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Module 8 NSTP First Aid Education
Module 8 NSTP First Aid Education
NSTP 2
I.LEARNING OUTCOMES
III.REFERENCE
Villasoto, S. and Villasoto, N. (2018). NSTP-CWTS 1 Worktext for College Students. Quezon
IV.COURSE CONTENT
FIRST AID
First Aider
➢ deals with the whole situation involving the patient
and the injury or illness. The Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC)
conducts trainings for people who like to become first aiders. If
interested parties are physically and mentally fit, they can go to
their local PNRC chapter and register for free. The one-week
training focuses on basic first aid and provides the needed medical
kit.
1. Gentle 4. Tactful
➢ First aider should not cause, inflict ➢ Handling the victim with utmost care
pain as much as possible. and in a calm manner.
2. Resourceful 5. Emphatic
➢ Makes the best use of things at ➢ Should be comforting.
hand.
3. Observant 6. Respectable
➢ Should notice all signs. Aware of ➢ Maintains a professional and caring
what is happening and what may attitude.
happen.
D • Do no further harm
C A B C
CONSCIOUSNESS AIRWAYS. BREATHING CIRCULATION
a. Tap both shoulder and ask the victim for what happened. Take
note of the appropriateness of verbal response.
c. CHECK FOR BREATH SOUNDS AS WELL AS THE RISE AND FALL OF THE
CHEST. NOTE FOR DIFFICULTY OF BREATHING
Normal respiratory rate: 18-24 respirations per minute
Chest Compressions
• Using the heel of the palm, interlaced with the other hand, perform 30 compressions.
Approximately 2 inches deep on the middle of the chest just in line with the sternum.
• A cycle of chest compression is composed of 30 compressions at a rate of 80 3 100 per
minute.
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Rescue Breaths
• Giving oxygen via mouth 3 to 3 mouth.
3 HEAD TILT CHIN LIFT, pinch the nose and give a full blow of air directly to the mouth twice.
Note for the rise and fall of the chest
. • If the chest did not move, check for airway patency or re tilt the head.
Chain of Survival
1. The first link or early access is initiated immediately after the patient collapses. It entails calling
the local emergency number as quickly as possible and giving the hotline as much vital
information as you can about the emergency.
2. The second link or early CPR is initiated while waiting for the arrival of emergency medical
services (EMS) personnel who are trained to provide care. The probability of survival
approximately doubles when it is done before the arrival of the EMS.
3. The third link or early defibrillation is most likely to improve survival. It is the key intervention to
increase the chance of survival of the patient outside without hospital care.
4. The fourth link or early advance care is provided by highly trained EMS personnel and
paramedics who monitor the patient closely on the
way to the hospital.
What is an Emergency?
➢ Emergency is the sudden onset of medical or surgical
severity that, in the absence of immediate medical
attention, could reasonably and expectedly result in
serious danger to health or impairment of bodily
functions.
injured; (4) extent of injury and first aid given; (5) telephone number from where you are
calling; and (6) the identity of the person who activates the medical assistance.
For primary survey, check the airway for breathing for five seconds and blood
circulation for ten seconds. Secondary survey includes interviewing the victim; knowing her
name; background intervention about the accident; assessing sample medical history of the
victim such as signs and symptoms, allergies, medication taken, past/present medical illness,
last oral intake, and event prior to the incident. To check the vital signs, the first aider must
determine radial or carotid pulse; breathing; and the victim’s face, lips, skin appearance,
temperature, moisture, and color. Head to toe examination must be conducted. This will
enable the first aider to see if there is deformity, contusion, abrasion, puncture,
burn/bleeding, tenderness, laceration, or swelling (DCAP-BTLS).
Emergency rescue is the quick transfer of a patient from an unsafe place to a safe
place. The indications for emergency rescue are:
1. Danger of fire or explosion
2. Risk of toxic gases or asphyxia due to lack of oxygen
3. Serious traffic hazards
4. Risk of drowning
5. Danger of electrocution
6. Danger of collapsing walls
Methods of Rescue
1. For immediate rescue without any assistance, drag or pull the victim.
2. Most of the drags/carries/lifts and other transfer methods can be used as methods of rescue.
Transfer is moving a patient from one place to another after giving first aid. The factors to
consider in choosing the transfer method are as follows:
1. Nature and severity of the injury
2. Physical capabilities of the first aider
3. Size of the victim
4. Number of personnel and equipment available
5. Nature of evacuation route
6. Distance to be covered
7. Gender of the victim
Methods of Transfer
1. One-man assists/carries/drags such as assist to walk, carry in arms, carry in a pack-strap
method, carry in a fireman’s way, blanket drag, armpit/shoulder drag cloth drag, feet drag,
and inclined drag (head first in passing a stairway)
2. Two-man assists such as assist to walk, four-hand seat, hands as a litter, carry by extremities,
and fireman’s carry with assistance
3. Three-man assists such as bearers alongside (for narrow alleys) and hammock.
2. Bandage is any clean or sterilized fabric material that holds the dressing place.
Be sure to place sufficient wadding in the armpit. DO NOT tie the cravat bandage too
tightly. Avoid compressing the major blood vessels in the armpit.
Elbow Bandage
To apply a cravat bandage to the elbow
1. Bend the arm at the elbow and place the middle of the cravat at the point of the elbow
bringing the ends upward (Figure 3A).
2. Bring the ends across, extending both downward (Figure 3B).
3. Take both ends around the arm and tie them with non-slip knot at the front of the elbow
(Figure 3C).
Hand Bandage
To apply a triangular bandage to the hand-
1. Place the hand in the middle of the triangular bandage with the wrist at the base of the
bandage (Figure 4A). Ensure that the fingers do not come in contact with the absorbent
material to prevent chafing and irritation of the skin.
2. Lace the apex over the fingers and tuck any excess material into the pleats on each side of
the hand (Figure 4B).
3. Cross the ends on top of the hand, take them around the wrist, and tie them Figures 4C, 4D,
and 4E) with a non-slip knot.
3. Take the end under the thumb and across the back of the hand, over the palm, and through
the hollow between the thumb and palm (Figure 5C).
4. Take the ends to the back of the hand and across them; then, bring them over the wrist and
cross them again (Figure 5D).
5. Bring both ends down and tie them with a non-slip knot on top of the wrist (Figures 5E and 5F).
Knee Bandage
In applying a cravat bandage to the knee as illustrated in Figure 7, use the same technique
in bandaging the elbow. The same caution for the elbow also applies to the knee.
2. Place the apex over the top of the foot and tuck any excess material into the pleats on each
side of the foot (Figure 8B).
3. Cross the ends on the top of the foot, take them around the ankle, and tie them at the front of
the ankle (Figures 8C, 8D, and 8E).
Wounds
➢ a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either internal or external.
Classifications of wound:
a. Closed Wound
➢ Break in the continuity of a body tissue without the skin being broken
down.
➢ Causes:
3 Blunt object results in contusion or bruises
3 Application of external forces.
➢ Signs and Symptoms
3 Pain and tenderness 3 Discoloration
3 Swelling 3 Hematoma Closed Wound
➢ First Aid Management
➢ Perform further assessment and put the injured person under observation.
SEEK FOR MEDICAL ADVISE IF:
3 The pain is unbearable 3 Bleeding is noted in mouth, ears and nose.
3 Involves the spine area. 3 Coughing and vomiting of blood.
3 Hematoma is spreading
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b. Open Wound
➢ an injury involving an external or internal break in body tissue,
usually involving the skin.
➢ Classifications:
a. Puncture – wound caused by sharp & pointed object
Penetrating the skin.
b. Abrasion – caused by rubbing/scrapping of the skin
against rough surfaces.
c. Laceration – the skin is torn by sharp objects with
irregular edges.
d. Avulsion – tissues are forcefully separated from the
body.
e. Incision – skin and tissues are cut by a sharp bladed instrument.
➢ Dangers of an Open Wound
a. Hemorrhage – severe bleeding.
b. Infection – introduction of bacteria/parasites.
c. Shock – decreased in circulatory (blood) volume. (a fatal condition)
First Aid Management for Open Wounds: For wounds with severe bleeding
First Aid Management for Open Wounds: For wounds with mild to moderate bleeding.
1. Clean 3. Dress
-Clean with mild soap and water.
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2. Disinfect
-Apply topical antiseptics. Povidone Iodine
or Topical Antibacterials (Mupirocin, Fusidic
Acid)
Burns
➢ an injury involving the skin, including muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels. This results from
exposure to direct heat (fire), chemicals, electricity, solar or other forms of radiation.
➢ Classifications of Burns:
a. Thermal Burns
- caused by direct or indirect contact to
flames and other hot objects, steams
or liquids.
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- Affects the first and second layer of the skin and may extend up to the
proximal subcutaneous tissues. Usually less painful.
b. Chemical Burns
➢ Burns caused by direct contact of chemical into skin.
3 Car battery Solutions 3 Bleach
3 Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic) 3 Ammonia
➢ First Aid Care for Chemical Burns
• Immediately remove the chemical by flushing with
water. Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing. Use
mild soap for the final rinse.
• Pat dry the area using clean cloth and apply dressing
into affected area.
• If the chemical is in the eye, flush for at least 20minutes using low pressure.
• Seek medical attention immediately for chemical burns.
c. Electrical burn
➢ a skin burn that happens when electricity comes in
contact with your body. When electricity comes in
contact with your body, it can travel through your
body. When this happens, the electricity can
damage tissues and organs.
➢ This damage can be mild or severe 3 and it can
even cause death. Organs that are commonly
damaged include the:
●Heart 3 People can get abnormal heart rhythms.
Their heart can also suddenly stop beating, which is
called "cardiac arrest."
●Kidneys 3 The kidneys can stop working normally.
●Bones and muscles 3 If the muscles are severely injured, substances from inside damaged
muscle cells can leak into the blood. This is called "rhabdomyolysis." In some cases, it can
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cause injury to other organs. People can also get an abnormal build-up of pressure in a
group of muscles, called "acute compartment syndrome."
●Nervous system 3 People can pass out, have muscle weakness, or eye or ear damage.
The symptoms depend on how much electricity came in contact with your body and how
long the contact lasted.
Electricity can cause different types of skin burns, depending on which skin layers are
affected. The terms doctors use to describe different types of burns are:
●Superficial 3 A superficial burn affects only the top layer of the skin. The skin is red, dry, and
painful. When you press on the burn, it turns white.
●Partial-thickness 3 A partial-thickness burn affects the top 2 layers of the skin. The skin is red
and can leak fluid or form blisters.
●Full-thickness 3 A full-thickness burn affects all the layers of the skin. The burn doesn't usually
hurt, because the burned skin can't feel anything. The skin can be white, gray, or black.
Treatment depends on the type of skin burn you have and how serious it is.
Treatments for a mild skin burn can include:
●Cooling the burn 3 You can put a cool cloth on your burn or soak it in cool water. Do
not put ice on a burn.
●Covering the burn with a clean bandage 3 Your doctor might also recommend or
prescribe a cream or ointment to soothe the skin or prevent an infection.
●Treating the pain 3 To ease your pain, you can raise the burned part of your body
above the level of your heart. For example, you can prop your foot or leg up on pillows.
You can also take an over-the-counter pain medicine, such as acetaminophen (sample
brand name: Tylenol) or ibuprofen (sample brand names: Advil, Motrin).
●Getting a tetanus shot, if it has been too many years since your last one
A severe skin burn is usually treated in the hospital. Treatments can include:
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