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LEARNING OUTCOMES
PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL
HYGIENE
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH VS OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
OH
• Deals with occupational diseases
• Hazards in occupational health are not always
visible
• Health effects may not occur immediately and
may take some years to surface
• There is a possibility for intervention to occur in
order to change the course of the event
by Ts Dr Ismaniza
IHS411
FUNDAMENTALS OF OH & INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
TS DR ISMANIZA ISMAIL
OS
• Deals with workplace accidents
• Hazards in occupational safety are quite readily
defined
• Outcomes of safety hazards are immediate
• Intervention is aimed at preventing the event
from occurring.
By the end of this topic, you should be able to
• Understand the history of occupational safety and health from global and local
perspective
• Describe objectives, scope and benefits of industrial hygiene
• Explain the scope of work and duties of an Industrial Hygienist
HISTORY OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE
 Hippocrates (physician)
– Work-related disease (Pb poisoning among miners)
– Good diet, exercise, rest, cleanliness
 Pliny de Elder
– Dangers to workers exposed to Zn & S
– Face mask!
1
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HISTORY OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE HISTORY OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE

 Georgius Agricola (mineralogist/ metallurgist)
– Ag mining, De Re Metallica (1556)
– Geology, environmental contamination, management
techniques, ventilation, ergonomics
 Paracelsus
– Father of Toxicology
– "All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison . The right dose differentiates a
poison and a remedy."
– Miners’ Sickness and other Diseases of Miners
– smelter workers, metallurgists, diseases associated with mercury
– describes acute vs chronic poisonings

HISTORY OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE HISTORY OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE

Percival Pott (surgeon)

- English chimney sweepers
- Scrotal cancer (soot from coal combustion)

Bernardino Ramazzini Alice Hamilton (physician)

- ‘father of occupational medicine’
- Doctors should ask patients about their occupations
- Book on the Disease of Workers (De Morbis Artificum)
- A lot is still relevant until today
- Pb, Hg, CO, Al, Be, Cd, Chr, Benzene, CS2, methanol,
synthetic rubber
- Phossy jaw –exposure to phosphorus (matchstick
makers)
- Exploring the Dangerous Trades’ book

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EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE IN MALAYSIA

1997
• GuidelineonMethodof 2005

OH & HYGIENE HISTORY IN MALAYSIA Sampling andAnalysis

for AirborneLead
• Guideline for the 2003
• Guidelines
Occupational
Health Services 2010
• Industry
Formulation of a • Guidelines • Guidelineson
Year Events Chemical Safety on theUseof PPE Codeof
Practiceon
Datasheet Occupational Against
• Guidelineforthe Chemical IAQ
1968 Industrial Health Unit in the Ministry of Labour Classificationof
Vibration
• Guidelines Hazards • Industry
HazardousChemicals • Guidelineson Codeof
on OSH for
1876 1986 1994 • GuidelineforLabeling Practicefor
1974 Industrial (occupational) hygiene unit in Factories & Machinery Dept TheSteam of Hazardous
Workingwith Storageof
Video Hazardous SafeWork
Asbestos Occupational inConfined
Acted based on complaints Boilers Regulations Safety &
Chemicals 2002 DisplayUnit Chemicals
• Codeof Practice Space
Ordinance Health Guidelines (VDUs)
• Guidelines on IAQ
1980 IH Unit → Division 1876
gazetted
(OSH) Act on OSH for
Standing on OSH for
IH & ErgonomicDiv.
IH At Work SittingAt
Chemical Mgmt Div.
1984 FM (Lead) Regulations Division Work
Occupational Health Div.
1986 FM (Asbestos Process) Regulations

1984
1876

1967

1975

1980

1986

1989

1990

1994

2002
1996
1997
2000

2004

2006

2008

2010

2017 –
2007
2001

2003

2005

2009

2011

now
1989 FM (Mineral Dust) Regulations
1989 FM (Noise Exposure) Regulations IH
Occupational Health (OH) Division 2007 State Office :
• IHSection
Unit
Guideline • OHSection
1984 Bhopal incident → 1967
on First-
1984 1989 1996 2001 2004 Aid 2016 -
OSHA 1994 and Factory • Guidelineson
2011 2019
Lead • Noise •Guidelineson Guidelineson Facilities
2017
Machinery inthe Guideline
Regulations theControl of OSH (Noise
OSH (Control of Major Accident Hazards) Regulations 1996 Act 1967
Regulations
• MineralDust
Occupational
Health Services Chemical
Preventingand
Respondingto Workplace on
Mercury
Guideline on
Exposure)
gazetted Heat Stress
Regulations • Guidelines on the Hazardousto Drugs and 2008 Regulation,
1997 OSH (CPL of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations → Useof PPE Health
• Guidelineson
Alcohol Guidelineon
Manageme
nt inOil &
Management,
Guidelines on
ICOP for
Management
Against Chemical Problemsin OSH for Gas Ergonomic
OSH (CLASS) Regulations 2013 Hazards Medical
Surveillance
Workplace design, Industry Risk
Of
Occupational
Inspection, Assessment at
Noise
2000 OSH (USECHH) Regulations Testing&
Examination
Workplace,
Guideline on
Exposure
of LEV And Hearing
Manual
2003 MIHA formed system Handling
Conservation
9

10 11

DOSH LEGISLATIONS

NO ACTS LATEST UPDATED STATUS

1 OSHA 1994 Act A1648 Enforced
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH June 2023
(AMENDMENT) ACT 2022

16 Mac 2022
2 FMA 1967 FACTORIES AND MACHINERY (REPEAL) Depend on
BILL 2020 OSHA
Amendment
Enforced
OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL 3 PETROLEUM (SAFETY

HYGIENE LEGAL MEASURES) ACT 1984

REQUIREMENT

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12 13

IH LEGISLATIONS IH LEGISLATIONS
REGULATION,ICOP & GUIDELINES RELATED TO NOISE REGULATION,ICOP & GUIDELINES RELATED TO CONFINED SPACE
NO REGULATIONS/ICOP/GUIDELINES STATUS IH SERVICES
NO REGULATIONS STATUS IH SERVICES
1 Occupational Safety & Health (Noise Into operation June
1 ICOP for Safe Working in a Confined Under • AGTES
Exposure) Regulations 2019 2019
Space, 2010 Amendment • CS Training Provider
• CS Trainer
2 ICOP for Management of Occupational Into operation June • Noise Risk Assessor 2 Garis Panduan Latihan Pekerja, Under
Noise Exposure & Hearing 2019 • Audiometric Testing Centre Pendaftaran Pusat Pengajar dan Amendment
Conservation 2019 • Noise Training Provider Pengendalian Kursus Keselamatan dan
• Noise Trainer Kesihatan Pekerjaan di Ruang
3 Guidelines for Control of Occupational Under Amendment • Trained Audiometric
Noise 2005 Terkurung, 2008
Technician
4 Guidelines for Audiometric Technician Under drafting
Training Provider

14 15

REGULATION,ICOP & GUIDELINES RELATED TO LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION
NO REGULATIONS
1 Use and Standards of
Exposure of Chemicals
Hazardous To Health
Regulation (USECHH) 2000
2 Guidelines On Occupational
Safety And Health
For Design, Inspection,
Testing And Examination Of
Local Exhaust Ventilation
System 2008
IH LEGISLATIONS IH LEGISLATIONS
REGULATION,ICOP & GUIDELINES RELATED TO ERGONOMICS
NO REGULATIONS STATUS IH SERVICES
STATUS IH SERVICES 1 Guidelines for Manual Handling at Workplace 2018 Into operation 2018
Under Amendment 2 Guidelines on OSH for Lighting at Workplace 2018 Into operation 2018
• Ergonomics
Trained
• Hygiene Technician II (HTII) 3 Guidelines on Ergonomics Risk Assessment at Into operation 2017 Person (ETP)
• HTII Training Provider Workplace 2017 • Ergonomics
Under Amendment • HTII Trainer 4 Guidelines on Heat Stress Management at Workplace Into operation 2016 Training Provider
2016 • Ergonomics Trainer
5 Guidelines on Occupational Vibration 2003 Into operation 2003
6 Guidelines on OSH for Seating at Work, 2003 Under Amendment
7 Guidelines on OSH for Working with Video Display Unit Under Amendment
(VDU’s) 2003
8 Guidelines on OSH for Standing at Work, 2002 Under Amendment
9 ICOP for Management of Ergonomics Risk 202X Under drafting

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16

IH LEGISLATIONS
REGULATION,ICOP & GUIDELINES RELATED TO PPE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
NO REGULATIONS STATUS IH SERVICES
1 Lead Regulations 1984 Under Amendment
Science and art devoted to anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of factors
2 Asbestos Process Regulations 1984 Under Amendment and stresses (at workplaces),
Appointed
3 Mineral Dust Regulations 1989 Under Amendment Conformity
Assessment Body
which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being or significant discomfort,
4 BOWEC Regulations 1986 Under Amendment
5 Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Under Amendment
and inefficiency among workers or citizens of a community
Hazardous To Health Regulation (USECHH) 2000
6 Occupational Safety & Health (Noise Exposure) Into operation 2019
Regulations 2019
7 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Regulations Under drafting Using environmental monitoring and analytical methods to detect extent of exposure
202X
And employ engineering, work practice controls and other methods to control
8 Guidelines on the Use of Personal Protective Into operation 2005 potential health hazards
Equipment Against Chemicals Hazards, 2005

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE: OBJECTIVES INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE: BENEFITS

• Improve health and hygiene

• Reduce compensation
• Health promotion and maintenance of worker optimum physical, mental and social
levels • Improve job satisfaction
• Prevention of illnesses or diseases from workplace/ work processes
• Reduce absenteeism
• Increased quality of work environment and work processes suitable for worker’s
safety and health conditions • Improve productivity

• Improve workers’ attitude towards management

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INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE: ACTIVITIES DISCIPLINES INVOLVED IN HYGIENE

Anatomy
 Health promotion and education  Suiting the work and work
Epidemiology Physics &
physiology

 Exposure monitoring environment to the worker

 Health risk assessment  General medication treatment
Chemistry Maths
 Hazard control  First aid and medical aid
 Occupational fitness assessment  Disability assessment
Language
 Medical surveillance  Data collection, analysis and record Statistics Toxicology
skills
keeping

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE: TEAM DUTIES OF AN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENIST

 Anticipate health hazards
 SHO
 First Aid Officer
 Recognise and understand the occurence of factors affecting
 IH
 Ergonomist  Understand possible routes of entry
 CHRA
 Toxicologist  Assess worker exposure

 AGT
 Epidemiologist  Evaluate work processes
 Design, recommend mitigation and evaluate effectiveness
 NRA
 Safety Engineer
 Participate in risk analysis and management
 OHD
 Health Promotion Officer  Understand legal framework
 OHN
 Industrial Psychologist  Hazard communication (educate, train, inform and advise)
 Work effectively with other professionals

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INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE: ORGANISATIONS INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE: ORGANISATIONS

In Malaysia
International

• DOSH: legislation, standards, enforcement, promotion • IOHA

• NIOSH: training, consultation, research, info dissemination • UK: HSE
• SOCSO: compensation, promotion
• US: ACGIH, NIOSH
• Ministry of Health

• Others: • Aus: AIOH

- Universities
• International Labour Organisation (ILO)
- OH Units in industries

- NGOs • International Agency for Research Into Cancer (IARC)

BASIC PRINCIPLES
ANTICIPATION
• Potential hazards in workplace before they are introduced

RECOGNITION
• Potential hazards that pose harms to health

EVALUATION
• Extent and magnitude of exposure to hazard

CONTROL
• Hierarchy of controls

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