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    Medicinal Importance of Turmeric, Neem, Ranitidine

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    Medicinal Importance of Turmeric, Neem, Ranitidine

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    Chemistry

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    medicinal importance of turmeric, neem, ranitidine

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    Medicinal Importance of Turmeric, Neem, Ranitidine

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    Neha Negi
    Chemistry

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    -chlortetracycline i : S-hydroxytetracyctine Ny7 NICH»: WG OH NCH), wa O Aout COOK, GOO EY “cont: AY Scout, on O On O O OHO : gedimethylamino-6-demethyl-deoxytetracycline tetracycline Commonly tetracyclines are used in the treatment ofa typical pneumoni: gy ahvoplasma pneumonia, Chlamydia pneumonia and C. ee y Myc : sittaci, cl Mountain spotted fever, lyme disease, acne vulgaris, etc. , holera, Rocky 6.5 MEDICINAL VALUES OF CURCUMIN (HALDI) Curcuma longa which is commonly known as turmeric i i ‘ rember ofthe Zingiberaceae (ginger) family which is Se ae ae ountries mostly in China and India The rhizome ofthe plant is medicinally ng ce gives a yellow powder. It has several names such as Indian saffron, Cu avis Arab region, Jianghuang (yellow ginger in Chinese), Haridra Sanskeri eee a Kyoo or Ukon (Japanese). » Ayurvedic), Traditionally, turmeric has been used for its flavour, colour and in Ayurvedic medicines particularly as an anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of jaundice, hematuria, menstrual difficulties, haemorrhage and colic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimutagenic and anticancer properties. In China, it is ingested orally and used in the treatment of skin allergy and urticaria, viral hepatitis, inflammatory conditions of sore throat, joints and wounds. The active constituents of turmeric are the curcumin (34%), various volatile oils (5.8%) such as atlantone, tumerone and zingiberone, proteins (6.3%), carbohydrates (69.4%), fats (5.1%), minerals (3.5%) and moisture (13.1%). Curcumin is responsible for the yellow colour of ‘turmeric and comprises curcumin I (94%), curcumin II or monodemethoxycurcumin (6%) and curcumin’ I or bisdemethoxycurcumin (0.3%). Curcumin is a lipophilic polyphenol which has a melting point of 176-177 °C, is soluble in acetic acid, alkali, ketone, ethanol and chloroform and gives reddish brown salt with alkali. Scanned with CamScanner ; oe a 170. Organic Chemistry oo — rn 00 : — 2 . HCO, HY [ OCH oO C CH OC ‘OH HO demethoxycurcumin OH Curoumin x 4A O O OH HO" bisdemethoxyeureumin Turmeric possesses several therapeutic and pharmacological Se as anti-inflammatory activities, antioxidant activity, cardiovascular and anti-diabetic effects, inflammatory and edematic disorders, gastrointestinal effects, anti-cancer effect, antimicrobial activity, hepatoprotective and renoprotective effects, in Alzheimer, ete. 1. Antioxidant Activity Curcumin has been observed as.a powerfull scavenger of oxygen free radicals. and its antioxidant activity is comparable with vitamins C and E. Curcumin protects lipids or haemoglobin from oxidation. It significantly inhibits the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anions, HO, and nitrite radical generation, The two derivatives of curcumin (Jemethoxycurcumin and bis-demethoxycurcumin) also possess antioxidant activities, The study of ischemia showed that curcumin Pretreatment decreased the ischemia-induced changes in the heart, 2. Cardiovascular and Anti-Diabetic Effects Cardio-protective effect of turmeric is exerted mainly by antioxidant activity, anti diabetic activity, lowering lipid peroxidation and inhibiting platelet aggregation, Effect of turmeric on cholesterol levels is basically due to the decreased uptake of cholesterol in the intestines and increased conversion of cholesterol into bile acids in the liver. Turmeric decreases the blood glucose level in diabetic raty and complications in diabetes mellitus are also decreased by turmerie. 3. Inflammatory and Edematic Disorders Curcumin is an important anti-inflammatory agent which shows specific Hpoxygenase and COX-2 inhibiting activities. in vitro and in vivo stadiee tone clearly confirmed its effeets in decreasing acute and chronic inflammation With curcumin, up to 30% reduction in edema was achieved with a dose of 48morkg body weight, whichis nearly as effective as cortisone and phenylbutazone at similar doses. Further, curcumin inhibits the formaldehyde induced arthritis in ete In animals, the intraperitoneal injection of turmeric extract leads to the inhibition _ ai Scanned with CamScanner _ Tete and Importance 19) ae F SA jammation in both acute (75%) and ehtonie (68% x of joint jaced by streptococcal cell wall, ) Phases of rheumatoid agthritis im 4, Gastrointestinal Effects umerie shows different protective effects on the inhibition of ulcer formation caused by stress, in jigation, reserpine, inhibition of increasing gastric intestinal spasm and increases the bicarbonate, s enzyme secretion. Gastrointestinal tract such as \domethacin, alcohol, pyloric wall mucus, Further, it inhibits ecretin, gastrin and Pancreatic 5, Anti-Cancer Effect Influence of turmeric on carcinogenesis had been Studied by different animal studi and itwas observed that curcumin was able to inhibit carcinogenesis at th wae ie, angiogenesis, tumour promotion and tumour growth, During the sage colon and prostate cancer, curcumin inhibits cell proliferation and tumom creat Curcumin also suppresses the activity of various common mutagens and ae a The mutagenic induction effect of UV rays is also inhibited by curcumin. 6, Antimicrobial Activity Turmeric inhibits the growth of a variety of pathogenic fungi, bacteria and parasites. The application of turmeric ol on guinea pgs inhibited emmatoshon and pathogenic fungi. Curcumin has Suppressed the growth of several Bee such as Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, ete. Turmeric oil is active against Aspergillus parasiticus, A. flavus and Fusarium moniliforme. Turmeric also possesses antiviral activity. Most importantly, curcumin shows anti-HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) effect by inhibiting the HIV-1 integrase which is required for viral replication, Further it inhibits UV light induced HIV gene expression, 7. Hepatoprotective and Renoprotective Effects of Turmeric Similar to silymarin, turmeric possesses renoprotective and hepatoprotective properties from a variety of hepatotoxic insults. These effects of turmeric are basically due to its antioxidant properties, as well as its ability to reduce the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Curcumin has also reversed biliary hyperplasia, fatty changes and necrosis which are induced by aflatoxin production, Sodium salt of curcumin further shows choleretic effects by increasing biliary excretion of bile salts, bilirubin and cholesterol and increase bile solubility. Curcumin also helps to protect cells against lipid peroxidation induced by paracetamol. 8. Neurological Disorders . — i ies in animal f Alzheimer’s disease suggest that curcumi Different studies in animal models o} sagen cami decreases the amyloid pathology of Alzheimer’s disease, Dep Scanned with CamScanner 172 Organic Chemistry ymin possesses multiple actions in brain, Itig n be effectively used for the treatment of s tardive dyskinesia, major depression and results, it is confirmed that cure' expected that in future, curcumin car different neurological disorders such 2 diabetic neuropathy. 6.6 MEDICINAL VALUES OF AZADIRACHTIN (NEEM) Azadirachta indica or Neem is amember of the Meliaceae family and is commonly present in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal. It is 20: rn tall and have straight trunk with diameter of 4-5 ft. The leaves are compound and imparipinnate comprising 5~15 leaflets. The fruits are green drupes and on ripening, turn golden yellow in the months of June-August. 1 Nimbin nd é Nimbotide Nimmbidin Scanned with CamScanner Pharmaceutical Compounds: Structure and Importance 173 plant parts of neem are widely used in Ayurvedic medicines for ’ ‘ More tl Neem contains maximum useful non-wood products (b than 4000 s.) e ark, leaves, en ‘fruits oil, gum and neem cake) than other plants Present in a seeds; antiallergenic, antifungal, antidermatic, anti-inflammatoy cae pssesses 8 TY, antifecdant, idal, larvicidal, as harmless to s been approved crops. Recently, fully applied for ptiscabic antipyorthoeic, diuretic, cardiac, insecticidal, nematici : perc and other biological activities. Neem is considered va birds, animals, beneficial insects and earthworms, and itha: py the US Environmental Protection Agency for use on food shampoo formulations of neem seed extracts have been success{ juman and veterinary use as antiparasitic agents, ‘Anticancer activity + Antidiabetic activity «+ Anti-inflammatory effect «Antiviral activity + Antibacterial activity «Antifungal activity Antioxidant activity + Antimalarial activity + Hepatoprotective activity + Anti-nephrotoxicity activity | + Wound healing activity + Immunomodulatory effect + Neuroprotective activity Be Biologically active components isolated from different plant parts of neem include azadirachtin, gedunin, meliacin, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbidol, sodium nimbinate, salannin, valassin, quercetin, etc. Neem is effective against at least fourteen different commonly present harmful fungi such as geotrichum responsible for bronchi, lung and mucous membrane infections, trichosporon responsible for intestinal tract infection, trichophyton responsible for athlete's foot and epidermophyton responsible for ringworm. Table 6.2: Important compounds isolated from neem S.No.| Compound Plant Part Biological Activity 1_| Azadirachtin Seed oil _| Antimalarial 2 | Nimbidin Seed oil | Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarthrtic, antibacterial, hypoglycemic, antigastric ulcer, antifungal, spermicidal, ieee Scanned with CamScanner 174 Organic Chemistry —se 3 | Nimbin Seed oil | Spermicidal, antifungal, antipyretic 4 | Nimbolide Seed oil _| Antibacterial, antimalarial $_| Salannin Seed oil _| Insecticidal 6 | Sodium nimbinate _|— Anti-inflammatory 7_| Gedunin Seed oil | Antifungal, antimalarial 8 | Mahmoodin Seed oil _ | Antibacterial 9 | Gallic acid, ©) Bark Immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory epicatechin and catechin 10 | Cyclic trisulphide and | Leaf Antifungal cyelic tetrasulphide Azadirachtin is a tetranortriterpenoid plant limonoid which is isolated from the seeds of neem tree. Dried seed kemels contains up to 0.9% azadirachtin. It is structurally similar to the insect hormone ‘ecdysones’ which controls the process of metamorphosis during the insects development from larva to pupa to adult Itis commonly used as insecticide and known as “ecdysone blocker" as it blocks the insect reproduction and release of vital hormones. Azadirachtin is generally used to control whiteflies, fungus gnats, aphids, beetles, thrips, mushroom flies, caterpillars, leafminers, mealybugs, gypsy moths and others of vegetables, ornamentals, greenhouse crops and turf. Table 6.3: Applications of different plant parts of neem S.No. | Plant Parts Uses 1 [Leaf Leprosy, epistaxis, eye problem, biliousness, intestinal worms, anorexia and skin ulcers Bark Analgesic, alternative and curative of fever Flower Bile suppression, elimination of intestinal worms and phlegm Fruit Relieves piles, urinary disorder, epistaxis, intestinal worms, phlegm, diabetes, eye problem, wounds and leprosy 3. | Twig Relieves cough, phantom tumour, asthma, intestinal worms, obstinate urinary disorder, piles, spermatorthoea and diabetes 6 | Gum Effective against skin diseases like scabies, ringworms, wounds and ulcers 7_| Seed pulp Leprosy and intestinal worms Oil Leprosy and intestinal worms 9 | Root, bark, | Blood morbidity, skin ulcer, biliary afMictions, itching, burning leaf, flower and | sensation and leprosy fruit together eeeeeeeeeeeeeeEeEeeEEEEEEEEEE ee Scanned with CamScanner cal Compounds: Structure and Importance n has been extensively used in the treatment of helminthiasis, leprosy, respiratory disorders osontitis, dandruff, hair loss, graying of hair, . worms, urinary stones, piles, pruritis, skin care, en pox, measles, diabetes, stress, liver functions, ired through dietary sources. ud vi IY present in citrus fruits and Fo ‘ical conditions, vitamin C is required for the biosynthesis of ing the hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues and thereby f pro-collagen for export and deposition Serves as @ co-factor in various important such as the biosynthesis of L-camitine, catecholamines the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine). amino acids, cholesterol Peptide hormones. Vitamin C also helps the liver in the detoxification of rials from the body in fighting infections. It plays an important role in the proper functioning of the immune system. It also serves as lagen. Vitamin C also ion reactions an antioxidant and reacts with compounds like peroxides and histamines to reduce inflammatory symptoms. Tis antioxidant property is responsible for the reduction of cancer incidences, Table 6.4: Sources of vitamin C Food Amount Vitamin C (in mg) Orange juice 3/4. Cup (6 ounces) 75 Grape fruit juice | 3/4 Cup (6 ounces) 60 Orange 1 Medium 70 Grape fruit 1/2 Medium 44 Strawberries 1 Cup, whole 82 Tomato 1 Medium 2B Sweetred pepper _| 1/2 Cup, Raw chopped 141 Broccoli 1/2 Cup, cooked 58 Potato 1 Medium, baked 26 Scanned with CamScanner 176 Onganie Chemistry The requirement of vitamin C for adults is not uniform ACTOS the Epidemiological data suggests to the reduction of colds with ine ed consi vit See °. 7 ‘ 1, Mptin,_ ot Vitamin C rich foods, Along with vitamin E, beta-carotene and various other Stn based nutrients, vitamin C acts as a good antioxidant, Antioxidants block some the damage caused by free radicals, substances that damage DNA, Me op Symptoms of vitamin C deficiency include rough, dry and scaly skin, dry + dry ang Splitting hair, gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) and bleeding gums, decy, ‘wound-healing rate, nosebleeds, easy bruising and a decreased ability 4g °°" off infection. Severe form of vitamin C deficiency results in scurvy. Low ies ah of vitamin C have been linked with a number of conditions such as eallblagge disease, high blood pressure, stroke, atherosclerosis, cancers, etc. Therefore

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