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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
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Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2022) 000–000
ScienceDirect www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect
Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2022) 000–000
Procedia Structural Integrity 47 (2023) 952–958 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

27th International Conference on Fracture and Structural Integrity (IGF27)

CPVC structure maintenance

27th International plans based
Conference on Fracture on tensile
and Structural tests
Integrity under
(IGF27)
effect of temperature
CPVC structure maintenance plans based on tensile tests under
Fatima Gugoucha,*, Achraf Wahid
effect, Hassan
b
Bouhssisc, Rabie EL Otmanid, Mohamed
of temperature
a
Elghorba
Fatima Gugouch
University
a
of Hassan *,
a,
Achraf
II, ENSEM Wahid
(National
b
, Hassan
Superior Bouhssis
School of Electricity
c
, RabieLCCMMS,
and Mechanics), EL Otmani d
Casablanca,, Mohamed
Morocco
b
Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sik, University Hassan II of Casablanca, B.P. 7955, Casablanca, Morocco
National School of Applied Elghorba
a
c
Sciences Al Hoceima, Al Hoceima, Morocco
d
ENSAJ, University of Choaib Doukkali, Eljadida, Morocco
University of Hassan II, ENSEM (National Superior School of Electricity and Mechanics), LCCMMS, Casablanca, Morocco
a
b
Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sik, University Hassan II of Casablanca, B.P. 7955, Casablanca, Morocco
c
National School of Applied Sciences Al Hoceima, Al Hoceima, Morocco
d
ENSAJ, University of Choaib Doukkali, Eljadida, Morocco
Abstract

In this article, we are first interested in monitoring the damage evolution as a function of the life fraction
of CPVC pipes, through the development of the static damage curve based on the ultimate residual stress. In fact, from
Abstract
the tensile tests under the effect of the temperature of specimens extracted from the CPVC tubes, we established the
In this article,
damage curve fromwe theare different
first interested in monitoring
results obtained the damage
which allowed us toevolution
deduce theasreliability
a function of structures
of the the life fraction
of this
of CPVC pipes, through the development of the static damage curve based on the ultimate residual
material and then plot the curve of the bathtub and determine the three stages in the life of the pipes in order stress. In fact, from
to control
the tensile tests under
maintenance plansthe to effect of the temperature
be planned of specimens
to prevent accidents due extracted
to CPVCfrom the CPVC
failures and totubes, we established
perform predictive andthe
damage curve
systematic from the different
maintenance operations results
at theobtained which allowed
time opportune us to deduce
with minimum cost. the reliability of the structures of this
material and then plot the curve of the bathtub and determine the three stages in the life of the pipes in order to control
©
the2023
Keywords:TheMaintenance;
Authors. Published
maintenance plans
CPVC;tobyDamage;
beElsevier
plannedB.V. totest;
Tensile prevent accidents
Temperature; MTBF;due to CPVC failures and to perform predictive and
MTTR.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
systematic maintenance operations at the time
Peer-review under responsibility of the IGF27 chairpersons
opportune with minimum cost.

1. Introduction
Keywords: Maintenance; CPVC; Damage; Tensile test; Temperature; MTBF; MTTR.

The spectacular technological changes which are continuously taking place in the industrial field have given rise to
1. Introduction
the development of new maintenance and design techniques. Thus, the maintenance function is currently experiencing

The spectacular technological changes which are continuously taking place in the industrial field have given rise to
the development of new maintenance and design techniques. Thus, the maintenance function is currently experiencing

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: Fatima.gugouch@ensem.ac.ma

2452-3216 © 2023author.
* Corresponding The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
ThisE-mail
is an address:
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Fatima.gugouch@ensem.ac.ma
Peer-review under responsibility of the IGF27 chairpersons
2452-3216 © 2023 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the IGF27 chairpersons
2452-3216 © 2023 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the IGF27 chairpersons
10.1016/j.prostr.2023.07.027
 Fatima Gugouch et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 47 (2023) 952–958 953
2 Fatima Gugouch/ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

considerable growth. It seemed useful to us more, our work falls within the framework of this same technique. For
more details, the reader is referred to references Villemeur (1992).
Bathtub curve have been demonstrated as an important tool for determining the behavior of the maintenance
strategy to choose, depending on the infant stage, the useful life and that of wear. They are determined using a newly
developed method using the superimposition of the reliability and damage curves. Then, a characteristic parameter
contributing to powerful maintenance was calculated, the mean time between failures (MTBF).
The use of thermoplastics is very widespread, mainly because of their low cost price compared to metals and the
simplicity of the manufacturing process (generally by extrusion). The general and technical knowledge acquired in
the laboratory and in the field made it possible to formulate an important set of recommendations on the design,
installation, possibilities and limits of use, as well as on the physicochemical properties of the thermoplastics used in
piping Wyly (1978) and Chasis (1988).
chlorinated poly (vinyl chloride) (CPVC) tubes are used in various fields of drinking water supply and chemical
transport and distribution by virtue of their interesting mechanical and physical characteristics in the presence of
chemicals and their good behavior at high temperatures.

2. Chlorinated PVC Pipe Maintenance

The role of maintenance begins from the design of the production system. In fact, several important factors are
predetermined, such as maintainability, reliability, availability, as well as durability, Fig.1, Chahid (1996).

Fig. 1. Reliability, maintainability and availability

2.1. Types of Pipe Maintenance

Maintenance in its general aspect breaks down into several types depending on the strategy adopted. It breaks down
into corrective and systematic maintenance. Systematic maintenance, by itself, is split into preventive, conditional and
predictive maintenance. The different types are not independent and interact within the same strategy depending on
the profitability and the risks envisaged.
CPVC pipes are integrated into drinking water and sanitation networks, other cold or hot fluids. They are exposed
to major risks linked to the bursting of pipes, loss of containment, premature wear and external accidents. In addition,
baseless early replacement can be very costly for manufacturers, hence the need to have maintenance plan defining
the optimum strategy to carry out.
 Fatima Gugouch/ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 3

954 Fatima Gugouch et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 47 (2023) 952–958

Types of
maintenance

Systematic Corrective

Predictive Preventive Conditional Palliative

Fig. 2. Types of maintenance

The choice of a corrective or systematic strategy, Fig. 2, is highly dependent on the incidence of failure and the
ability to generate considerable losses in terms of shortfall and safety. This choice is made with a view to guaranteeing
the quality of the pipes to be maintained by:
• Improving production performance;
• Improved reliability and increased probability of proper operation;
• Availability assurance;
• Ensuring maintainability by adopting optimal solutions.

2.2. Damage Model

Modeling the damage of pipes in CPVC supports a multitude of experimental parameters Gugouch (2019) and
Gugouch (2023). Fig. 4 illustrates the traction curves at different temperatures Merah (2003).

Fig. 3. Stress-strain curves for non-weld CPVC under the effect of temperature
 Fatima Gugouch et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 47 (2023) 952–958 955
4 Fatima Gugouch/ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

In this paper, the studied model highlights the theories of static damage Lemaitre (1985), Eq. (1) based on the
ultimate residual stress extracted from the results of the tensile test under the influence of temperature.

 ur
1
u
D (1)

1 a
u
Where:

 u : Value of the ultimate stress

 ur : Value of the ultimate residual stress

a : Value of the critical residual stress corresponding to the stress released just before
breaking.
The following figure shows the damage curve resulting from Eq. (1) as a function of life fraction β:

Ti  T0
 (2)
T f  T0

With:
T0 : Value of the initial temperature
Ti : Value of the instant temperature
Tf
: Value of the final Temperature

Fig. 4. Static damage evolution according to life fraction.

956 Fatima Gugouch et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 47 (2023) 952–958
Fatima Gugouch/ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 5

3. CPVC Bathtub Curve

To plot the curve of reliability Fig. 5, we based on the generality that reliability varies in opposite direction with
the damage.
A method for evaluating and predicting the lifetime of the studied specimens is based on the drawing of the bathtub
curve from the damage and reliability curves. It is established according to the stages of theoretical damage, as shown
in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5. Damage and reliability curves as a function of the fraction of life.

The first stage determined in Fig. 5 is an infant phase revealing premature damage, will be considered below the
level of 24% of the degradation. The second, when maintenance personnel must make the decision on preventive
maintenance, which corresponds to the useful life, takes place between 13% and 74% of the life fraction. Beyond that,
the third stage corresponding to the acceleration of the damage, wear, is perceptible. From this moment, the bathtub
curves will take another shape as shown in the figure above.

4. Analyze Based on MTBF and MTTR

The MTBF has a decreasing form represented by a linear function of the fraction of life Fatima (2017), Eq. (3)
starting at the ultimate level, equal to unity, corresponding to pipes at less than 10 ° C.

MTBF = -β+1 (3)

This discovery shows that MTBF behaves in proportion to the harmful effect of micro cracks created in the material
and their impact on CPVC structures as illustrated in the following figure:
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6 Fatima Gugouch/ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

Fig. 6. Curve of MTBF according to the fraction of life

The Fig. 6 shows that the MTBF represents a linear function according to the harmfulness of damage as the case
of the level of loading applied in fatigue. The availability, which is a quantity as a function of the latter and of the
maintainability represented by the Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) Eq. (4), will have a downward trend under the same
conditions, impacted by the skill level maintenance and quality of intervention staff.

MTBF
Avail (%)  (4)
MTBF  MTTR
The Fig.7 illustrates the evolution of availability as a function of the fraction of life. We note that the level of
maintainability control has a direct impact on the availability of CPVC pipes.

Fig. 7. Evolution of availability as a function of the quality of maintainability of CPVC pipes.

5. Conclusion

A study of the damage and reliability of the CPVC specimens subjected to thermomechanical tests led to the
establishment of the bathtub curves which takes advantage of the damage and reliability curves. In addition, the
evolution of MTBF in proportion to the harmful effect, representing the level of loading, has been plotted. Therefore,
the three stages in the life of the equipment have been determined to know when exactly it will maintain or disassemble
a part and by knowing the level of maintainability, availability is obtained.
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Fatima Gugouch/ Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 7

References

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