Quantum Enhanced Support Vector Machine with
Instantaneous Quantum Polynomial Encoding for
Improved Cyclone Classification
2023 6th International Conference on Recent Trends in Advance Computing (ICRTAC) | 979-8-3503-9470-2/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICRTAC59277.2023.10480791
Sridevi S Indira B
Associate Professor, SCOPE Assistant Professor, SCOPE
Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore Institute of Technology
Chennai. Chennai.
sridevi.s@vit.ac.in indira.b@vit.ac.in
Sahil Sandeep
Undergraduate, B.Tech CSE(AI/ML), SCOPE
Vellore Institute of Technology
Chennai.
sahil.sandeep2023@vitstudent.ac.in
Abstract—The paradigm of classical machine learning has been
greatly revolutionized by the integration of the quantum
computing paradigm, which has made it possible to solve com-
plicated issues that were previously unsolvable by conventional
computers. One such problem is accurately classifying cyclones
with minimal data samples and feature parameters. In this paper,
we investigate the superior learning capabilities of the
Instantaneous Quantum Polynomial Embedding-based kernel
Support Vector Machine classifier when compared to the classical
Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier, especially in scenarios
with less sample size and feature vector size. Surprisingly, our
outcomes reveal that the quantum kernel strategy outperformsits
traditional counterpart, even with a smaller sample-baseddataset.
This incredible performance can be attributed to the quantum
core strategy’s exceptional ability to extract complex attributes,
which enables it to extract more relevant insights from a smaller
number of data points. We present a Quantum Kernel Support
Vector Machine (QKSVM) built as a Quantum Kernel Circuit
(QKC) in three configurations with varied qubit counts utilizing
distinct embedding techniques: Angle embedding (QKSVM
Angle), Instantaneous Quantum Polynomial embedding(QKSVM
IQP), and Quantum Approximation Optimization Algorithm
(QKSVM QAOA) embedding. Our results demonstrate that the
QKSVM approach surpasses traditional SVM, especially when
IQP embedding is employed. The QSVM model trained with four
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based selected relevant
features outperforms the other QKC variations in cyclone
classification, obtaining an excellent test accuracy rate of
91.66%.
Index Terms—Quantum Kernel Support Vector Machine, In-
stantaneous Quantum Polynomial Embedding, Quantum Ap-
proximation Optimization Algorithm Embedding, Cyclone clas-
sification
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Shivanya Shomir Dutta
Undergraduate, B.Tech CSE(AI/ML), SCOPE
Vellore Institute of Technology
Chennai.
shivanya.shomir2023@vitstudent.ac.in
Aishwarya Sreenivasan
Undergraduate, B.Tech CSE(AI/ML), SCOPE
Vellore Institute of Technology
Chennai.
aishwarya.sreenivasan2023@vitstudent.ac.in
I. INTRODUCTION
Cyclone classification plays a crucial role in anticipating
the nature of a cyclone ahead of time and preparing the
appropriate countermeasures [1]. While many researchers have
done similar work using classical machine learning techniques,
we here propose to use Quantum Machine Learning.
Specifically, we have used Quantum Support Vector
Machines, where the quantum models have been trained kernel-
based using scikit-learn. The Support Vector Machine (SVM)
algorithm’s quantum variant, known as the Quantum Support
Vector Machine (QSVM), performs computations using
quantum laws [2]. QSVM enhances the performance of
classical SVM algorithms running on classical machines with
CPUs or GPUs by utilizing the capabilities of quantum
computing and quantum software. The two main stages of
quantum machine learning are as follows: first, using
calculations on a quantum computer, classical data is
transformed into quantum data; second, the computer converts
the quantum result back into the classical format [3].
The concept of Machine learning is integrated with Quantum
mechanics based on inheriting the prominent features of
superposition and entanglement [4]. Quantum kernel
approaches may also be utilized to transform the input data to
a space with greater dimensions, enhancing model accuracy
and data separability.
The prominent notion of this paper is on a particular type of
QKSVM method, in which classical input is transformed into
representations of quantum states by using a Quantum kernel
circuit prior to being fed to Support Vector machine classifier.
This may allow the SVM classifier to benefit from some of
748
 the special features of quantum computing, like handling They trained a CNN on enriched data, achieving 90% accuracy
several states at once. Using QML to analyze classical data in cyclone classification and 84% accuracy in locating cyclone
could be useful in pattern recognition applications, like vortices. Further, they also explore linear regression for path
classifying cyclones. Quantum computing is used to improve prediction. Novel approaches to classification and regression
various areas of computer science. In the same way, the authors challenges have been developed as a consequence of more recent
have implemented [5] QKSVM for Google speech command developments in the machine learning and artificial intelligence
recognition tasks. The researchers in references [6] and [7] have (AI) fields [16], [17]. Unfortunately, few researchers have
developed a Hybrid Quantum-classical Neural Network to examined these cutting-edge methods in conjunction with cyclone
classify Prenatal Ventricular Septal Defects from Ultrasound data mapping and detection, particularly in tropical regions [18].
Images and Allen telescope SETI images, respectively. The In order to partially close this gap in the literature, we propose in
proposed model for cyclone classificationis built upon the this work a method for classifying cyclones using geo-spatial data
Quantum Kernel Method, a popular QML architecture known taken from the Pacific set in Kaggle, along with a kernel-based
for its success in various classificationtasks [8]. Our research training of quantum models with Scikit learn for cyclone
demonstrates that the accuracy of the quantum kernel method prediction.
can surpass that of its classical counterpart.
III. METHODOLOGY
II. RELATED WORKS A. Data-set Description
Predicting Tropical Cyclone (TC) activity is a challenging task The National Hurricane Center (NHC) performs a thorough
due to incomplete understanding of these weather phenomena. evaluation of every tropical cyclone occurring in the Atlantic
Current models for Tropical Cyclone (TC) detection commonly basin, covering the North Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico,
utilize two-stage detectors that operate in near real-time, and the Caribbean Sea, as well as those in the North Pacific Ocean
integrating spatial search and temporal correlation techniques [9].
[19]. Kaggle has compiled the NHC Tropical Cyclone
As computational resources have improved, high-resolution
climate datasets have become more readily available, offering
promise in enhancing TC prediction [10]. The drawback of these
methods is their reliance on predefined rules or thresholds, which
can be a limitation when dealing with complex weather
phenomena like TCs that are challenging to quantify and predict.
In the field of meteorology, especially the utilization of Machine
Learning models has notably increased for effectively managing
extensive datasets. This is particularly crucial given the
continuous inflow of data from satellites, radar systems, and
ground-based instruments[10]. As an example, in Error!
Reference source not found., the researchers have devised a
novel model that incorporates Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNN) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) for extracting multi-
dimensional deep features and also captures deep temporal
intricacies to classify Typhoon cyclones. The majority of the
literature indicates that when images do not feature more than one
cyclone, the deep learning technique significantly enhances the
accuracy of tracking and predicting the cyclone’s eye compared Fig. 1. Cyclone distribution of Tropical cyclone Pacific Dataset
to manual processes [11].
To classify cyclones and locate the cyclone vortex, a deep
learning model was trained and assessed using artificially
intensified and categorized storm data. These machine-learning
models have the ability to directly affect public safety because
they discovered more ambiguous and active ROI, a heuristic
model, and hand-labelling techniques, which are frequently used
to generate real-time weather alerts, missed [13]-[14]. However,
it was also found that wind field data contributed more to cyclone
detection than precipitation data [10]. Analysis of the available
research demonstrates the variety of techniques utilized in
cyclone identification, from non-parametric methods to the
improvement of modeling techniques, decision support systems,
and scientific observations. Put differently, a multitude of
research endeavors have employed diverse contemporary
advancements in data accessibility, computational sciences, and Fig. 2. Balanced dataset of Tropical cyclone Pacific Dataset with 6
algorithmic enhancement to enhance the reliability of cyclone categories
mapping. These methods are capable of mapping cyclone-prone
areas with accuracy and consistency [15] and authors tested
various optical flow methods.

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 Fig. 3. Architecture of Hybrid Classical Quantum Kernel Support Vector Machine model
Hurricane datasets, and we have in this research analyzed
the portion of Tropical cyclone affected pacific region
covering thecyclone incidents from the year 1851 to 2014.
The Tropical cyclone of pacific data-set comprises of
26137 samples per- training to 12 different categories of
cyclones and disturbances in general. The collection of
samples was unbalanced as illustrated in Fig.1. We have
used a small portion of Tropical Cyclone Pacific dataset.
Amongst 12 cyclone categories, we created a balanced
dataset with selective six distinct cyclone categories
namely (TS) tropical cyclone of tropical storm intensity
(34-63 knots), (TD) Tropical cyclone of tropical
depression intensity (Less than 34 knots), (HU) Tropical
cyclone of hurricane intensity (greater than 64 knots),
(LO) A low that is neither a tropical cyclone, a subtropical
cyclone, nor an extratropical cyclone (of any intensity),
(DB) Disturbance (of any intensity), (ET) Extratropical
cyclone and (EX) Extratropical cyclone (of any intensity)
as illustrated in Fig.2.
B. Data Pre-processing
In this proposed QKSVM Cyclone classification task, the
input data are the features of tropical cyclones occurring over
the Pacific which is available in the form of a CSV file from
Kaggle. The data couldn’t be used directly hence all the null
values or errors were eliminated. There were around 20
features pertaining to each cyclone sample such as ’Latitude’,
’Latitude Hemisphere’, ’Longitude’, ’Longitude
Hemisphere’, ’Maximum Wind’, ’Minimum Pressure’, wind
pressures such as Low wind, Moderate wind and high wind
from all four directions such as North east, South east, South
west, North west, ’Month’ and ’Year’. We normalized the
features by applying MinMax Scaling
1) Min-max scaling: The normalization of features has been
executed through Min-max scaling, following the provided
equation 1 This process ensures that all features are rescaled
to fit within the range [0,1], thereby establishing that the
minimum and maximum values of any feature or variable will
be 0 and 1, respectively.
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஼ି஼೘೔೙
‫ܥ‬௦௖௔௟௘ௗ ൌ ஼ (1)
೘ೌೣ ି஼೘೔೙
Where ‫ܥ‬௠௔௫ and ‫ܥ‬௠௜௡ represent the maximum and
minimum values of the cyclone feature vectors respectively.
2) Principal Component Analysis: As we intend to use
quantum computing for the classification process, keeping the
computation complexity in mind, we applied Principal
component analysis (PCA) technique to choose the highly
significant features among the existing 20 input features,
making sure that the model was made to run on limited data
with the highest possible accuracy. Principal Component
Analysis (PCA) stands as a method for linearly reducing
dimensionality, adept at identifying linear correlations within
data [20]-[21]. Commonly employed in data processing, PCA
techniques serve the purpose of feature extraction. To
diversify QKSVM and classical SVM classifier models, we
undertook feature vector reduction. Initially composed of 20
features scaled to ‫ܥ‬௦௖௔௟௘ௗ , we condensed it to a 4D vector
[‫ܥ‬ଵ , ‫ܥ‬ଶ , ..., ‫ܥ‬ସ ], highlighting four key features. Employing
PCA, we iterated this process for 5D and 6D vectors ultimately
extracting principal features [‫ܥ‬௜ ]. These specifically chosen
attributes via PCA were utilized as inputs for subsequent
cyclone classifiers.
3) Label Encoding: Label Encoding serves as a crucial pre-
processing method in machine learning projects, as it
transforms categorical columns into numerical formats,
making them compatible with machine learning models that
exclusively operate with numerical data. This conversion is
essential for enabling these models to utilize the categorical
information within the data-set effectively. Here, for pre-
processing we have used sklearn’s pre-processing module.
C. Model Architecture
The flow diagram of the proposed QKSVM IQP classifier is
illustrated in Figure 3. A distinctive quantum advantage
 emerges from the quantum kernel circuit (QKC) using a The suggested research and supplementary tests were carried
smaller set of samples, a characteristic challenging to replicate out utilizing the Pennylane library. The QKC was designed
through conventional computing methods. Achieving efficient with a qubit-based default qubit simulator architecture in the
classification hinges on employing the quantum kernel derived Google Colab environment. We have done various trials and
from a QKC circuit [21]-[22], enabling the mapping of run experiments to arrive at the size of the feature vector to be
features into a higher-order Hilbert space. four such that the computational intensity of quantum
computations is optimal. Nevertheless, opting for this method
1) Quantum Kernel circuit: Three layers make up the leads to considerable expense in computational time. With the
proposed novel Quantum Kernel circuit (QKC). Basically, the motive of evaluating the classification performance of the
first layer is the fixed Instantaneous Quantum Polynomial QKSVM model proposed, we have designed multiple versions
(IQP) Embedding layer, the second layer is the adjoint variant of the model with varied number of qubits, ranging from 2 to
of the IQP Embedding layer and third layer is the Hermitian 6 qubits. Moreover, we have reduced the size of the dataset by
observable measurement layer. IQP Embedding refers to a choosing 220 samples from the balanced mini-dataset and
circuit that incorporates non-trivial classical feature implemented PCA dimensionality reduction technique to
processing [22], [23]. choose the top few significant features. While comparing the
results of the proposed QKSVM with classical SVM, it was
In general, QKC is expressed as Q, as shown in eq.2. Q apparent that the proposed IQP-based QKSVM method is
represents a qubit state system designed to facilitate the exceptional than other methods for all ranges of experiments
generation of a powerful quantum kernel feature map, which, as depicted in Table.I and II respectively.
in turn, is employed for the efficient training of classical
Support Vector Machine classifiers. The fixed embedding TABLE I COMPARATIVE NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF
circuit is the sole mechanism that can effectively extract the TRAINING SET
Quantum circuit quality kernel. The projection uses the
Hermitian observable function H in the Hilbert feature space. No. of 220 220 220 220 220
samples
෡ ห߶ሺ‫ܥ‬௡ ሻ‫ۄ‬ห
ܳሺ‫ܥ‬ሻ ൌ ห‫߶ۃ‬ሺ‫ܥ‬௡ᇱ ሻห‫ܪ‬ (2) Model / No.. 2PCA 3PCA 4PCA 5PCA 6PCA
of PCA
The proposed method utilizes a consistent encoding/ QKSVM 87.15 90.53 90.82 90.82 90.82
IQP
embedding strategy for the feature vector, employing the IQP
Embedding circuit. The proposed method utilizes a consistent QKSVM 87.15 81.25 88.90 85.23 89.12
QAOA
encoding/ embedding strategy for the feature vector,
employing the IQP Embedding circuit. Similarly, the IQP QKSVM 67.83 74.65 76.91 83.48 84.48
Angle
Embedding circuit is implemented as the second layer in the
SVM 86.65 87.95 88.78 88.93 89.88
adjoint version of the QKC, and lastly, the Hermitian
observable layer is utilized eq.3 to conduct a SWAP test
analysis based on mutual overlap between two encoding TABLE II COMPARATIVE NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF TEST SET
quantum states, |ϕ(Ci)ۧ and |ϕ(C′i)ۧ, used to compute the kernel
in the Quantum Kernel Circuit, mathematically. No. of 220 220 220 220 220
samples
ଶ
‫ܭ‬൫‫ܥ‬௝ ǡ ‫ܥ‬௝ᇱ ൯ ൌ ห‫߶ۃ‬൫‫ܥ‬௝ᇱ ൯ห߶൫‫ܥ‬௝ ൯‫ۄ‬ห (3) Model / No.. 2PCA 3PCA 4PCA 5PCA 6PCA
of PCA

2) SVM Classifier: The proposed method classifies quantum QKSVM 89.58 91.66 91.66 91.66 91.66
IQP
state representations by means of a Support Vector Machine
QKSVM 89.58 87.53 91.33 89.88 91.33
(SVM) classifier. Next, we use these quantum states and their QAOA
matching labels to train the SVM. The QKSVM integrates a
QKSVM 62.58 62.58 64.58 87.58 87.58
quantum kernel that possesses the ability to extract a quantum Angle
feature map with high variance based feature distances SVM 87.32 87.66 88.34 89.67 89.88
between quantum states belonging to different classes within
the feature space. This fact highlights QKSVM classifier’s
unique integration of quantum computing techniques to move The study demonstrates that the proposed QKSVM model
to the Quantum machine learning paradigm and sets it apart surpasses existing SVM models trained with feature
from classical SVMs, which use classical kernels. dimensions across all ranges of PCA feature vectors.
Particularly, its optimal performance was achieved with four
IV. RESULT AND ANALYSIS significant PCA features. The model incorporating the IQP
This research aims to assess the effectiveness of the embedding layer outperformed other variations in our study.
proposed classifier by employing various kernels, including We generated a test performance confusion matrix, depicted
Angle embedding, IQP embedding [23]-[24], and Quantum in Fig. 4, to illustrate this finding. This confusion matrix is one
Approximation Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) [25]-[26] of the visualization-based performance analyses that showcase
based embedding and further to compare its performance with the superior behavior of the proposed QKSVM IQP model
Classical SVM model in the domain of cyclone classification. performance.

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Fig. 4. Confusion matrix of QKSVM IQP model
V. CONCLUSION
Our findings strongly advocate for the potential of the
quantum kernel technique to significantly enhance cyclone
classification models, even with smaller sample sizes.
Specifically, our results showcase the superiority of the
quantum kernel approach, particularly with the IQP
embedding layer, outperforming classical SVM across various
assessment parameters. This bears immense significance as
accurate cyclone classification aids in predicting intensity and
potential impacts, which is crucial for safeguarding
implementation and timely warnings, thereby mitigating risks
to life and property. The implications of this study underline
the critical need for continued exploration and
experimentation with quantum methodologies. It adds
substantial weight to the growing evidence supporting the
advantages of quantum computing in cyclone classification.
The utilization of QKSVM in cyclone applications receives
strong validation from our study, opening doors for further
exploration and advancement in this domain. Our ongoing
research aims to drive cyclone image classification forward by
integrating quantum kernel based QKSVM with recent deep
learning architectures, which holds immense potential yet
remain relatively underexplored.
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