### Hekasi (Heograpiya, Kasaysayan, at Sibika) Reviewer

#### Reviewer 1: Basic Concepts of Geography

**1. Understanding Geography:**

- **Definition**: Geography is the study of the Earth and its features, inhabitants, and phenomena.

- **Key Components**:

- **Physical Geography**: Includes landforms, bodies of water, climate, and natural resources.

- **Human Geography**: Covers population, culture, economy, and urban development.

**2. Major Landforms in the Philippines:**

- **Mountains**: High areas of land. Example: Mount Apo, the highest mountain in the Philippines.

- **Plains**: Flat, wide areas of land. Example: Central Luzon Plain, known for agriculture.

- **Valleys**: Low areas of land between hills or mountains. Example: Cagayan Valley.

- **Volcanoes**: Mountains that can erupt. Example: Mayon Volcano, known for its perfect cone shape.

**3. Bodies of Water in the Philippines:**

- **Rivers**: Large streams of water flowing across the land. Example: Cagayan River, the longest river
in the Philippines.

- **Lakes**: Large, inland bodies of water. Example: Lake Lanao, one of the largest lakes in the country.

- **Seas**: Large bodies of saltwater. Example: Philippine Sea, part of the Pacific Ocean.

- **Bays**: Bodies of water partially surrounded by land. Example: Manila Bay, known for its beautiful
sunset.

**Practice Questions:**

1. What is the highest mountain in the Philippines?

2. Name a major plain known for agriculture in the Philippines.

3. What is the longest river in the Philippines?

#### Reviewer 2: History of the Philippines

**1. Pre-Colonial Philippines:**

- **Barangay System**: Small communities led by a datu (chieftain).

- **Economy**: Based on agriculture, fishing, and trading with neighboring countries.

**2. Spanish Colonization:**

- **Arrival of Ferdinand Magellan**: Reached the Philippines in 1521.

- **Colonial Government**: Established Spanish rule and Christianity.

- **Resistance**: Notable uprisings include the revolts of Lapu-Lapu and the Ilocano Revolt.

**3. American Period:**

- **Transfer of Control**: From Spain to the United States after the Treaty of Paris in 1898.

- **Education and Infrastructure**: Introduction of the public school system and improvements in
infrastructure.

**4. Japanese Occupation:**

- **World War II**: Japanese forces occupied the Philippines from 1941 to 1945.

- **Liberation**: The Philippines was liberated by Allied forces, leading to the independence in 1946.

**Practice Questions:**

1. Who was the chieftain that resisted Magellan in the Battle of Mactan?

2. What treaty transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the United States?

3. When did the Philippines gain independence?

#### Reviewer 3: Civics and Culture

**1. Government Structure:**

- **Branches of Government**:
 - **Executive**: Headed by the President.

- **Legislative**: Composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

- **Judicial**: Consists of the Supreme Court and lower courts.

**2. National Symbols:**

- **Flag**: Represents patriotism and national identity.

- Colors and Symbols: Blue for peace, red for bravery, white for purity, and the sun and stars for unity
and freedom.

- **National Anthem**: "Lupang Hinirang" symbolizes the love for the country.

- **National Hero**: Dr. Jose Rizal, known for his contributions to Philippine independence.

**3. Festivals and Traditions:**

- **Sinulog**: Celebrated in Cebu in honor of the Santo Niño.

- **Panagbenga**: Flower festival in Baguio City.

- **Ati-Atihan**: Held in Kalibo, Aklan to honor the Santo Niño.

- **Fiestas**: Various local celebrations to honor patron saints.

**4. Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens:**

- **Rights**: Right to education, freedom of speech, right to vote.

- **Responsibilities**: Obeying laws, paying taxes, participating in civic activities.

**Practice Questions:**

1. Name the three branches of government in the Philippines.

2. What does the blue color in the Philippine flag symbolize?

3. Who is considered the national hero of the Philippines?

These reviewers cover essential concepts in geography, history, and civics, providing a comprehensive
overview to help students prepare for their Hekasi exams.