Rock Physics Modeling to Determine The Pore Geometric Effect of

Carbonate Reservoir Towards Seismic Wave Velocity in The “ATS” Field

of North West Java Basin Cirebon

Angga Tri Saputra

Institute Technology of Sumatera
Email. anggatrisaputra09@gmail.com

Abstract
The Pore geometry of the carbonate reservoir has a heterogeneous, complex, highly variable
pore structure and high chemical material reactivity that rock physics modeling is given as it
is an accurate, precise and practical method for the case of carbonate reservoirs. In this study,
rock physics modeling was done to determine the effect of the carbonate reservoir geometry
on the seismic wave velocity in the "ATS" field of North West Java Basin Cirebon using
Kuster Toksoz model. The Toksoz Kuster model is one of the most accurate modeling of
carbonate reservoir this cases because it is based by wave scattering theory, where the
seismic wavelength is greater than the cracks in the carbonate reservoir pore making it
difficult to read on the seismic cross section. The data used are logs and petrophysics
observation measuring field "ATS" containing gas hydrocarbon. The data is processed using
RokDoc software to obtain the result of geometric modeling of the carbonate reservoir of the
research area. The results of the analysis show that the majority of pore geometry in the
research area is interparticle pores and microcracks pores. Where the pore geometry
interprets the effects of seismic wave velocity on the carbonate reservoir of the study area,
stiff pores or increased α values will make the seismic wave velocity to be rapid and crack
pores or decreasing α values will make the seismic wave velocity slow.
Keywords: Rock Physics Modeling, Carbonate, Pore Geometry, North West Java Basin
Cirebon

1. Introduction Rock physics modeling can be used to

improve the physical properties of rocks,
The carbonate reservoir (limestone and
that is to determine the quality of reservoir,
dolomite) is the dominant reservoir as a
fluid type, pore geometry, porosity and
contributor of 50% of oil and gas reserves
permeability of a rock or a formation. For
worldwide (Shiyu Xu et al., 2009).
this purpose of paper is modeling pore
Rock physics modeling is a accurate,
geometery carbonate reservoir to describe
precise and practical method, considering
the effect of seismic waves than pore
that carbonate is known for its complexity
geometry of carbonate reservoirs that have
in the pore geometry (Eberli et al., 2003).
heterogeneous, complex, highly variable
pore structures and high chemical material
reactivity (Shiyu Xu et al., 2009).
2. Geological Overview
The research location is located in Parigi
Formation, North West Java Basin,
Cirebon Indonesia.

Figure 1. Research Location and Strtuctural Figure 2. Stratigraphy on Border Area of

Fracture of Host and Graben Dominate of North West Java Basin (Arpandi and
North West Java Basin (Suyono et al., 2005) Padmosukismo, 1975)

The North West Java Basin has been The Prigi Formation is precipitously

known as the main hydrocarbon province aligned above the Cibulukan Atas

in Pertamina DOH JBB, Cirebon. The Formation. Its constituent lithology is

basin lies between the Sunda Exposure in largely a limestone clastic and a limestone

the North, the Folding Line - Bogor in the reef. The precipitation of this limestone

South, the Karimun Promenade of Java in lies throughout the North West Java Basin.

the East and the Exposure of the Seribu The deposition environment of this

Islands in the West. formation is the shallow-neritic sea

(Arpandi & Patmosukismo, 1975). The
lower limit of the Parigi Formation is
indicated by the gradual change of the
facies rock of the mixture of carbonate
clastics of the upper Cibulakan Formation
into Parigi Formation carbonate rocks.
This formation is deposited in the late
Miocene-Pliocene.
3. Research Data and Metodology

3.1 Research Data

 In this study, used log data and
petrophysics observation data from field 4. Theory
measurements "ATS" containing gas
4.1 Voight and Reuss Bound Equations
hydrocarbons.
The study area was limited to the Parigi Voight (upper bound) and Reuss (lower
formation carbonate layer in the ATS field, bound) modeling are very simple
especially the well ATS 1 (1050,088- theoretical models to obtain elastic
1080,944 m), well "ATS 2" (1060.088- modulus and rock mineral fractions closest
1080.912 m) and well "ATS 3" (1050.003- to actual rock properties using existing
1070.979 m). petrophysics data. The weakness of this
3.2 Research Metodology modeling is that it cannot know the pore
Methods in this study are: geometry of the reservoir.

Problem Formulation, Data Collection and

Literature Study

Voight dan Reuss Bound Km inisal, µm

inisal dan ρm
inisial

Saturated Rock ( Biot Gassmann

Subtitution)

Aspect Ratio Teoritic

(Zimmerman) Figure 4. Voight (Upper Bound) and Reuss
(Lower Bound) (Mavko et al., 2009)

Aspect Ratio (Kuster Toksoz Here are the equations used:

Model)

Vp dan Vs Prediction (Kuster

Toksoz Model) (1)

Output and interpretations

(2)
Where
conclusions and recommendations
Mv : Elastic modulus voight mineral rocks
MR : Elastic modulus reuss mineral rocks
End
fi : Fraction of elastic modulus mineral
Gambar 3. Flow Diagram of Research rocks
Mi : Elastic modulus mineral rocks
4.2 Biot Gassmann Eequations
The Biot Gassmann equation is commonly
used to substitute fluids in the reservoir.
The Biot Gassmann equation can find the
value of bulk modulus saturation of a rock
by connecting bulk modulus of mineral,
solid rock, fluid, and rock porosity. But the
drawbacks of the Gassmann equation are
not paying too much attention to the pore
geometry in the rock. Here is the general
equation of Gassmann (1951):
(3)
(4)
Where
𝐾𝑠𝑎𝑡 : bulk modulus saturated rock
𝐾𝑑𝑟𝑦 : bulk modulus of dry rock
framework
𝐾𝑚𝑖𝑛 : bulk modulus mineral rock
𝐾𝑓𝑙 : bulk modulus fluid rock
𝜙 : porosity rock
𝜇𝑑𝑟𝑦 : shear modulus of dry rock
framework
𝜇𝑠𝑎𝑡 : shear modulus saturated rock
4.3 Kuster Toksoz Model
Theoretical models (e.g., Kuster and
Toksoz 1974) are methods that consider
the impact of several factors such as
porosity, pore type, and pore fluid
consistently. The Tokoz Kuster model uses
a first-order wave-length approach because
it ignores the mechanical interactions
between the pores. Thus, this model can
model the pore reservoir type. Here are the
similarities in finding KKT and μKT (Kuster
and Toksoz, 1974; Berryman, 1980b):
(5)
(6)
Where
𝐾m : bulk modulus mineral rock
𝜇m : shear modulus mineral rock
𝐾i : bulk modulus fluid rock
𝜇i : shear modulus fluid rock
𝐾KT : bulk modulus mineral rock of Model
Kuster Toksoz
𝜇KT : shear modulus mineral rock of Model
Kuster Toksoz
Qmi,Pmi: Coefficients that illustrate the
effects of fluid inclusions in mineral rocks
 Table 1. P and Q coefficients for some forms of pore geometry (Berryman, 1995).

Inclusion shape Pmi Qmi

Spheres

Neddles

Disks

Penny craks

Notes:

5. Results and Discussion

The results of the study include: (1) Voight RokDoc. Discussion of research results
and Reuss bound model, (2) Biot include analysis of elasticity modulus
Gassmann Subtitution, (3) Aspect ratio parameters, reservoir pore geometry
teoritic value with Zimermann modeling analysis and its effect on seismic wave
and (4) Pore geometry with Kuster Toksoz velocity and comparison analysis of Vp
modeling. Results data processing in this and Vs prediction on Vp and Vs
study was done by using software measurement.
 (a) (b
(b) )

(a) (b)

(c)
Figure 5. Plotting of the Voight and Reuss bound curves and the color scale shows the value of
gamma ray (a) "ATS 1" Wells (b) "ATS 2" Wells (c) "ATS 3" Wells.

5.1 Voight and Reuss Bound characterization with reference Kcalcite =

76.8 Gpa, μcalcite = 32 Gpa, ρcalcite = 2.71
The elastic modulus value of Kmin, μmin, ρmin
g/cm3, Killit = 62.2 Gpa, μillit = 25.7 Gpa,
initials was obtained from petrophysics
ρillit = 2.71 gr/cm3, and Kgas = 0.038Gpa.
data of field research reservoir
Figure 5 shows the distribution of
crossplot data between porosity and Vp. In
the "ATS 1" wells, the majority of the data
is within the Voight and Reuss bound
curves, for "ATS 2" wells all data are
within the Voigt and Reuss bound curves
and the "ATS 3" wells of the majority of
data are within the Voight and Reuss
bound curves. From the distribution of the
data, it can be seen that the type of
minerals that fill in the formation is the
same, although there is some data outside
the curve Voight and Reuss bound. This
indicates the presence of other minerals
besides calcite and clay (illit) in the
carbonate reservoir in the study area.
(a)
5.2 Result Subtitution of Kdry Biot
Gassmann and Zimermann Model
Figure 6 shows the distribution of K values
at the 3 research wells. In the "ATS 1"
wells the value of K is between K = 0.01 -
0.1, for the "ATS 2" wells the K value is
between K = 0.01 - 0.2, and the "ATS 3"
wells the K majority is K = 0.01 - 0.1. So
that, the distribution of K values obtained
from the crossplot between the porosity
value and "Kdry/Kmin" it can be seen that the
pore geometry of the three wells is the
same or not much different, although there
are some data that are outside the
Zimermaan curve. This is due to the type
of minerals and the value of elastic
modulus is a type of minerals other than
calcite and clay (illit).
(b)
 (c)

Figure 6. Plotting
α ref=0.05, Zimermaan
α crack=0.01, α curve model (a) "ATS 1" Wells (b) "ATS
α ref=0.05, 2" Wells α(c) "ATS 3" Wells
α crack=0.01,
stiffpore=0.1 stiffpore=0.2

Stiff Pores Stiff Pores

Stiff Pores

Reference Reference

Cracks Cracks
Reference
Cracks

(a) (b)
α ref=0.05, α crack=0.01, α
stiffpore=0.1

Stiff Pores

Reference

Cracks

(c)
Figure 7. Plotting Curves Kuster Toksoz Model and Color Scale Shows the Value of Gamma Ray (a) "ATS 1"
Wells (b) "ATS 2" Wells (c) "ATS 3" Wells
5.3 Results of Kuster Toksoz Model the pore geometry of the three wells the
same or not very different, ie the majority
Figure 7 shows the results of pore
of interparticle and microcraks. Where the
geometric modeling using the Toksoz
pore geometry interprets the effects of
Kuster model. In the "ATS 1" wells, value
seismic wave velocity on the carbonate
α ref = 0:05, crack α = 0:01, stiffpore α =
reservoir of the study area, stiff pores or
0.1; For the "ATS 2" wells value α ref =
increased α values will make the seismic
0.05, α crack = 0.01, α stiffpore = 0.2; And
wave velocity to be rapid and crack pores
the "ATS 3" wells value α ref = 0.05, α
or decreasing α values will make the
crack = 0.01, α stiffpore = 0.1. So that, the
seismic wave velocity slow. The results of
scatter of α obtained from crossplot
the local pore geometry modeling studies
between porosity and Vp can be seen that
indicate

that good quality reservoir, causes and

microcraks interparticle pore permeability
reservoirs can increase drastically and
describe sweet spots permeability
carbonate reservoirs (Lucia, 1995).

5.4 Comparative Analysis of Vp, Vs

Prediction and Measurement
By forward modeling on Kuster Toksoz
model using RokDoc software, we can get
the Vp and Vs prediction value of Toksoz
Kuster model we have got, but this
research is more focused on Vp compared (a)
to Vs because in each well there is only
log Vp, while log Vs is obtained from the
gassmann substitution using synthetic Vs
obtained from log Vp measurement.
 (b)
Figure 8 shows the results of Plotting Vp
measurement, Vs gassmann and Vp, Vs
prediction on depth with different α values
at each depth. In the "ATS 1" wells value
α = 0.01-0.1, for the "ATS 2" wells value α
= 0.01-0.2 and the "ATS 3" wells value α
= 0.01-0.1. So that, the distribution of α
values in each depth, it can be seen that the
value of α of the three wells is the same or
not much different, that is the majority
between 0.01-0.1 with some depth point
which has the value of α 0.11-0.2 at well
"ATS 2".
In Vp prediction to Vp measurement seen
some significant errors in some depth
point. This is due to variations in the value
of different modulus of elasticity at each
(c)
Figure 8. Plotting Vp measurement, Vs
gassmann and Vp, Vs prediction on depth with
different aspect ratio values (a) "ATS 1"
Wells (b) "ATS 2" Wells (c) "ATS 3" Wells
depth and error in log measurement and
presence of minerals other than calcite and
clay (illit). While in Vs prediction against
Vs gassmann, there is a fairly large error
compared to log Vp. This is because the
log of Vs gassmann is derived from
empirical equations using only calcite
minerals while log Vs prediction Kuster
Toksoz uses a mixture of two minerals,
calcite and clay (illit).
6. Conclusion
From the results of research conducted, it
can be concluded:
1. From the distribution of research data, it
can be seen that the mineral types from
3 wells of research areas that fill in the
formation are the same, that is calcite
 and clay (illit), although there are some
data outside the curve of Voight and
Reuss bound. This indicates the
presence of other minerals besides
calcite and clay (illit) in the carbonate
reservoir in the study area.
2. Increasing the depth of the rock layers,
it will lead to rocks getting compacted.
So that will cause the pore rock
becomes more stiff, and vice versa. In
the zone of the current study area, the
depth of the target zone only reaches a
depth of 1080 m, so that the pore in the
target zone is still soft or not yet stiff.
This is evidenced by the value of K in
each well that is ranged from 0.01-0.1.
3. From the results of the study, α values
obtained from crossplots between
different modulus of elasticity at each
depth and error in log measurement and
presence of minerals other than calcite
and clay (illit).
6. While in Vs prediction to Vs gassmann,
there is a big error compared to log Vp.
This is because the log of Vs gassmann
is derived from empirical equations
using only calcite minerals while log Vs
prediction Kuster Toksoz uses a
mixture of two minerals, calcite and
clay (illit).
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