SOCSCI Chapter1

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL
SCIENCES AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ISO 9001: 2015
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
QMS-Certified PHILOSOPHY
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
RPH103: Readings in Philippine History

Prepared by: Mr. Jethro G. Castro, LPT, MAEdSS(c)
Chapter 1: Meaning and Relevance of History

A. Meaning and Relevance of History;
B. Distinction of Primary and Secondary Sources; and
C. External and Internal Criticism
A. Meaning and Relevance of History

1. History
 Study of the past
 Chronological record of significant events often including an explanation of their causes
 Zeus Salazar
 “Ang kasaysayan ay SALAYSAY na may SAYSAY sa SINASALAYSAYANG

SALINGLAHI.”
 “Pantayong Pananaw” (Salazar, 1974)
2. Divisions of History
I. Pre-History
 period where no written records exist or when the writings of people were not preserved
 analyzed through fossils and artifacts by Archaeologists and Anthropologists

SCIENCES AND
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211

II. History
 period when man started to write and record events using a system of writing
 analyzed through wood carves, engraved metals, written papyrus, written papers
 It is studied by “Historians”
3. Role of Historians
 To look at the available sources and select the most relevant for history and subject of study
 To organize the past that is being created
 To seek for the meaning of recovering the past to let the people see the continuing relevance of
memories (Historical Understanding)
4. History as a “Social Science”
5. Historiography
 “Writing of History” (Historical Writing)
 Based on critical examination of sources, selection of particular details from authentic materials in those
sources and the synthesis of those details into a narrative.
 Done through “Historical Research” with the aid of “Historical Methodology”

SCIENCES AND
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211

 Tips in Writing History
a. Choosing a topic.
b. Looking for data through Historical sources.
c. Determining the data as a Primary or Secondary source.
d. Analyze the data through historical criticisms.
e. Writing the entire narrative.
6. Historical Timeframe of the Philippines
7. Filipino Traits and Values

1. HOSPITALITY 6. UTANG NA LOOB OR 11. COLONIAL
DEBT OF MENTALITY
2. MAINTAIN CLOSE GRATITUDE
FAMILY TIES 12. NINGAS KUGON
7. HIYA OR SENSE OF
3. RESPECT FOR THE SHAME 13. MAÑANA HABIT
ELDERS
8. FATALISTIC 14. RESILIENT
4. SENTIMENTAL
9. LACKS DISCIPLINE 15. FAITH IN GOD
5. PAKIKISAMA OR
SENSE OF 10. CRAB MENTALITY
TOGETHERNESS
SCIENCES AND
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211

B. Distinction of Primary and Secondary Sources

1. Historical Sources
I. Primary Sources
 Produced at the same time as the event being studied (Contemporary Accounts)
 Include documents or artifacts created by a witness or participant of the event
 “Firsthand testimony,” “Eyewitness accounts”
 It may include diaries, letters, interviews, photographs, newspapers
i. Written Sources – are sources that usually in written form. It has three categories.
Narrative or Literature - These sources are chronicles or tracts presented in

a narrative form, it tells a story or narrates the story of the events. e.g. Diary,
newspaper etc.
Diplomatic Sources - are understood to be those documents/records of an

existing legal situation or create a new one. This source is also called as legal
documents. e.g. Laws, Memorandums, Executive orders, etc.
Social Documents - this are information pertaining to economic, social,

political or judicial significance. e.g Research findings, Records of census,
civil registry, etc.
ii. Non-Written Sources – sources that are not in written form.
Material Evidence – this is also known as archaeological evidence. These

artifacts can tell a great deal about the ways of life, people in the past, and
their culture. e.g. swords, relics, bones, etc.
Oral Evidence – sources that are transmitted orally. e.g. Tales, folk songs,
interviews, etc.
 6 Points of Inquiries to Evaluate Primary sources (Garraghan, 1950):
a) Date- When was it produced?

b) Localization- Where did it originate?
c) Authorship- Who wrote it?
d) Analysis- What pre-existing material served as the basis for its production?
e) Integrity- What was its original form?
f) Credibility- What is the evidential value of its content?
SCIENCES AND
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211

2. Secondary Sources
 Produced by authors who used and interpreted primary sources
 Analyzed a scholarly question and often use primary source as evidence
 Include books, theses, dissertations, journals, magazines, knowledge of historians
 Written few years after the exact time of the event
3. Primary and Secondary sources should be evaluated its validity and credibility by
asking these questions:
i. How did the author know about the given details? Was the author present at the event?
ii. Where did the information come from? Is it a personal experience, an eyewitness account, etc.?
iii. Did the author conclude based on a single or multiple source?
4. In terms of historical reliability,

i. Primary source:
The closer the date of creation, the more reliable one.
ii. Secondary source:
The more recent, the more reliable one.

SCIENCES AND
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211

C. External and Internal Criticism

1. External Criticism
 Verification of authenticity by examining physical characteristics; consistency with the historical
characteristics of the time when it was produced, and materials used.
 We can ask the following questions:
When it was written?

Where it was written?
Who was the author?
Why did it survive?
What were the materials used?
Where the words used were being used those times?
2. Internal Criticism
 Looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at the author of the source,
its context, the agenda behind its creation
 It looks at the content of the source and examines the circumstance of its production
 We can ask the following questions:
Was it written by eyewitness or not?

Why was it written?
Is there consistency?
What are the connotations?
What is the literal meaning?
What is the meaning of the context?

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DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL

RPH103: Readings in Philippine History

Chapter 1: Meaning and Relevance of History

A. Meaning and Relevance of History

 Chronological record of significant events often including an explanation of their causes

 “Ang kasaysayan ay SALAYSAY na may SAYSAY sa SINASALAYSAYANG

 “Pantayong Pananaw” (Salazar, 1974)

 analyzed through fossils and artifacts by Archaeologists and Anthropologists

RPH103: Readings in Philippine History

 To organize the past that is being created

4. History as a “Social Science”

 Done through “Historical Research” with the aid of “Historical Methodology”

RPH103: Readings in Philippine History

 Tips in Writing History

6. Historical Timeframe of the Philippines

7. Filipino Traits and Values

RPH103: Readings in Philippine History

B. Distinction of Primary and Secondary Sources

 Include documents or artifacts created by a witness or participant of the event

 “Firsthand testimony,” “Eyewitness accounts”

 It may include diaries, letters, interviews, photographs, newspapers

Narrative or Literature - These sources are chronicles or tracts presented in

Diplomatic Sources - are understood to be those documents/records of an

Social Documents - this are information pertaining to economic, social,

ii. Non-Written Sources – sources that are not in written form.

Material Evidence – this is also known as archaeological evidence. These

 6 Points of Inquiries to Evaluate Primary sources (Garraghan, 1950):

a) Date- When was it produced?

RPH103: Readings in Philippine History

 Analyzed a scholarly question and often use primary source as evidence

 Include books, theses, dissertations, journals, magazines, knowledge of historians

 Written few years after the exact time of the event

iii. Did the author conclude based on a single or multiple source?

4. In terms of historical reliability,

The closer the date of creation, the more reliable one.

ii. Secondary source:

The more recent, the more reliable one.

RPH103: Readings in Philippine History

C. External and Internal Criticism

 We can ask the following questions:

When it was written?

 We can ask the following questions:

Was it written by eyewitness or not?

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