) y'

Using v + u = f from the extreme
end points of mirror at a height ‘d’ from P and below
P all points only PY’. Hence (c)
1 = 1 - 1 = b 1 l-b 1 l = - 1
v f u -2 -1 1 2 5.
M2 M1
v
& = 2 i.e., the image is formed at I1 (figure). now
for the slab I1 can be taken as the object.

Using : shift I2 O I1 I2

= d1 b1 - 3/2 l
1 L/3 L/3 2L/3 2L/3
L L+L/3

Distance between any two images must be 2nL/3
= 3 cm
6. vI = 2vM - v0

i.e. the final image is formed at 10 cm from side AB
of the slab i.e. at the object itself as shown figure. = 2 # 0 - _5 S
i + ]6 + 2t gUj i y

Also the image is virtual.

vI =- 5 S
i + 10Uj ; v10 = vI - v0 x
2.
Hence vI0 =- 5 S
i + 10Uj - _5 S
i + 10Uj i
eye

[at t = 2 sec] =- 10 S
i
7.

Let r is radius of used mirror.
2.5 30
r = 10
-1
5 5 # 10
Radius = 6 mm = 6 cm
25
Area = rr 2 = r # 10 -2 cm 2
vIG = 2vMG - vOG
36
r 25
d n cm 2 =
r
= cm 2
vIG = 2v, vIG = 4v..... vIG = 2nv
36 100 144 1 2 n

3. 8. v cosβ

v sinβ

β
v

β
v
co

si n

si n
co
sβ

sβ
v

V V
B B

∆OAB & θ + θ + 90 + θ = 180c; & θ = 30c

Hence we can see from the images velocity in mirror
1 w.r.t. mirror 2 vI2 = 2v sin β
9.24 Physics
9. uf
13. u =- u, f =- f, vB = f - u

^u - b h f

\\\\\
b

\ \\

vC =
f - ^u - b h
B C

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
u− b
uf ^u - b h f

vB - vC = f - u - f - u + b u

\\
uf bf f 2
10. If the angle between mirrors is θ then the deviation
= f ub
- + = b d n
from two plane mirrors will be = 2π - 2θ -u f-u+b f-u+b u-f

300 = 2π - 2θ & θ = 30c 14. When observer in rarer L
medium and object is in
360 A L

Hence 30 = 12 denser medium then the
length of immersed portion

Number of images = m - 1 = 12 - 1 = 11 L
will be shorter (apparent).
Hence length of image of A
11. A D
rod in water
2L+µ L

θ B
f θ

= 2L + nL - L = L + nL
C B P

Hence length of image of rod seen by observer in air
L + nL L
f is = n +L

In ∆ACD:sin θ = 2f & θ = 30c n

R R 15. For parallel composite slab µ sin θ = costant

PB = R - 2 sec θ = R -
3 n1 # a n2 # c
R =

PC = R & CB = PC - PB = R - R + 2
a +b 2
c2 + d2 µ2
3
2f
a rt1 = rt2 = 1
= R = CB 2 µ1 r=ai+bj
` f =
3 3 3
_ a2 + b2 = c2 + d2 = 1 i

12. c
\\\\\

16. For parallel composite slab u sin θ = constant

\\\
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

A f n 0 # sin i = n ]n g # sin 90c

u
n0
sin
n0 30c = n0 +
\\

nn - 18
uf 1 1 1 1

u =- u, f =- f v A = f - u = 1 + & = &n=4
2 4n - 18 18 - 4n 2

Image of last end of rod vB =- f
& Upper layer of n = 3
2
uf - f + uf - uf

Length = vB - v A =- f - f - u = f-u 17. From Snell’s law 1.4 # sin x = 1 sin r
2
f

Length = u - f liquid
µ =1.4
53°
sinx = 0.8
⇒ x = 53°

1.4 # 0.8 = sin r > 1 (which is not possible)

& Ray will not refract but it has total internal

reflection. Hence (c)
 Geometrical Optics 9.25
3 2
µ= α G sin α
18. Critical angle 2 sin c = 1; sin c = 3 sin 2 2α - cos α sin 2α =
sin 1- 2 µ
µ

Geometrical path length travelled by thelight in the
2 2
slab will be = 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 = 6 m
sin α µ - sin 2α - cos α sin 2α = sin α

µ 2 - sin 2 2α = 1 + 4 cos 4 α + 4 cos 2 α

µ 2 = 1 + 4 cos 4 α + 4 cos 2 α + 4 sin 2 α cos 2 α

µ = 1 + 4 cos α ^sin 2 α + cos 2 αh
2 2

µ2 - 1

cos α = 8

23.
n 90°
µ2 µ4
19. n1 sin θC = n2 & sin θC = n2 µ1
1 r2 µ3 µ5
-r 1
90°
n1(denser)

1 sin 90c = n1 sin r1; n 2 sin r2 = n1 cos r1
θC
cos
n2 r2 = n3 sin r3
TIR n2(rarer)

n 4 sin r4 = n3 cos r3; n 4 cos r4 = n5 sin r5
1 # sin θ = n1 sin ^90 - θC h
1. sin 90c = n5 cos r5
2 Square and add 2 + n 22 + n 42 = n12 + n32 + n52

n

= n1 cos θC = n1 1 - 22
n1 24. δ min = 38c; δ = 44c; i = 42c & e = 62c
θ = sin _ n - n i;
-1 2 2
1 2
δ = i + e - A; 44 = 42 + 62 - A & A = 60c

` δ min = 2i - A; 38 = 2i - 60 & i = 49c
sin i < n12 - n 22
25. δ 2 < δ1
1 1 m
20. m1 = u - f m2 = u - f ; m1 =- 1
1 2 2
δ1 = i + e - A
δ1
& 2 - f =- ^u1 - f h & u1 + u2 = 2f
u δ2

= 53c + 37c - A = 90 - A
u1 + u2
f
& = 2
37° 50° 53°
δ 2 < 90 - Ac

21. From Snell’s law ` n sin 2c = 2n sin r

50 + e - A < 90 - A

a θ = 2c (Small angle) µ
e < 40c
3µ
2µ

sin 2c - 2c; n # 2c = 2n rc v
2° 26. f =- 20m & m =- u = ! 2

2 0
using v = 2u
r = 1c & 2n # 1c = 3nr'; r' = d n

3
1 1 1 3 1
& 2u = - 20
- 20 = 2u + u u =- 30cm
22. 2α = ]2α + eg - α

using v =- 2u

e = α, r1 + r2 = α 1 1 1 1 1
- 20 = - 2u + u & 2u = - 20 u =- 10cm

sin 2α = µ sin r1 ,
µ sin ^α - r1 h = sin α

m ^sin α. cos r1 - cos α sin r h = sin α

9.26 Physics
27. (a) No, when object is between infinite and focus,
Clearly, final rays are parallel to principal axis for
image is real. any value of d1 and d2 = ]20 - 5g = 15 cm.

(c) When object is between pole and focus, image
1 1 1 1 1 1
is magnified. 35. f = v - u + 30 = v - - 15

(d) When object is between pole and focus image
1 1 1 1
formed by convex mirror is real. v = 30 - 15 =- 30 v =- 30
C y sin r 1
28. C = sin i = tan 30c =
x 3
1
Cy = C
3 x

Since y is denser, total internal reflection can take
place when ray is incident from y .

29. (a) is not true for minimum deviation.

(b) is true only if refracting side are equal.
For plane mirror

(c) Two angles for maximum deviation are 90c and
u =- 30 - 15 =- 45cm & v =+ 45 cm
imin
(d) d min = ^n - 1h A

for second refraction

30. Let x & y are two possible angles of incidence,
u =- 60 f = 30 cm
which produce same deviation 40c . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
30 = v - - 60 v = 30 - 60 =- 60

x + y - 60c = 40c

v =+ 60 cm

& x + y = 100c .....(1)

final image is real and 60cm left from lens.
x - y = 20c .....(2)
36. In fig (i)

& x = 60c & y = 40c

Image formed by each half will have same
x-coordinate but different y-coordinates. Since their
31. d = A c n - 1 m & d a A and d a c n - 1 m
np np
s s principal axis are not same.
n1 n 2 n1 - n 2
And image formed by the combination of the two
32.
v - u = R halves will be have different x-coordinate. Hence,
n1 n 2 three images are formed

& v - u <0
n1 n 2
In fig. (ii) and fig. (iii), combinations have same

& v < u focal length.
n1 n 2

& v > u
37.
v

& u >0

& v and u must have same sign.

33. Convex mirror, plane mirror and diverging lens

always from virtual image fo a real object.
1 =b3 l b -1 1 l 1
f1 2 - 1 10 - 15 =- 12 ;
34. 1 = b4 - lb 2 l = b 2 l 1 =- 2
f2 3 1 15 45 ; fm 15
1 1 1 1 = 1 - 2 =- 1

& f = f + f feq fm f, 18
, 1 2

& feq =- 18 cm

so, the combination behaves as a concave mirror.
 Geometrical Optics 9.27
38. Deviation, dispersion observed at first surface and n1 + n3
second surface are counter balanced. Therefore
if n2 >
2 & f is +ve

* Emerging ray is not split into different colours.
& Lens is converging

* Emerging ray is white.
if n2 = n1 + n2 &f=3

* Emerging ray is white
Neither converging nor diverging

* Dispersion is observed inside the slab.
3/2 - 1 3/2 - 1
44. For d1 = 120 m v ]- 120g = 60
39. For deviation, without dispersion
A
So, the ray is incident normally on the mirror so for
any value of d2 , ray retraces its path. So I1 is at O
- ^nV - n R h . for d1
A' = A
^n'V - n' R h
3/2 1 3/2 - 1
I f , O d1 = 240cm v - ]
- 240g
= 60

For dispersion, without deviation A'
& v = 360cm
-^n - 1 h
A' = A
In first image is formed at mirror ray retraced its
^n' - 1 h path to form image at O

Neither deviation nor dispersion is not possible for
system having prims made up of different materials. uf ]- 10g]10g
45. We have v = u - f = - 10 - 10 =+ 5
40. Here sp = PA and SQ = QB

So, position of A and
B doesn’t depend on
separation of mirror
from the wall so, the
patch AB will not v2
move on the wall.
` vix = vox
u2

` SA and SB are constant
=- b - 10 l # 20. 2 =- 2 mm/ sec
5 2 3 5 3

So, AB = constant
viy =-b u l voy =- b - 10 l # 20 # 2
v 5 1
41. The image will look like white donkey because a
and
small part of lines can form complete image. The
image will be less intense because some light will = 5 mm/s
stopped by streaks. viy 5 2

Hence tan i = u = =
π π ix 5 3 /2 3
42. 2 - i + 2 - r + θ = π

c 5 3 m + ]5 g2 =
2
5 7

i + r = θ .....(i)
And vi = 2 mm/s
2

δ = 2i + 2r 46. Power focal length and chromatic aberration of a
lens depend on refractive index of the material of

δ = 2θ (anticlockwise) lens which, in turn, depends on wavelength of the
incident light.
nR n3 R
43. f = 2n -1n - n or 2n2 - n1 - n3
2 1 3
47. For convex mirror
n +n
if n2 < 1 2 3
& f is -ve
m < 1 for any real object m < 1

& Lens is diverging
Now, Vimage =- m 2 Vobject & Vimage < Vobject always

9.28 Physics

48. 12 51. For total internal reflection to take place

h1 h2
B
Angle of incidence, i > critical angle, θ0
Ι1 Ι2
H 12-H
or sin i > sin θ0
F1 F2
1

or sin 45c > n

Let the bubble B is at distance H from the face F, of 1 1
the cube
or > n
2
n
h2 = n a ]12 - H g = 3 cm
or n > 2
C

Solving H = 7.5 cm and nC = 1.5
or n > 1.414

Therefore, possible value of n can be 1.5 or 1.6 in
49. As in figure (i) , rays are parallel incident on curved the given options.
part.
1 3/2 1 - 3/2 52. Required length of mirror

Therefore v - 3 = - 6 M1

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
θ
θ

= M1 M2 . So the mirror should be

v
& = 12 cm E

170cm

160cm
M2
the length of hall fo the size of φ
φ

For figure (ii) , image created by curved part acts as

80cm
object for the flat part. 170
man = 2 = 85 cm & it is

For curved part placed such that its lower edge at a half the height of
eye level height.
1.5 1 0.5
v - 3 =
6 53. If the angle between mirrors

\\\\\\

From flat surface, object is at 12 cm to the right. be - θ then the angle of

\\\\\\\
deviation after two

\\\\\\\

For flat part reflections is δ = 2π - 2θ

\\\\\\\
1 - 3/2 = 1 1 θ=60°

\\\\\\\
0 & v-8 &v=8
240 = 2 # 180c - 2θ
v 12
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

2θ = 360 - 240

So, distance of final image from P = 6 + 8 = 14 cm
(right) 2θ = 120 ]θ = 60cg . Hence (a)

360c
50. m
` = 60 = 6 (even)
1 µ2
60°

Number of images
60°

0 θ=60° µ1
= n = m-1 = 6-1 = 5
I1

(hence (b) & (c))
40 40 Reflected ray from M1 strikes = r on mirror M2 .

50
100 2
Hence retrace its path. Hence (d)
50
80

I 21  I12 I2

Images are formed on a circle.
 Geometrical Optics 9.29
54. y
n 2 : denser; n1: rarer; K : decreases
45°
π
45° sin
µ 2 i = µ1 sin 2

π µ 3
45°
x sin 3 = µ1 = 2 = K1

2

2 dy 2 dy π π π π

y = r sin rx; = r cos r # r & =! 1
At k1 , r = 2 ; so, θ1 = 2 - 3 = 6
dx dx

tan 45c = 1 = 2 cos rx 57. θ1 = 60c
60°

1 nr 1 2 5 4

cos rx = & rx = ` x = and sin
3 30c = 3 sin θ 2 P
2 3 3 3 θ 1 60°
60°
5
2 3 3 3
sin θ 2 = 8

30°
e a sin r # = o=
1

`y= r#
2 3 2 r -1 5 θ2

θ 2 = sin 8
55.

Also (c), TIR is at P ceases if

5 5# 3
3 sin 60c = µ # sin 90c; 3 # 2 = µ

58.
µ2

u1 =- 60 & u2 =- 90
µ1
1 + 1 = 1 O P C

= 90 v2 60 & v2 = 36

v2 - v1 = 36 - 30 = 6 cm x R
v -v 6 1
Real image can’t be formed always virtual.
m = v2 - v1 = 30 = 5

2 1
59. v < 0
for mirror vI =- m 2 v0

n 2 n1 n 2 - n1 n 2 n 2 - n1 n1
v - u = ; v =c + u m10

convex mirror makes virtual image. R R

θ2

(a) Virtual image is formed for any position of 0 if
56. n 2 < n1

|r− i| θ 1
(b) virtual image can be formed if x > R & n 2 < n1

60. v > 0
K1 K0
→K
n 2 n 2 - n1 n1
n1
` v = + u > 0 and if n 2 < n1
-R
δ = 0 at K0 & K0 = n = 1
2
n1 - n 2 n1 n1 - n 2 u1
µ - x > 0; > x
θ 2 = ?; K = µ1 ; µ1 : denser; K : increases
R R
2

π π n1 R

r = 0 , δ = 3 - 0, & θ 2 = 3 x
` > n - n ` (b) if n 2 < n1
1 2

µ n1 R

θ1 = ? K = µ1 .
Then virtual image is formed of x < n - n
2
1 2
9.30 Physics
61. From passage, (d) is correct. 69. On squeezing the lens, the focal length of lense
decreases. There by v decreases.
62. From passage, (c) is correct.

63. From points (2) and (3) of passage 70. As v decreases, the magnification is also decreases.

f and f' must be of opposite sign 71. As turnip away from the lens, distance increases i.e.
u increases hence for same v, f has to decreases so

Also ~C < ~ D and fC < fD we should decrease the squeeze of lense.

Which is satisfied only by (d)
72. (a) For converging lens (convex lens)
ω ω
64. f1 + f 2 = 0 1 1 1
1 2 v - u = f
ω f 1
& ω1 = f1 = 2 .....(1)
u =- x, v = y, f = d (+ve constant)
2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

& F = f + f = 40 .....(2) + =
1 2
v x d
1 1 1

After solving (1) & (2) y = d-x

f1 = 20 cm at x = 0, y = 0

f2 =- 40 cm For x = 0 to x = d, y =- ve

65. Chromatic aberration doesn’t occur in case of so, if x -, y . and y -

spherical mirrors.
At x = d, y = 3
66. when x > d, y + ve, and

At x = 3, y = d

taking magnitude of y , distance graph is

shown
' '
|y|
  


*Consider, after 4 reflections, ray refraces it’s path. x

i' = 2i

(b) For converging mirror (concave mirror)
20' + i + 90c - i = 180c
1 1 1
r v + u = f

& 4i =
2 R

Similarly, for 2 reflections & 3 reflections. u =- x, f = 2 , v=y
r 1 1 2

` C = y - x =- R
2
1 1 2
67. If i = 60c, n = 1.5, which is not physically feasible. y = x = R

68. ni = constant At x = 0 , y = 0

n is an integer. R
for 0 < x < 2 , y =+ ve

` raph between n and i is not continuous.
 Geometrical Optics 9.31
1
and as x increases y decrease so y - upto
At x = R , R
y= 4, At x = 3,
R
y- 2
R 2
x= 2
Taking magnitude of y distance graph is
R
at x = 2 , y = 3

So, graph is (1)

y ]- veg
R
When x > 2

and as x -, 1/y ., y - so, y .

graph is (2)
R
At x = 3, y =- 2
73. (a) For object between - 3 and A , image is formed
Graph breaks so graph is (1) between F2 and B . the image is inverted and
disminished for object between A and F1 ,
|y| image formed is etween B and + 3 which is
inverted and magnified.

(b) for object between A and F1 , image lies
x between B and + 3 which is inverted and
magnified for object between F1 and O , image

(c) For diverging lens (concave lens) lies between - 3 and O which is erect and
1 1 1 magnified. Hence, image is magnified and
v - u = f
doesn’t lie between O and B .
u =- x, f =- d v = y
(c) For object between F1 and O , image lies
1 1 1 between - 3 and O which is erect and
y + x =- d
magnified for object between O and + 3u > 0
1 1 1
y = x - d 1 1 1
` v = f +u >0
& y is always -ve if u-v-
At x = 0, y = 0 if u = 0, v=0
As x -, y . so, y - f
if u=f v= 2
-d
At x = d, y= 2
2f
if u = 2f v= 3
or x = 3, y =- d
2f
u = 2f v= 3
Graph is (2)
u = 3, v=f

(d) For diverging mirror (convex mirror)
v
1 1 1 u > 0 in all case of the question
v + u = f

Hence image lies between - 3 and F2
R
u =- x f =+ 2 , v = y
1 1 2 1 1 2
(d) For object between - 3 and A , image lies
y - x = R & y = x + R & y =+ ve between F2 and B . image is inverted and
diminished, for object from O to + 3 , image
At x = 0, y=0 lies between O and F2 which is erect and
dy y2 diminished, Hence (k, p)
dx = 2
x
x -, y -
9.32 Physics
74. For spherical mirror, line joining object and its

\\\\
\\\\\
image crosses principal axis at centre of curvature. Convex mirror

\\\\
the line joining object and image inverted about (parallel to

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
76. (a) principle axis
principal axis cuts the principal axis at the pole. the after reflection
from figure below. passes from focus)

\\\ \
\\
object object
O mirror
O mirror

I' Diverging the ray

I image ⇒ Concave lens
C P (b)
P-axis I
P C P-axis
I' image

We can conclude
(c) Converge at focus
⇒ Convex lens

(a) If object and image are on same side of principal
axis, they are on opposite side of mirror.

(b) If object and image are on opposite side of
principal axis, they are on same side of mirror Reflects & intersects
actually
for a lens, the line joining object and image cuts (d) ⇒ concave mirror
the principal axis of optical centre.
Then from figures below.
lens lens
O O 77. (a) When object is at focus, image is also real from
I equi biconvex lens.

a f = ^µ - 1h: R - R D

P-axis P-axis I 1 1 1

1 2

We can conclude R
For equi bioconvex f = .....(i)
2 ^µ - 1h

(c) If object and image are on same side of principal
axis, they are also on same side of lens. As µ - f .

(d) If object and image are on opposite side of
principal axis. they are also on opposite side of
lens.
75. For (a): All reflected rays pass through the two
mirror upto infinite reflections.
For (b): After IInd reflection ray will not pass
through any mirror
For (c): Only rays from object will be reflected by
the mirrors and no reflected rays will be
further reflected.
For (d): Similarly as C
Hence final image position v decreases
v
Hence m = u also decrease
(b) From (i) R - & f -
Radius of curvature increases i.e. now the object
is not placed at focus and it is case when object
is between focus and optical centre. Hence
image formation is virtual.
(c) Glass slab provides shift of the object in the
incident ray direction. So for lens object position
becomes between focus and optical centre.

(d) When medium is changed then relative µ .

 Geometrical Optics 9.33

Numerical Type 2.25 m2 > m2 + 2.25

b1 1 l
1
⇒ 1.25 m2 > 2.25
f = (n - 1) R1 - R2
1.

R1 = 3 2.25 9

n> 1.25 & n > 5

R2 =- 30cm
3 3

n> ; minimum value of m =

1 b1 1 l 5 5
f = (1.5 - 1) 3 - - 30
4. Case I : u = –10 cm, v = 10 cm, f = ?
1 0.5
f = 30 Using lens formula,

f = 60 cm 1 1 1 1 1
f = v - u = 10 - - 10
Single Option Correct
2. Case-I ⇒ f = 5 cm
If final image is at least distance of clear vision
Case II : Due to introduction of slab, shift in the
M P. = f c1 + f m; 375 = 5 ;1 + f E
L D 150 25 source is
.
0 e e

375 25 1 m = 1.5 b1 - 2 l = 0.5cm

30 = 1 + fe = t c1 - n
3
345 25
30 = fe Now, u = –9.5 cm, v = ?
750
fe = 345 = 2.17cm; fe . 22mm 1 1 1 1 1 4.5
v = f + u = 5 - 9.5 = 5 # 9.5
Case-II If final image is at infinity
M P. = f c f m = 375
L D v = 10.55 cm
.
0 e

fe = 22mm
∴ d = 10.55 – 10 = 0.55 cm away from the lens.
sin i 1.5 5.
3. sin r = n and tan r = n

sin i 1.5 1.5 #

sin r = tan r = sin r cos r
sin i
⇒ sin i = 1.5 cos r ⇒ cos r = 1.5

sin i sin i a + a + a = 180°

= 1.5 & = 1.5
1 - sin2 r sin2 i
1- 2 3a = 180°; a = 60°
n
n sin i

& = 1.5
m2 - sin2 i 6. As per lens maker’s formula

n2 sin2 i 1 ^n - 1hb 1 1 l

& = 2.25
n2 - sin2 i f = R1 - R2

m2 sin2 i = 2.25 m2 – 2.25 sin2 i Also, f1 = 2f2

⇒ (m2 + 2.25)sin2 i = 2.25 m2 R 2R

^n1 - 1h ^n2 - 1h
=

2.25n2 (m2 – 1) = 2(m1 – 1)

sin2 i =
n2 + 2.25
For i to be imaginary, 2m1 – m2 = 1
9.34 Physics
7. 15 cm 10. For light to just come out r2 must be less θC

θC = sin 1 a µ k
1

-

But r1 + r2 = A

r1 = A - r2
f1 = 25 cm f2 = 20 cm

r2 < sin c µ m

Image by diverging lens is formed at 25 cm, to the -1 1

left of the lens. This image serves as object for the
converging lens.
r1 > A - sin b µ l
-1 1


` u =- 40 cm; f =+ 20 cm
sin θ
1 1 1
But sin r1 = µ
v - u = f
θ = sin 1 ^µ sin r1 h
-
1 = 1 = 1 1 1 1 1
v - 40 20 & v = 20 - 40 = 40
1 = `3 - j 1 - 1
v =+ 40 cm 11. f 2 1 a R1 R2 k

` Image is real and at a distance of 40 cm from
here c x = R - R m
1 = 1 1 1 1
f 2x & f = 2x
convergent lens. 1 2

1 = b 3/2 - 1 l 1
f1 4/3 x

8. i = 35c, d = 40c, e = 79c 1 = a 3/2 - k` 1 j

f2 5/3 1 x & f2 is negative

d = i+e-A
1 = 1 = 1 = 1
40c = 35c + 79c - A A = 74c and

f1 8x 4 ]2xg 4f

r1 + r2 = A = 74c solving these, we get

& f1 = 4f

n = 1.5
Analytically, If a lens is inserted in a denser
surrounding the sign of focal length changes and if
74 + 40
sin d n lens is inserted in a rarer surrounding , the sign of

n, 2 n max = 1.44 focal length remain same.
sin 37
If lens is inserted in rarer medium the focal length
9. The light is moving horizontally the refractive index increases.
will not change and it will continue to moving
straight line. For example in Mirage formation, 12.
Ray 1

Ray 2

1

Here sin C = n
water

b

and nwater = a 2
λ

Light rays which moves horizontally keep on moving
horizontally whereas one that goes downward, keep
If frequency is less & λ is greater and hence
on deviating. R.I. ^nwater h is less and therefore, critical angle
increases.
 Geometrical Optics 9.35
3 1 = 1 + 1 = 20 + 1
13. n = 2 15. f 12 240 240

240
f = 21 m

shift = 1 b1 - 32 l = 3
1

1 35

Now v' = 12 - 3 = 3 cm
3 + ]R - 3mmg2 = R
2 2

21 3 1
3 + R - 2R ]3mmg + ]3mmg2 = R
` = 240 = 35 - u
2 2 2

&

& R . 15 cm 1 = 3 - 21 = 1 b 3 21 l
u 35 240 5 7 - 48
1 = ` 3 - ja 1 k
f 2 1 15 & f = 30 cm
5 = 144 - 147
u 48 # 7
14. 

u = 560 cm = 5.6 m

i1 i2 i2

Same angle of deviation is observed at two different
angles of incidence. (Except at minimum angle of
deviation)

1. The angle of the object is 45c the focus will not be = 51003
-

defined for all points. For small angle the answer
would be (c) but for 45c best option is (b) 1 = 2
v 100
100

v = 2 = 50

Now from S2

n 2 n1 n 2 - n1
v - u = R
n 2 n1 n 2 - n1 S1 S2
2. v - u =
u =- x
R x

50cm
1 1.5 1 - 1.5
v"3
v - - 50 = - 10
1 15 5 1.5 - 1 = 1.5 - 1
3 x 10
v + 500 = 100
1 1 3
x =+ 20
v = 20 - 100

d = 50 + 20 = 70 cm
9.36 Physics
r 6.
3. sin iC = 2 2
r +h
n r
& nl =
2 2
B r +h
r

& nl = 2 2
# 2.72
r +h
5.77 #
First image,

= 11 .54 2.72 = 1.36
1 -1 = 1
v u f
1 = ` 3 - j` 1 1 j = 1
4. (p) f 2 1 r+r r &f=r 1- 1 = 1
v - 30 15

v = 30 image in formed 20 cm behind the mirror.
1 1 1 2 r
& f = f + f = r & feq = 2
eq

Second image, by plane mirror will be at 20 cm
infront of plane mirror.
1 = ` 3 - j` 1 j 1- 1 = 1

(q) r 2 1 r & f = 2r
For third image v 10 15
1 = 1 1 3+2 5
v 10 + 15 = 30 = 30

1 +1 = 2 = 1 v = 6 cm
& f f f f & feq = r

Final image is real & formed at a distance of 16 cm
from mirror.
1 = b 3 - lb 1 l == 1 7.

(r) f 2 1 -r 2r f =- 2r

1 1 1 2
& f = f + f =- 2r & feq =- r
eq

n 2 n1 n 2 - n 1
We apply, v - u = R
1 1 1 1

(s) & f = r + - 2r = 2r & feq = 2r 1 1.5 1 - 1.5
eq - H1 - - 30 = 3 …(i)

5. v = 8 m b magnification =- 1 = v l ⇒ H1 = 20 cm
3 u
1 1.5 - 0.5
- H2 - - 30 = - 300 …(ii)

u =- 24 m
300
⇒ H2 = 14.5 cm
1 3 1 1
d nd n
r = 2 -1 3 + R 1 1.5 - 0.5
- H3 - - 30 = 300 …(iii)

R = 3m 300
⇒ H3 = 15.5 cm

∴ (a) and (b) are correct.

 Geometrical Optics 9.37
8. When n1 = n2 = n 1

Putting the value of sin r2 = µ
1 ]n - 1gb 2 l
f = R ... (i)
We get,
1 cos A
= n e sin A n o
When, n1 = n and n2 = n + Dn
sin i 1- 2
-
n
= ]n - 1gb R
1 l ]n + Dn - 1gb 1 l
1
+ R ... (ii)
f + Df
= n _sin A n 2 - 1 - cos A i
So from equation (i) and (ii)
= _sin A µ 2 - 1 - cos A i
1 1 ] gb 1 l
f - f + Df = Dn R
Using µ = µ asin A 4 cos 2 2 - 1 - cos A k
A
& 2 =- ]Dngb R l
Df 1

f
Df Dn Dn
Option (c) is correct.
So f =- ]
2 n - 1g
c - 2n

For i1 = A , we have minimum deviation, & in
9. δ = i + ε - A minimum deviation ray inside prism is parallel to
the base of prism.

For δ min, i = ε, r1 = r2

Option (d) is correct.
` δ min = 2i - A = A ^ given h

10. For reflection
A

` i = ε = A, r1 = r2 = 2
i 1 = 1 - 1
r
` 1= 2 O = 30 cm
fm 10 30

Option (a) is correct

Now using Snell’s law at 1st surface f
& m = 15 cm & R = 30 cm

sin i sin A A
For lens
sin r = µ = sin A = 2 cos 2
2 convex mirror

A =µ
cos
` 2 2
O 10 cm
& A = 2 cos b l
µ -1

2

For emergent ray to be tangential ε = 90c v

m =- 2 = u & v = 24 = 60 cm
sin r 1 1
` sin ε2 = µ & sin r2 = µ
1 - 1 =+ 1 1 1 1
v u f2 & f2 = 60 + 30 & f2 = 20 cm
sin i 1 = - b1 l

Now, r1 = A - r2 & sin r = µ f2 n 1 R
1

sin
` i = µ sin r1 = µ sin ^ A - r2 h & 20 = ]n - 1gb 30 l

1 1

= µ ^sin A cos r2 - cos A sin r2 h 3

n
& = 2 +1
= µ _sin A 1 - sin r2 - cos A sin r2 i
2


& n = 2.5
9.38 Physics
11. 4
cos ada = cos idi
3
2 2 1
sin
& i= & x = 18 # =2
3 9
d = 2x sin ]i - ag

1 2 2 8-2 2
f p=
1

= 4# - . 1.73 . 2
n 2 3 3 3
For TIR = θ $ θC = sin 1 d n2 n

-
1
14. When angle of incidence on first face of the prism is

& r = 90c - θ 60° the angle of incidence on the other surface of the
prism will be slightly greater than critical angle.

& n ]sin ig = n1 sin r = n1 cos θ For refraction at first surface of the prism
sin 60° = 3 sin r1

& n sin im =$ n1 cos θC

⇒ r1 = 30°
2
n For second surface r2 = 75° - 30° = 45°
n
= 1 1- 2
2= n12 - n 22
n1 Since r2 ≈ qC
1 n
NA = sin im = n n12 - n 22
⇒ sin 45° =
3

Now put values ⇒ n2 = 1.50
12. Lesser NA is the required answer. 15. 1.5sin qC = 1.44sin 90°
13. 24
sin qC = 25

x 25

,= = 4 x
d A sin i C
d
2 x = 1.44

d  = 1.5
O  x
B -

We will assume that observer sees the image of Total length for light to travel
object through edge & a = 45° 25
12da xdi
,' = 4 # 9.6 = 10m

AB = =
cos a cos i ,'
\ time = c/1.5 = 5 × 10-8s ⇒ 50 × 10-9 s

By applying Snell’s Law
4 t = 50.00
sin a = 1 sin i
3
 Geometrical Optics 9.39
16.

A0 ' A0
b 2 l 1
2
A0 = 20 = 100 & A0 ' = 100
I0 A
& I0 ' = A
0
100

= 100I0 = 130kW/m 2

17. By Snell’s law:

1.6 sin 30c = nm sin 90c

= [1.6 – m(0.1)] × 1
m
& =8
9.40 Physics