VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi - 590018

THE STUDY REPORT ON

“POYNTING'S THEOREM AND WAVE POWER”

COURSE NAME
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

COURSE CODE
21EC54

COURSE INSTRUCTOR
Ms Deepthi Shetty
SUBMITTED BY
Omkar
4MT21EC059

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINNERING

(Accredited by NBA)
MANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
Accredited by NAAC with A+ Grade, An ISO 9001: 2015 Certified Institution
(A Unit of Rajalaxmi Education Trust®, Mangalore - 575001)
Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Badaga Mijar, Moodabidri-574225, Karnataka
2023-24
INTRODUCTION
Poynting’s theorem is an expression of conservation of energy that elegantly relates these various possibilities.
Once recognized, the theorem has important applications in the analysis and design of electromagnetic
systems. Some of these emerge from the derivation of the theorem, as opposed to the unsurprising result. So,
let us now derive the theorem. The principle of conservation of energy isoneof the most general and important
in physics. Its generalization to include electromagnetic fields and charges in interaction leads to Poynting’s
theorem. An important notion in electromagnetism, Poynting's theorem, has proven to be useful in clarifying
the dynamics of wave energy conversion. Poynting's theorem, which was first developed to explain the
movement of electromagnetic energy in fields, has applications in a variety of sciences, such as fluid dynamics
and wave mechanics. Poynting's theorem helps optimize wave energy conversion technology by measuring
the energy transfer through wave phenomena and providing insights into the principles underlying wave power
generation.
Wave power, also referred to as wave energy, encompasses the kinetic and potential energy present in ocean
waves as they propagate across vast expanses of water. Waves are generated primarily by wind patterns
interacting with the surface of the ocean, resulting in the transfer of energy from wind to water. This energy
manifests as the rhythmic motion of waves, characterized by periods of crest and trough. Capturing and
converting this kinetic energy into a usable form constitutes the essence of wave power technology. With the
potential to provide a consistent and renewable source of electricity, wave power has garnered significant
interest as a viable alternative to traditional fossil fuels.
The synergy between Poynting's theorem and wave power lies in their complementary roles in understanding
and harnessing the energy inherent in ocean waves. Poynting's theorem serves as a theoretical framework for
quantifying the flow of energy associated with electromagnetic waves, offering insights into the mechanisms
underlying wave energy extraction. By applying the principles of Poynting's theorem to the analysis of wave
power conversion devices, engineers and researchers can optimize the efficiency and performance of these
systems. Thus, the integration of Poynting's theorem with wave power technologies represents a convergence
of theoretical physics and practical engineering, driving advancements in renewable energy innovation.
LITERATURE SURVEY
"Poynting's energy conservation theorem," in W. Keith and W. J. Heikkila, Elsevier eBooks, 2021, pp. 187–
214.[1] Poynting's theorem addresses scalar energy. All phenomena are separated into three categories: (1)
explicit time dependency and its absence, (2) electric and magnetic energy, and (3) cause and effect based on
term signs. In three dimensions, physics is time dependent. Dungey in the meridian plane, Axford and Hines
in the equatorial plane, marked the beginning of the development of the physics of the interaction between the
solar wind and the magnetopause. These two-dimensional drawings have served as the main inspiration for
this research, even though the writers most likely had a three-dimensional image in mind. Local time
fluctuations are ignored because even commonly utilized data analysis falls between the noon and midnight
meridian. Kirchhoff's principles dictate that any physical device's currents must be closed; Analyzing cause
and effect using the E·J sign must imply this. An electrical load is represented by the product E·J > 0, and the
source of the energy dissipated is determined by E·J < 0. In space studies, the dynamo region is typically
disregarded. In space plasma physics, the origin of the dissipated energy with E·J < 0 is rarely studied.

Tromborg, B., and P. Jeppesen (2024). The Poynting vector, optical waveguides, and Maxwell's equations.
[2] Planar, step index, and other optical waveguides are utilized in the application of the Helmholtz wave
equation for the Fourier converted electric field, which is obtained from Maxwell's equations. The wave
equation can be divided into an eigenvalue equation for the transverse part of the electric field vector and an
equation for the z-dependent amplitude for an ideal optical fiber, where the refractive index of the fiber only
depends on the transverse parameters and not on the position z along the fiber. The fiber's optical modes are
represented by the solutions, and their propagation constants are provided by the eigenvalues. The Poynting
vector, which has a straightforward form for bandpass signals, is used to express the optical power in a fiber.
The introduction of parameters that describe photodetection is followed by a discussion of the detection of
optical signals by photodiodes, specifically heterodyne detection.
M. Linne (2024). electromagnetics by optical means. Pages. 71–95 in Elsevier eBooks. [3] Most scientists that
work with heat have not studied electromagnetic. Thus, this chapter begins with a review of Maxwell's
equations, emphasizing their experimental foundation, the findings that combined the four equations into a
single formalism, and the logical progression of an equation for electromagnetic waves. Accompanying a
formal definition of polarization is the introduction of the plane wave formalism, which is widely utilized in
diagnostics. Subsequently, the formalism incorporates material interactions with an electromagnetic field. The
Poynting theorem, which connects electromagnetism with the ERT, is finally discussed.

Savin, É., and J. Akian (2024). Electromagnetic wave Wigner measurements in heterogeneous bianisotropic
mediums. [4] We investigate the transmission of high-frequency electromagnetic waves in bianisotropic
material that is randomly heterogeneous and has dissipative characteristics. To achieve this, we consider the
randomly fluctuating optical responses of such media with correlation lengths that are like the waves' average
wavelength. Notwithstanding their slightness, the fluctuations cause numerous dispersions over lengthy
propagation durations and/or distances, causing the waves to travel in a variety of directions and with mixed
polarizations. We obtain the dispersion and evolution characteristics of the electromagnetic fields' angularly
resolved energy density in this propagation regime, as described by the Wigner measure. Maxwell's equations
with general constitutive equations serve as the starting point for the analysis. First, we construct uncoupled
transport equations for the components of the Wigner measure on the various propagation modes
(polarizations), ignoring the random fluctuations of the optical response. Next, when the fluctuations are no
longer disregarded, we find the radiative transfer equations satisfied by these components using a multi-scale
extension of the Wigner measure. The collisional portions of the radiative transfer equations, which take into
consideration the waves' potential polarization shifts and dispersion by random fluctuations, are coupled to
the equations. These processes are described by collisional kernels that rely on the wavelength-scale variations'
power and cross-power spectral densities. Wigner transformations and Wigner measures are interpreted in
terms of semiclassical pseudo-differential operators in their standard quantization, which forms the basis of
the whole derivation.

B. C. Chanyal (2023). Dirac-Proca-Maxwell equivalence of dyonic matter with quantum corrections for the
quaternionic spinor fields. Chinese Journal of Physics. [5] This paper investigates a new method for deriving
the dyonic Dirac–Proca–Maxwell fields in a unified framework. We construct quaternionic fields using a
Dirac spinor basis to formulate quantum corrections for electromagnetic field equations, scalar and vector
potential wave equations, continuity equations, and the propagation of electric and magnetic waves for
massive dyons, since Dirac fields are quantum fields for massive fermions. The quantum correction of the
electromagnetic field energy of dyonic matter is obtained using the quaternionic form of the Dirac spinor
fields. It is shown that by using the quantum approximation condition, the quaternionic Dirac spinor fields
yield the Maxwell equations for the classical electromagnetic field. As a result, for the dynamics of matter
particles, the quaternionic quantum description of dyonic electromagnetic fields displays both wave and
particle behavior.
TOPIC DISCUSSION
Fundamentals of Poynting's Theorem:
Poynting's theorem is a cornerstone of electromagnetism, describing the flow of electromagnetic energy
through space. It provides a mathematical framework for understanding how electromagnetic fields transport
energy, which has wide-ranging applications in various fields, including telecommunications, optics, and
power generation. At its core, Poynting's theorem reveals the directional flow of energy associated with
electromagnetic waves, which becomes particularly relevant in the context of wave power extraction from the
ocean.
Let's derive Poynting's theorem, which describes the rate of electromagnetic energy transfer through a given
area in space. We'll start from Maxwell's equations and derive the expression for the Poynting vector.

Where:
𝐸 is the electric field vector,
𝐵 is the magnetic field vector,
𝜌 is the charge density,
𝐽 is the current density,
𝜀0 is the vacuum permittivity,
𝜇0 is the vacuum permeability.

To derive Poynting's theorem, we'll take the dot product of the magnetic field B with Ampere's Law and the
electric field E with Faraday's Law, and then subtract these two equations. This leads to the expression for the
Poynting vector.
This equation describes the rate of electromagnetic energy transfer per unit volume. The left-hand side
represents the divergence of the Poynting vector, which describes the rate of electromagnetic energy flow out
of a volume. The right-hand side represents the energy density and the rate of change of energy density
within that volume.

Application to Wave Power:

In the realm of renewable energy, wave power stands out as a promising yet complex frontier. Waves,
generated by wind patterns interacting with the surface of the ocean, carry significant kinetic energy.
Harvesting this energy requires sophisticated technologies capable of converting the mechanical motion of
waves into usable electricity. Poynting's theorem becomes invaluable in this context, offering insights into the
transfer of energy within ocean waves and guiding the design and optimization of wave energy conversion
devices.
Challenges and Opportunities:
Despite its immense potential, wave power faces several challenges, including technological feasibility,
environmental impact, and economic viability. Poynting's theorem can help address some of these challenges
by providing a rigorous framework for understanding the dynamics of wave energy conversion. By leveraging
insights from Poynting's theorem, researchers and engineers can develop more efficient and reliable wave
energy technologies while minimizing adverse effects on marine ecosystems.
Interdisciplinary Collaboration:
The study of Poynting's theorem and wave power underscores the importance of interdisciplinary
collaboration. Bringing together expertise from physics, engineering, environmental science, and economics
is essential for tackling the multifaceted challenges associated with wave energy extraction. By fostering
collaboration across disciplines, we can unlock new innovations and accelerate the transition to a more
sustainable energy future.
Future Outlook:
Looking ahead, the integration of Poynting's theorem with wave power technologies holds tremendous
promise for advancing renewable energy solutions. As research continues to push the boundaries of both fields,
we can expect to see novel approaches to wave energy extraction, enhanced efficiency of wave power
conversion devices, and increased deployment of wave farms around the world. By harnessing the power of
the ocean responsibly and intelligently, we can contribute to mitigating climate change and securing a cleaner,
more sustainable energy supply for future generations.
In summary, the synergy between Poynting's theorem and wave power represents a compelling convergence
of scientific principles and technological innovation. By leveraging our understanding of electromagnetic
energy transfer and the dynamics of ocean waves, we can unlock the vast potential of wave power as a
renewable energy resource, paving the way towards a more sustainable future.
APPLICATION
Poynting's theorem's application to wave power presents a significant chance to use the foundational ideas of
electromagnetic for the production of sustainable energy. Understanding the dynamics of wave energy
conversion is one of the special applications of Poynting's theorem, which describes the flow of
electromagnetic energy through space. An analogy for this would be that ocean waves transfer kinetic energy
across the medium of water, much as electromagnetic waves do. Engineers and researchers can create wave
energy conversion systems that are more effective and efficient because to this fundamental understanding.
One significant application of Poynting's theorem in wave power is in the design and optimization of wave
energy converters. These devices, ranging from point absorbers to oscillating water columns, rely on the
conversion of wave motion into electrical power. Poynting's theorem provides a mathematical framework for
quantifying the flux of energy within ocean waves and elucidates the mechanisms by which this energy can
be captured and converted into electricity.
By applying principles derived from Poynting's theorem, engineers can optimize the design parameters of
wave energy converters, maximizing energy capture efficiency and minimizing losses. Furthermore,
Poynting's theorem informs the strategic placement of wave energy conversion devices within the ocean
environment. Understanding the spatial distribution of wave energy flux, as described by Poynting's theorem,
enables engineers to identify optimal locations for deploying wave farms. By situating wave energy converters
in regions with high wave energy density, such as coastal areas or offshore locations with consistent wave
patterns, we can maximize the energy output of these systems and enhance their economic viability.

CONCLUSION
The integration of Poynting's theorem with wave power technologies represents a compelling synergy between
theoretical physics and practical engineering. By leveraging our understanding of electromagnetic energy
transfer and applying it to the domain of wave energy extraction, we can unlock the vast potential of ocean
waves as a renewable energy resource. Poynting's theorem provides a rigorous mathematical framework for
quantifying the flow of energy within ocean waves and guiding the design and optimization of wave energy
conversion devices.
As we continue to explore and innovate in the field of wave power, Poynting's theorem will play a central role
in driving advancements in efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. By harnessing the power of the ocean
responsibly and intelligently, we can contribute to mitigating climate change, reducing dependence on fossil
fuels, and securing a cleaner, more sustainable energy future for generations to come. Through
interdisciplinary collaboration and continued research efforts, we can unlock new opportunities and realize
the full potential of wave power as a key pillar of the global renewable energy landscape.
REFERENCE
[1]. "Poynting's energy conservation theorem," in W. Keith and W. J. Heikkila, Elsevier eBooks, 2021, pp.
187–214.

[2]. Tromborg, B., and P. Jeppesen (2024). The Poynting vector, optical waveguides, and Maxwell's
equations.

[3]. M. Linne (2024). electromagnetics by optical means. Pages. 71–95 in Elsevier eBooks.

[4]. Savin, É., and J. Akian (2024). Electromagnetic wave Wigner measurements in heterogeneous
bianisotropic mediums.

[5]. B. C. Chanyal (2023). Dirac-Proca-Maxwell equivalence of dyonic matter with quantum corrections
for the quaternionic spinor fields. Chinese Journal of Physics.