01885072233 II Towfique Ahmed II Language Loom.
Are there any biases or personal opinions evident
CRASH COURSE by TOWFIQUE AHMED
LANGUAGE LOOM
01885072233
Purpose and Context:
What is the main purpose or goal of the text?
What is the broader context in which the text was
written or published?
What is the author's intention? Are they trying to
inform, persuade, entertain, or something else?
 Audience and Tone:
Who is the intended audience for the text? What is
their background or perspective?
What is the overall tone of the text? Is it formal,
informal, objective, biased, or emotional?
Structure and Organization:
How is the text structured? Are there clear sections,
paragraphs, or headings?
Is there a logical progression of ideas or arguments?
Are there any patterns or recurring themes?
 Language and Style:
What is the language used in the text? Is it simple,
technical, jargon-filled, or accessible to the
intended audience?
Is there any figurative language, such as metaphors
or similes, used to convey meaning?
Are there any rhetorical devices employed, such as
repetition, parallelism, or irony?
 Evidence and Support:
What evidence or examples are provided to
support the main points or arguments?
Are the sources of evidence reliable and credible?
Are there any logical fallacies or biases in the
presentation of evidence?
Assumptions and Bias:
What underlying assumptions does the author
make?
in the text?
How do these assumptions and biases influence
the author's arguments or conclusions?
Structure and Persuasion:
How does the author attempt to persuade or
convince the reader?
Are there any persuasive techniques used, such as
appeals to emotions, logic, or authority?
Are there any counterarguments or opposing
viewpoints addressed?
Interpretation and Analysis:
What are the main ideas or key points expressed in
the text?
How do these ideas relate to each other and to the
broader context?
What is your own interpretation or analysis of the
text, based on the evidence and information
presented?
 What is P.E.E
1. Point: The point is the main idea or argument
that you want to make in your paragraph. It is the
topic sentence that introduces the central point
you will be discussing.
Identify the Point: Determine the main
point or argument that you want to make in
response to the text. This should be a
concise and clear statement that reflects
your understanding of the text.
2. Evidence: The evidence is the supporting
information or examples that you provide to
support your point. It can be in the form of
quotations, statistics, facts, or any other relevant
information that adds weight to your argument.
The evidence helps to demonstrate that your point
is valid and credible.
01885072233 II Towfique Ahmed II Language Loom.
Look for specific examples, quotes, or data
from the text that support your point.
These can be direct references or
paraphrased information from the text.
3.Explanation: The explanation is the analysis and
interpretation of the evidence you have presented.
It explains how the evidence supports and relates
back to your main point. This is where you
demonstrate your understanding of the topic and
provide insight or reasoning that connects the
evidence to your argument.
Provide an analysis or explanation of how
the evidence you selected supports your
point. Connect the dots between the
evidence and your main argument by
demonstrating the logical relationship
between them.
Example : 1
Short Text:
"Climate change is a pressing global issue
that requires immediate action. Rising
temperatures, melting ice caps, and
extreme weather events are clear
indications of the impact of human
activities on the planet. According to
scientific studies, the burning of fossil fuels
and deforestation contribute significantly to
greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbating the
problem. It is crucial for governments,
industries, and individuals to take collective
responsibility and adopt sustainable
practices to mitigate climate change."
 using P.E.E.
1. Point: The short text emphasizes the urgent
need for action to address climate change.
2. Evidence: The text highlights rising
temperatures, melting ice caps, and extreme
weather events as clear indications of the impact
of human activities on the planet.
3. Explanation: This evidence suggests that the
observed phenomena are likely consequences of
climate change caused by human actions. The
melting ice caps and extreme weather events, such
as hurricanes and heatwaves, provide tangible
evidence of the severity of the problem and the
need for immediate action.
EXAMPLE : 2
Short Text:
"AI development has made significant
strides in recent years. Machine learning
algorithms have revolutionized various
industries, from healthcare to finance.
These algorithms have the ability to analyze
vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and
make accurate predictions. Additionally,
advancements in natural language
processing have led to the development of
virtual assistants and chatbots that can
understand and respond to human
language, enhancing user experiences.
However, ethical considerations and
potential job displacement remain
important concerns as AI continues to
advance."
1. Point: The short text highlights the
advancements and impacts of AI development in
recent years.
2. Evidence: The text mentions the revolutionary
impact of machine learning algorithms in various
industries, such as healthcare and finance. It also
discusses the development of virtual assistants and
chat bots using natural language processing.
3. Explanation: This evidence demonstrates the
significant strides made in AI development.
Machine learning algorithms have transformed
industries by enabling data analysis, pattern
recognition, and accurate predictions. The
development of virtual assistants and chat bots
showcases advancements in natural language
01885072233 II Towfique Ahmed II Language Loom.
processing, enhancing human-computer
interaction. However, ethical considerations and
potential job displacement are important factors
that need to be addressed as AI continues to
advance, ensuring the responsible and beneficial
implementation of these technologies.
BASIC PHRASES
 Shows: This indicates that the evidence
demonstrates or presents a specific finding or
result.
 Proves: This implies that the evidence
provides conclusive proof or evidence in
support of a claim or argument.
 Indicates: This suggests that the evidence
points to or suggests a particular conclusion or
outcome.
 Supports: This implies that the evidence
provides support or justification for a claim or
argument.
 Implies: This suggests that the evidence
suggests or implies a certain idea or meaning.
 Suggests: This indicates that the evidence
proposes or puts forward a possible
explanation or idea.
 Demonstrates: This implies that the evidence
clearly shows or illustrates a particular concept
or phenomenon.
 Confirms: This suggests that the evidence
verifies or affirms the truth or validity of a
claim or argument.
 Illustrates: This indicates that the evidence
provides an example or instance that helps to
clarify or explain a point.
 Reflects: This implies that the evidence
mirrors or represents a specific situation or
condition
ADVANCED
 Corroborates: This indicates that the evidence
aligns with or supports existing evidence or
claims.
 Validates: This implies that the evidence
confirms or proves the accuracy or validity of a
particular claim or argument.
 Presents/Offers/Provides: These phrases
suggest that the evidence introduces or gives
available information that supports a claim or
argument.
 Highlights: This suggests that the evidence
brings attention to or emphasizes a particular
aspect or point, supporting the overall
argument.
 Reinforces: This implies that the evidence
strengthens or adds further weight to an
existing argument or claim.
 Substantiates: This indicates that the evidence
provides substantial or significant support for a
claim or argument.
 Shows/Reveals/Displays: These phrases
suggest that the evidence uncovers or
demonstrates specific information or findings
that support a claim or argument.
 Points out: This indicates that the evidence
draws attention to or identifies a specific detail
or aspect that bolsters a claim or argument.
 Signifies: This implies that the evidence serves
as a clear indication or sign that supports a
particular claim or argument.
 Establishes beyond doubt: This suggests that
the evidence conclusively and unequivocally
proves a claim or argument, leaving no room
for uncertainty.
 Indicates a strong link: This suggests that the
evidence points to a strong connection or
relationship between variables or concepts.
 Proposes a causal relationship: This implies
that the evidence suggests a cause-and-effect
relationship between factors or events.
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 Substantiates the hypothesis: This indicates
that the evidence provides solid support for
the proposed hypothesis or theory.
 Points towards a correlation: This suggests
that the evidence indicates a statistical
association or relationship between variables.
 Affirms the findings: This implies that the
evidence confirms or validates the results or
conclusions of previous studies or research.
 Yields compelling data: This suggests that the
evidence provides persuasive and convincing
data or information that supports a claim or
argument.
 Presents a compelling case: This indicates that
the evidence offers a strong and persuasive
argument or example to support a claim.
 Validates the claims: This implies that the
evidence serves to verify or substantiate the
validity or truth of specific claims or assertions.
 Supports with empirical evidence: This
suggests that the evidence is derived from
direct observation, measurement, or
experimentation, lending credibility to the
argument.
 Demonstrates a consistent pattern: This
indicates that the evidence shows a repeated
and consistent occurrence or trend,
reinforcing the argument.
Q7 - COMPARISON Questions.
But before that lets look at some
general issues
 Sentence Structures :
Simple Sentence: A simple sentence consists of one
independent clause, typically containing a subject
and a verb. It expresses a complete thought on its
own. Example: "She ran to the store."
Compound Sentence: A compound sentence
consists of two or more independent clauses
joined by coordinating conjunctions (such as "and,"
"but," or "or") or semicolons. It connects related
ideas. Example: "She ran to the store, and he
stayed home."
Complex Sentence: A complex sentence contains
one independent clause and at least one
dependent clause. The dependent clause cannot
stand alone as a complete sentence. Example:
"Although she was tired, she went to the store."
Compound-Complex Sentence: A compound-
complex sentence combines elements of both
compound and complex sentences. It contains two
or more independent clauses and at least one
dependent clause. Example: "She went to the store,
but he stayed home because he was tired."
Declarative Sentence: A declarative sentence
makes a statement or expresses an opinion.
Example: "I enjoy reading books."
Interrogative Sentence: An interrogative sentence
asks a question. Example: "Are you coming to the
party?"
Imperative Sentence: An imperative sentence gives
a command or makes a request. Example: "Please
pass the salt."
Exclamatory Sentence: An exclamatory sentence
expresses strong emotion or surprise. Example:
"What a beautiful sunset!"
Read the texts: Begin by reading both texts
carefully and thoroughly. Take note of their subject
matter, tone, style, and any significant details.
1. Identify the purpose: Determine the purpose
of each text. Is it to inform, persuade,
entertain, or argue? Understanding the
purpose will help you analyze the techniques
and strategies used in each text.
2. Analyze the content: Examine the content of
both texts and identify the main ideas or
themes presented. Look for similarities and
differences in the way the information is
presented, the examples used, or the
viewpoints expressed.
3. Consider the audience: Think about the
intended audience for each text. Consider
01885072233 II Towfique Ahmed II Language Loom.
their age, knowledge, interests, and values.
How does each text tailor its message to the
target audience? Are there any specific
language choices or stylistic features that cater
to the audience?
4. Compare the structure and organization:
Analyze the structure and organization of both
texts. Look at how they introduce and develop
ideas, the use of paragraphs, headings, and
subheadings, and any patterns or transitions
that help guide the reader.
5. Examine language and style: Pay attention to
the language choices, tone, and style
employed in each text. Look for literary
devices, such as metaphors, similes,
alliteration, or repetition. Analyze the use of
formal or informal language, the sentence
structure, and the overall writing style.
6. Consider the effect on the reader: Evaluate
the impact of each text on the reader. How
does each text engage, persuade, or influence
the reader? Consider the emotional appeal,
logical reasoning, or rhetorical techniques
employed.
 Highlight similarities and differences:
Compare the texts, highlighting the similarities
and differences in their content, style, purpose,
and effects. Identify specific examples or
evidence from the texts to support your
analysis.
EXAMPLES :
TEXT 1
Title: The Benefits of Outdoor Exercise
Outdoor exercise offers numerous
advantages for physical and mental well-
being. It provides a refreshing change of
environment from indoor workouts and
allows individuals to connect with nature.
Whether it's a jog in the park or a hike in
the mountains, outdoor exercise offers
unique benefits that cannot be replicated
indoors.
Physical Health Benefits
Outdoor exercise engages different muscle
groups and challenges the body in various
ways. The uneven terrain and natural
obstacles provide an opportunity for a full-
body workout. Additionally, exposure to
natural sunlight promotes vitamin D
synthesis, which is crucial for bone health
and immune function.
Mental Health Benefits
Spending time outdoors has a positive
impact on mental health. The fresh air,
calming sounds of nature, and scenic views
help reduce stress levels and improve mood.
Studies have shown that outdoor exercise
can alleviate symptoms of depression and
anxiety, enhancing overall well-being.
Variety and Motivation
Outdoor exercise offers a diverse range of
activities, such as cycling, swimming, or
simply walking in the neighborhood. This
variety prevents monotony and keeps
individuals motivated to continue their
fitness journey. The ever-changing
landscapes provide new challenges and
stimulate the mind and body.
Incorporating outdoor exercise into one's
fitness routine can yield remarkable
benefits for both physical and mental
health. The opportunity to connect with
nature, experience different environments,
and enjoy the sense of freedom make
outdoor exercise an appealing and effective
choice for maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
TEXT 2 :
Title: The Advantages of Indoor Exercise
01885072233 II Towfique Ahmed II Language Loom.
Indoor exercise has gained popularity for
its convenience and accessibility. With a
wide range of options available, individuals
can engage in effective workouts within the
comfort of their own homes or at local
fitness centers. Indoor exercise offers
several advantages that make it a preferred
choice for many.
Weather-Independent
One of the key advantages of indoor
exercise is its independence from weather
conditions. Regardless of rain, snow, or
extreme heat, individuals can maintain
their fitness routine without any
disruptions. This ensures consistency and
eliminates the need to adapt plans based
on unpredictable outdoor conditions.
Safety and Controlled Environment
Indoor exercise provides a controlled and
safe environment. Fitness centers and
home gyms are equipped with proper
equipment, ensuring optimal safety during
workouts. Additionally, individuals can
easily adjust settings like temperature and
ventilation to create a comfortable exercise
space.
Privacy and Convenience
Indoor exercise offers privacy, which is
particularly appealing to those who prefer
to exercise without public scrutiny.
Additionally, the convenience of having a
gym or workout space nearby eliminates
the need for travel time, making it easier to
fit exercise into busy schedules.
Indoor exercise provides a reliable, safe,
and convenient option for individuals
seeking to improve their fitness levels. Its
weather independence, controlled
environment, and privacy make it an
attractive choice for those looking for
consistent and hassle-free workouts.
ANSWER :
The two texts discuss the advantages of exercise,
but they differ in terms of the exercise
setting/types. Text 1 highlights the benefits of
outdoor exercise, emphasizing the physical and
mental health advantages of engaging with nature.
It emphasizes the unique aspects of outdoor
workouts, such as the full-body workout from
uneven terrain and the positive impact of natural
sunlight on vitamin D levels. The text also
emphasizes the variety and motivation that
outdoor exercise offers due to the ever-changing
landscapes.
In contrast, Text 2 focuses on the advantages of
indoor exercise. It emphasizes the convenience
and accessibility of indoor workouts, regardless of
weather conditions. The text highlights the safety
and controlled environment of fitness centers and
home gyms, where individuals can adjust settings
to their preferences. It also mentions the privacy
and convenience of indoor exercise, allowing
individuals to exercise without public scrutiny and
saving travel time.
While Text 1 emphasizes the connection with
nature and the mental well-being derived from
outdoor exercise, Text 2 emphasizes the reliability
and convenience of indoor workouts. Text 1
suggests that outdoor exercise provides a
refreshing change of environment and engages
different muscle groups. On the other hand, Text 2
emphasizes the weather independence and
controlled environment of indoor exercise,
ensuring consistency and optimal safety.
Both texts acknowledge the benefits of exercise
but offer different perspectives on the ideal
exercise setting. Text 1 targets individuals seeking
a closer connection with nature, a diverse workout
experience, and a mental escape from everyday
life. Text 2 caters to individuals who prioritize
convenience, privacy, and a controlled
01885072233 II Towfique Ahmed II Language Loom.
environment in their exercise routine. It may be
stated that, both texts highlights the diverse
options available for exercise and allows readers to
consider their personal preferences, needs, and
goals when choosing between outdoor and indoor
exercise.
II Have you observed closely how the
contrasting “phrases transitional words”
has been used to provide to talk about the
evidence ? II
Let us learn some :
1. On the contrary: This phrase is used to
introduce a contrasting or opposing viewpoint
or information. It suggests that the following
statement or argument goes against or
contradicts the previous point.
Example: "Many believe that technology isolates
people. On the contrary, advancements in
technology have facilitated global connectivity and
communication."
2. However: This transitional word signals a shift
in thought or introduces a contrasting idea. It
acknowledges a counterpoint or opposing
perspective to the previous statement.
Example: "The experiment yielded unexpected
results. However, further research is needed to
draw definitive conclusions."
3. Conversely: This term introduces an opposite
or contrasting idea to what has been
previously mentioned, highlighting a different
perspective or outcome.
Example : "While some argue that social media
promotes superficial relationships, conversely, it
has allowed individuals to connect and form
meaningful friendships online."
4. In contrast: This phrase is useful for explicitly
stating a difference or juxtaposing two
contrasting ideas or concepts.
Example: "Traditional teaching methods involve
passive learning. In contrast, project-based
learning encourages active engagement and critical
thinking."
5. On the other hand: This phrase introduces an
alternative viewpoint or presents a contrasting
perspective to the one previously mentioned.
Example: "Some people prefer a structured work
environment. On the other hand, others thrive in
more flexible and creative settings."
6. Despite this: This phrase is used to
acknowledge a contrasting point or factor that
does not negate or undermine the main
argument or idea.
Example: "The team faced numerous setbacks
during the project. Despite this, they managed to
complete it successfully."
 TO ADD ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO
YOUR TEXT YOU CAN USE THESE :
Additionally
In addition, Furthermore, Also, Besides,
Moreover, What's more, Additionally,Not
only that, On top of that, Likewise, Equally
important, Similarly,Furthermore,Moreover
etc.
MOST IMPORTANTLY : DEVICES

Simile: A figure of speech that compares two
different things using "like" or "as." Example:
"Her laughter was like music to his ears."
Metaphor: Similar to a simile, but it directly states
that one thing is another. Example: "Time is a
thief."
Personification: Giving human qualities or
characteristics to inanimate objects or abstract
ideas. Example: "The trees danced in the wind."
Hyperbole: An exaggerated statement or claim not
meant to be taken literally. Example: "I've told you
a million times!"
01885072233 II Towfique Ahmed II Language Loom.
Alliteration: The repetition of initial consonant
sounds in words or phrases. Example: "Peter Piper
picked a peck of pickled peppers."
Onomatopoeia: The use of words that imitate the
sounds associated with the objects or actions they
refer to. Example: "The buzzing bee flew by."
Oxymoron: A combination of contradictory words
to create a paradoxical effect. Example: "Jumbo
shrimp."
Irony: A contrast between what is expected and
what actually happens. Example: A fire station
burning down.
Foreshadowing: Hints or clues about future events
in a story. Example: "As she walked into the old
house, a sense of dread washed over her."
Symbolism: The use of an object, person, or
situation to represent a deeper meaning. Example:
The dove is a symbol of peace.
Allegory: A story or poem in which characters and
events represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.
Example: "Animal Farm" by George Orwell is an
allegory for the Russian Revolution and the rise of
communism.
Imagery: The use of vivid and descriptive language
to create mental pictures and appeal to the senses.
Example: "The sun set, casting a warm golden glow
over the fields."
Allusion: A reference to a well-known person,
event, or literary work to enhance meaning.
Example: "He was a real Romeo with the ladies."
Repetition: The deliberate repetition of words or
phrases for emphasis or to create a rhythmic effect.
Example: "Never, never, never give up."
Flashback: A scene that interrupts the
chronological sequence of events to depict an
earlier event or memory. Example: "As she looked
at the old photograph, memories of her childhood
came flooding back”
suspense: The intense feeling of anticipation or
uncertainty about the outcome of events in a story.
It keeps the readers engaged and eager to know
what will happen next.
Tone: The author's attitude or emotional stance
towards the subject matter of the writing. It sets
the overall mood and helps convey the intended
message.
Satire: The use of humor, irony, or exaggeration to
criticize or ridicule human vices, shortcomings, or
institutions. It often employs sarcasm to highlight
flaws in society or individuals.
Metonymy: A figure of speech where a word or
phrase is substituted with another word or phrase
that is closely associated with it. Example:
Referring to the "crown" to represent a king or
queen.
Euphemism: The use of mild or indirect words or
expressions to replace harsh or blunt ones. It is
often used to soften or make something less
offensive or unpleasant. Example: "He passed
away" instead of "He died."
NOW LETS SEE HOW IGCSE MESS WITH
OUR MINDS.
EXAMPLE TEXT : —> IT ALL COMES DOWN
TO THIS
"Under the scorching sun, the city breathed
a heavy sigh. The streets, paved with
molten gold, simmered with life. The
cacophony of car horns, mingling with the
melody of street musicians, echoed through
the bustling crowds. As the aroma of freshly
brewed coffee wafted from corner cafes,
mingling with the scent of rain-soaked
asphalt, a young woman with eyes like
emeralds weaved through the labyrinth of
busy bodies. Her heart drummed a nervous
beat as she clutched a crumpled letter in
her trembling hands."
Step 1 : Find the devices
Personification: The city breathing a heavy sigh
and the streets simmering with life. This
01885072233 II Towfique Ahmed II Language Loom.
personification helps to create a vivid and engaging emeralds highlights their intensity and beauty,
image of the city, making it feel alive and vibrant. making her stand out in the bustling crowd.

Metaphor: The streets paved with molten gold.
This metaphor adds a sense of grandeur and
richness to the description of the streets,
emphasizing their beauty and allure.
Onomatopoeia: The cacophony of car horns. This
onomatopoeic device uses words that imitate the
actual sounds of car horns, enhancing the auditory
experience and immersing the readers in the
bustling atmosphere of the city.
Imagery: The scent of rain-soaked asphalt. This
line appeals to the sense of smell, allowing readers
to imagine the refreshing and earthy fragrance
after a rainfall, enhancing the overall sensory
experience.
Simile: Her eyes like emeralds. This simile
compares the color and brilliance of the young
woman's eyes to the precious gemstone,
conveying their vivid and captivating quality.
Step 2 ( Join them USING P.E.E)
Point: The passage creates a vivid and immersive
description of a bustling city under the sun,
focusing on the streets and a young woman's
experience.
STEP 3 : MERGE the MAGIC
The passage creates a vivid and immersive
description of a bustling city under the sun,
focusing on the streets and a young woman's
experience. The writer’s use of literary devices,
such as personification, metaphor, alliteration,
imagery, and simile, enhances the reader's sensory
experience and adds depth to the description. For
example, the critical use of Personification, “the
city breathed a heavy sigh”, shows, The city
breathing a heavy sigh and the streets simmering
with life. This personification helps to create a vivid
and engaging image of the city, making it feel alive
and vibrant.
Moreover, The metaphor, “streets paved with
molten gold” adds a touch of grandeur and allure,
emphasizing their brilliance and liveliness. The
alliteration in "cacophony of car horns, mingling
with the melody of street musicians" creates a
musical quality, engaging the readers' auditory
senses. The imagery of the aroma of freshly
brewed coffee and the scent of rain-soaked asphalt
appeals to the readers' sense of smell, creating a
rich and immersive experience. The simile
comparing the young woman's eyes to emeralds
highlights their intensity and beauty, making her
stand out in the bustling crowd.

Evidence: The use of literary devices, such as

personification, metaphor, alliteration, imagery,
and simile, enhances the reader's sensory
experience and adds depth to the description.

Explanation: The personification of the city

breathing a heavy sigh conveys a sense of
weariness and sets a tone of a hot and bustling
urban environment. The metaphor of streets
paved with molten gold adds a touch of grandeur
and allure, emphasizing their brilliance and
liveliness. The alliteration in "cacophony of car
horns, mingling with the melody of street
musicians" creates a musical quality, engaging the
readers' auditory senses. The imagery of the aroma
of freshly brewed coffee and the scent of rain-
soaked asphalt appeals to the readers' sense of
smell, creating a rich and immersive experience.
The simile comparing the young woman's eyes to