Coffee Dryer

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages around the world. Coffee provides
a substantial portion of the income for almost 25 million farmers in 50 countries
worldwide (Cague et al. 2009). Coffee is grown in tropical and subtropical regions of
Central and South America, Africa, and South East Asia, primarily in areas with
temperate and humid weather.
Coffee consumption has long been considered normal in the Philippines. The
Philippines is unique in that it grows four types of coffee: Arabica, Excelsa, Liberica,
and Robusta (Peace and Equity Foundation 2016). According to history, coffee was
first introduced in the Philippines about two centuries ago. It also generates revenue
for many local farmers and companies (Tan, 2020). Coffee is the world's second most
traded commodity, after petroleum (Chengappa & Devika, 2016).
Coffee shrub is a woody perennial evergreen shrub that thrives in hot, damp
tropical climates. It is a dicotyledonous plant of the Rubiacea family and comes in
several kinds, including Arabica, Robusta, Liberica, and Excelsa. It features a main
orthotropic trunk with plagiotropic branches. Coffea arabica (Arabica) and Coffea
canephora (Robusta) are the two most common species grown today. C. Arabica
accounts for 75-80% of global production, while C. Canephora is more durable than
arabica, but it produces a less tasty beverage.

The coffee fruit, also known as a berry or cherry, is ovoid in shape and varies
in color according on ripeness, ranging from green in immature fruits to red-violet or
dark red. The blossoms are white and heavily fragrant. The trees produce tasty red or
purple indehiscent drupes consisting of grain, pulp, and paper. Janissen and Huynh
(2018) refer to the two seeds as "coffee beans" (Loaëc, 2004).
The Philippines has good climatic conditions for coffee cultivation and a
diverse range of local coffee kinds for quality enhancement. However, coffee quality
deteriorates from time to time for a variety of reasons that are currently practiced by
the majority of coffee farmers and/or traders. Quality difficulties are primarily the
result of inappropriate post-harvest processing and handling procedures, such as
drying on bare ground and pavement, incorrect wet processing, storage, and
transportation, poor agronomic methods such as inadequate shade level, lack of
stamping, pruning, and weeding, and poor harvesting practices such as stripping and
gathering dropped fruits from the ground, among other things (Nure, 2008).
Furthermore, the Philippine Statistics Authority reports that overall output has
decreased by approximately 16.17%, from 72,341.82 tons in 2015 to 60,640.95 tons in
2020. Over the last four years (2016-2019), the area dedicated to coffee farming
decreased by about 1.8% per year, but increased in 2020. Furthermore, over the last
decade, production per hectare has declined by around 2.53% per year, while yield per
bearing tree has reduced by about 2.09% per year. The coffee business confronts
considerable obstacles, such as inefficient postharvest procedures and antiquated
postharvest infrastructure (Department of Agriculture 2022).

Drying is a post-harvest process for removing moisture from freshly harvested
crops or vegetables. This method extends crop shelf life while also preventing the
growth of fungus and bacteria that can cause spoiling. There are two ways to dry
coffee beans: conventional and mechanical. The typical procedure involves drying in
direct sunlight. However, this approach has some disadvantages, including a longer
drying time, reliance on weather, and a higher risk of fungal and bacterium infection
of coffee beans.
Drying wet coffee beans in direct sunshine takes 5-7 days and reduces
moisture content from 45 to 50% to 18-20%. After removing the horn skin, it is dried
for two more days to achieve a moisture level of 11-12.5%. Traditional drying of
coffee beans in direct sunlight with or without a base in the open air promotes the
formation of 10 to 13 fungus species. The prolonged and delayed drying times lead to
the poor quality of coffee beans. As a result, cracked and black beans develop, and
moisture content rises, resulting in a drop in quality. Because of the negative
repercussions of drying coffee beans in traditional methods, it is necessary to address
these issues by employing a drying machine as an alternative. This issue has been
repeatedly seen in the coffee business, as reported by Idago and Dela Cruz in 2015 and
the Philippine Coffee business Roadmap from 2021 to 2025.
A PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) controller is a popular closed-loop
control system in the process industry, known for its ability to provide excellent
performance across several processes using a very basic algorithm. The PID
controller, which consists of three key components - Proportional (P), Integral (I), and
Derivative (D), operates by continuously adjusting a control signal sent to an actuator
based on feedback from the process variable (PV), which is the system's measured
physical quantity aimed at matching a desired setpoint (SP).
The Proportional (P) component largely responds to the current error between
SP and PV by altering the control signal in proportion to the error. Its supremacy in
control action is centered on lowering present errors. Integral (I) control takes into
account past errors throughout time, integrating the error signal to eliminate any
steady-state defects in the system. It works alongside proportional control to improve
system performance. Meanwhile, the Derivative (D) component predicts future errors
by examining the rate of change of the error signal. It modifies the control signal to
reduce oscillations and increase the system's transient performance.
In the realm of coffee post-harvest processing, the drying operation is a critical
phase. Traditionally, many coffee farmers used the natural sun-drying method, laying
out the coffee beans on terraces. However, this strategy poses significant obstacles. It
requires a significant amount of labor, takes a long time, and is very dependent on
weather conditions. As coffee production grows, sun-drying becomes increasingly
impractical. Mechanical drying then becomes necessary, providing various benefits. It
allows for the advancement of harvesting processes, resulting in higher-quality and
higher-quantity coffee outputs. Furthermore, it enables for the repurposing of useful
land for alternative activities, which is an important factor in areas where land is
restricted. The adjustment of moisture content is crucial to the conservation of
agricultural products via the drying process. Critical metabolic pathways, such as
those driven by bacteria and enzymes, are effectively slowed when water supply is
reduced to levels suitable for safe storage. This prevention of chemical reactions and
microbiological development protects coffee beans' quality and extends their shelf life
(Resende, 2006). As a result, the researchers want to create a Vertical Mixing Dryer
for Coffee Beans with the implementation of an Arduino-based PID controller for
Temperature Control, which will be extremely advantageous to farmers and the
environment.
The design and development of a vertical mixing dryer for coffee beans,
together with the use of an Arduino-based PID controller for temperature control,
represents a significant leap in coffee processing technology. This new technology
allows for the effective drying of coffee beans while also incorporating a PID
(Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller for accurate temperature regulation. This
integration not only provides appropriate drying conditions but also reduces energy
usage, making it a viable alternative to traditional drying methods. Farmers will gain
tremendously from this breakthrough in coffee processing. By using the drying
method, they can save time compared to traditional drying, cutting operational
expenses and environmental effect. The automated temperature control feature
provided by the PID controller improves the quality and consistency of dried coffee
beans, resulting in increased market value and higher profits for growers.
The addition of computerized controls to the Vertical Mixing Dryer marks a
significant advancement in coffee bean processing. The PID controller, programmed
using modern microcontroller units such as Arduino, allows for accurate temperature
adjustment during the drying process. The incorporation of electronic controllers such
as the Arduino Uno has enormous potential for improving performance. As a result,
the dryer system programs the temperature and humidity sensors with Arduino UNO
and controls the temperature with PID controllers. The use of PID control in the dryer
system allows for accurate temperature regulation, which is critical for maintaining the
delicate flavors and aromas of coffee beans. The PID controller optimizes energy
usage and reduces drying time by dynamically altering heating components in
response to real-time feedback, resulting in increased efficiency and cost-
effectiveness.
The drier system, which includes a PID controller for temperature regulation,
is a pioneering solution to the issues faced in the coffee bean processing industry. This
unique technique tackles concerns like excessive energy use and manual drying
procedures, ushering in a new era of sustainable coffee production.
Understanding the importance of temperature management in coffee bean
drying is vital for maintaining product safety and quality. The PID controller
guarantees that the drying temperature is properly controlled, reducing the possibility
of mold formation and contamination. Furthermore, the electronic controls improve
energy efficiency, lowering operational expenses and increasing productivity.
The Vertical Mixing Dryer, which incorporates a PID controller for
temperature control, provides various benefits to coffee manufacturers, including
higher product quality, increased efficiency, and energy savings. This breakthrough
method not only matches the needs of modern coffee processing, but it also protects
the distinct qualities of each coffee bean variety.
Statement of the Problem
In the realm of coffee bean processing, there exist multifaceted challenges that
pose significant barriers to both productivity and sustainability. One such hurdle is the
absence of efficient drying solutions, leading to suboptimal utilization of coffee beans
and substantial revenue loss for farmers. Oversupply and inconsistent drying methods
contribute to a scenario where high-quality beans often go to waste due to market
fluctuations and improper handling. Moreover, traditional drying techniques, often
reliant on natural sunlight or rudimentary mechanical systems, prove insufficient in
ensuring uniform drying and quality preservation, leading to inconsistent product
outcomes as well as the manual labor involved in the drying process adds to
production costs and time constraints. In relation to this, the following question was
formulated:
1. How to design and fabricate a vertical mixing dryer for coffee beans with
implementation of an arduino-based PID controller for temperature
control?
2. What components was used for the integration system? and;
3. What must be done to test the functionality of the system?

Objectives of the Study
The main purpose of the dryer system is to provide a workable and creative
solution that will improve coffee farming production while also fitting in with
international goals for the progress of sustainable agriculture.
The listed below are the specific objectives of the study:
1. Design and fabricate a vertical mixing dryer for coffee beans with implementation
of an arduino-based PID controller for temperature control
2. Find appropriate components to program and debug the integration system.
3. Test the functionality of the system.
By achieving these objectives, the Vertical Mixing Dryer for Coffee Beans
With Implementation of an Arduino-based PID controller for Temperature Control
would help to address the challenges faced by coffee farmers and the agricultural
sector as a whole. The innovative solution has the potential to transform the coffee
processing industry by offering a sustainable and effective method for drying and
enhancing the value of coffee beans.
Significance of the Study

The aim of this research is to provide valuable insights and information on the
drying of coffee beans. The findings of this study are expected to benefit various
stakeholders, including:
Farmers. This innovation can help reduce the labor-intensive work involved in
manually drying of coffee, making it more efficient and cost-effective. Additionally,
empowering smallholder farmers through farmer organizations can enhance their
collaborative efforts to reduce post-harvest losses and improve their overall
productivity.
Coffee Processors or Cooperatives. Organizations involved in processing
coffee beans could benefit from increased efficiency and consistency in the drying
process, leading to higher-quality products and potentially reduced costs.
Future Researchers. This study can serve as a reference or inspiration for
future researchers interested in designing similar machines for drying coffee beans.
Consumers. Better quality control in the drying process could result in higher-
quality coffee beans reaching consumers, leading to a better coffee-drinking
experience.
Local Communities. Depending on the scale of implementation, the project
could create employment opportunities and contribute to the economic development of
the region where it is deployed.
Scope and Delimitation

This project focuses on innovating a vertical mixing dryer for coffee beans. It
involves the fabrication of a dryer machine that efficiently dries coffee beans while
implementing an Arduino-based PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller for
precise temperature control. The study encompasses the selection of suitable materials,
optimizing design parameters for maximum drying efficiency, and testing the final
prototype of the dryer machine.
The primary objective is to provide a sustainable solution for coffee bean
processing that reduces reliance on conventional drying. However, the study is limited
to the technical aspects of designing and fabricating the vertical mixing dryer. It does
not cover the commercial production of dried coffee beans or the economic feasibility
of operating such a machine on a large scale. Excluded from this study are aspects
such as the storage and preservation of the dried coffee beans, the analysis of
microbial contents of the dried coffee beans, and the evaluation of the social and
environmental impacts of using a vertical mixing drying system for coffee beans.
Operational Definition of Terms
Arduino Uno. It is a microcontroller board that is open source. The Board has
sets of I/O (input/output) pins for both digital and analog signals. These was used to
program the sensor such as temperature, humidity, airflow, and PID controllers.
Drying. Drying is the process of removing moisture or water content from a
substance, typically to preserve it or prepare it for further use. It can be done through
various methods such as exposure to air, sunlight, heat, or using specialized equipment
like dehydrators. In the context of the study, drying refers to the drying of coffee.
Post Harvest losses. Post-harvest losses refer to the reduction in quantity and
quality of agricultural produce that occurs between the time of harvest and
consumption.
Sustainability. Sustainability refers to the ability to meet the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It
encompasses three main pillars: environmental, economic, and social
Coffee Bean. Coffee beans are the seeds of the Coffea plant, which are
harvested, processed, and roasted to make coffee.
PID controller. A PID controller, which stands for Proportional-Integral-
Derivative controller, is a type of feedback control system used in a wide range of
industrial and engineering applications to regulate processes and maintain desired
setpoints.
Temperature control. Temperature control refers to the process of regulating
the temperature of a system or environment to achieve and maintain a desired setpoint.

Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE
Related Literature
The Philippine economy is heavily dependent on agriculture. Approximately
40% of Filipino laborers are employed in it, and on average, it makes up 20% of GDP.
The primary source of this output is agribusiness, which produces over 70% of all
agricultural output. (Madayag & Estanislao, 2021).
One of the most significant industries in the Philippines is agriculture, which in
2013 employed 31% of working-age Filipinos and accounted for 32% of land
utilization and 10% of the country's GDP. However, the productivity, efficiency, and
competitiveness of the agriculture sector are still dropping, especially in crops where
the Philippines has a comparative advantage.
(Anderson, 2016).
Philippine Star (2018) claims that the nation's agriculture industry is
collapsing. Only 25.96% of Filipinos work in the agriculture sector, according to the
report, which indicates that the sector is still having difficulty gaining traction and
becoming a priority when compared to some of its neighboring countries that place a
higher focus on agriculture. Its proportional share of the GDP has been steadily
declining in recent years. (Brown et al., 2018).
From 1998 to 2009, the sector made up 13–14% of the total, but by 2017, it
had dropped to 10%. The agriculture industry is not necessarily diminishing even if its
contribution is declining. It suggests that the services sector and structural changes are
growing at a quicker rate. (Brown et al., 2018). 30% of the workforce in the nation is
employed in agriculture notwithstanding the downturn. (Brown et al., 2018). One of
the main issues impeding the Philippine rice value chain and lowering the industry's
competitiveness is the high postharvest losses and dearth of postharvest facilities.
With a total output of 2.77 thousand metric tons in the second quarter of 2023,
the Philippines had a tiny increase in green coffee bean production compared to the
same period in 2022. This represents a moderate gain of 1.8 percent. Out of all the
coffee varieties that are grown, Robusta is the most widely grown variety. It accounted
for 1.63 thousand metric tons, or 58.7%, of the nation's total coffee production this
quarter. With an astounding production of 710.23 metric tons, the Bangsamoro
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) stood out as the major
contributor to the country's coffee output. corresponding to 25.6% of the total. The
regions of Davao and SOCCSKSARGEN, with output numbers of 619.92 and 658.86
metric tons, respectively, came in close second. Cagayan Valley, on the other hand,
produced 151.57 metric tons, lagging behind. Furthermore, data from January to June
2023 showed a little decline of -0.1 percent in the total area planted to all varieties of
coffee, coming in at 111.19 thousand hectares, as opposed to 111.39 thousand hectares
the year before. (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2023).
The coffee tree belongs to the group of plants known as the Angiosperms, or
Angiospermae, in scientific terminology. This implies that the plant reproduces by
producing seeds that are housed in an ovary, which is a box-shaped structure at the
base of the flower. (Ukers, 2012). It is a member of the Rubiaceae family of plants,
which includes more than 6000 species and 500 genera. Gardenias are among the
family's other members. Coffee is a member of the Rubiaceae family, which is by far
the most significant economically. It is genus Coffea. Numerous subgenera fall within
the genus Coffea. The subgenus Eucoffea includes coffee as one of them. Another
significant genus in the Rubiaceae family is Psylanthus; species of Psylanthus are
sometimes confused with those of the Coffea genus. (Ukers, 2012).
The fruit is made up of five parts: (1) the skin, also known as the epicarp or
exocarp, which is a monocellular layer that covers the fruit and is typically red, dark
pink, or yellow; (2) the pulp, also known as the mesocarp, which is a fleshy layer of
mucilage that adheres to parchment when the fruit is ripe; (3) the parchment, also
known as the endocarp, which is a thin, crumbly layer of polysaccharide covering; (4)
the silverskin, which is the seed coat made mostly of polysaccharides, particularly
cellulose and hemicelluloses, along with monosaccharides, proteins, polyphenols, and
other minor compounds; and (5) two elliptical or egg-shaped seeds that contain
endosperm and embryos (Food and Agriculture Organization). (FAO), 2014).

Tropical and subtropical areas have hosted the growth of the coffee tree, an
evergreen plant. As of right now, 124 species of coffee have been discovered. (Davis
et al., 2011), However, the two most widely available varieties are Coffea arabica
(arabica) and Coffea canephora (robusta). The agronomic, biochemical, and sensory
characteristics of the grain, the market, and the applications of their products vary
among these species. (Ferrão et al., 2019). Guinea is the birthplace of robusta coffee in
the Congo Basin. Its geographic range was inside the African continent, and its
botanical categorization dates back to 1895–1897. (Ferrão et al., 2019), has greater
heat tolerance (Bunn et al., 2015). The most widely grown variety of this kind of
coffee, Conilon, has the greatest potential for productivity. (Busato, 2022; SEBRAE,
2013). 46.66% of the world's coffee is produced there. (USDA, 2022). Global futures
and commodity exchanges, including those in New York and London, are the primary
venues for trading coffee. Its production is vital to the global economy since it creates
millions of jobs for people worldwide through processing, commerce, transportation,
and marketing. The economics of many developing nations depend heavily on this
dimension. (Grüter et al., 2022).
Through the use of a feedback loop, the PID controller regulates a system
parameter known as the process variable (PV), which is intended to match the setpoint
(SP), the desired output. Any physical quantity in the system that may be manipulated
and monitored using a sensor is called a PV. The difference between SP and PV, or
"error," is what the PID controller employs in each loop to regulate the system. It
functions more like a machine that calculates the error in each loop and sends the
appropriate signals to an actuator—a device that acts in accordance with the
controller's instructions—in order to reduce the error. (Bista, 2016).
The term proportional (P) deals with the current discrepancy between the
process variable (PV) and the setpoint (SP). By acting in proportion to this error, it
tries to move the PV toward the SP. The P-term by itself, however, might not be
enough to completely remove steady-state errors (SSE) as the error decreases, and
raising its value could cause oscillations, overshoot, and instability. Consequently, to
create a PI-controller, it is frequently combined with the I-term.
(Bista, 2016).Integral (I) Term: This term tries to remove steady-state errors by taking
into account the cumulative error over time. In an effort to equalize the amount of time
the PV spends above and below the SP, it integrates all previous errors up to the
present. On the other hand, overly integral action may lead to overshoot and harm
delicate systems. (Bista, 2016).
Derivative (D) Term: By assessing the PV's rate of change, the D-term projects
future changes. By opposing the P and I terms' actions as the PV gets closer to the SP,
it seeks to prevent overshoot. On the other hand, excessive derivative action can cause
the system to become unstable, particularly when noise or abrupt changes occur in the
PV. It may also make it more difficult to make quick offset corrections and increase
actuator wear. (Bista, 2016).
Manual vs Mechanical drying of coffee
One of the most crucial phases in the processing of coffee is drying. Even
today, many coffee growers still dry their coffee beans naturally on terraces. This
method, however, is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and dependent on weather
conditions. Due to the possibility of advancing the harvesting process, which allows
for the harvesting of better coffee in terms of quality and quantity and makes it
possible to designate usable areas for other activities, mechanical drying becomes
necessary as coffee production increases and sun drying on terraces becomes
problematic. (Ghosh, 2014).
The primary concern with drying is the reduction of moisture content up to a
specific limit of 12% (w.b.). Drying lengthens the product's storage period while
reducing loss to the lowest feasible level. Overdried beans will be brittle by nature,
and if the moisture content is higher than what is considered safe for storage, mold
growth in the beans increases the likelihood that they will become unfit for further
processing. Sun drying and mechanical drying are the two types of drying methods
that are typically used in the coffee processing industry. The coffee has a moisture
content of roughly 55–60% at first, and after drying, it should have a final moisture
content of about 12% (wb). Drying should be uniform and even in order to achieve the
right color and size as well as to remove pests so that the coffee can be stored for
longer periods of time. Due to the seasonality of coffee production, traditional sun
drying is very difficult. Unpredictable weather events have the potential to raise the
moisture content and extend the drying period to a duration of seven to eleven days.
(Ghosh, 2014).
Application of Arduino Based PID controller and impact on temperature

In agricultural production, drying is a crucial step that ensures safe storage,
maximizes shelf life, and reduces post-harvest losses. As emphasized by Liu et al.
(2019) and Xiao (2019), appropriate drying methods improve food safety while
simultaneously expanding the supply of fresh agricultural products. But the frequency
of microbial contamination and post-harvest losses brought on by insufficient drying
techniques highlight the critical need for drying process and technology innovation
and research. Constant-temperature control systems are commonly employed in drying
processes; however, , Abdenouri (2022) observes that there aren't many systems
available for controlling drying processes' temperature. This technological gap draws
attention to how inadequate the systems in place for variable-temperature drying
processes are, which makes the development of more complex control algorithms
necessary.
Promising in tackling the difficulties associated with drying at variable
temperatures is the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. The PID
controller is a well-established algorithm for controlling temperature in drying
operations. It is widely acknowledged for its ability to efficiently combine system
errors in a linear fashion and provide feedback to the controlled object. However, as
Espinoza (2018) points out, the PID controller's efficacy depends on the proportional,
integral, and derivative parameters being pre-set, which frequently depends on
subjective human experience. This subjective component adds a level of ambiguity to
the control procedure, which could reduce the controller's effectiveness in situations
involving variable drying temperatures.

The proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller shows promise in
addressing the problems associated with variable-temperature drying. The PID
controller, which is well-known for its ability to combine system errors linearly and
provide feedback to the controlled object, provides a well-developed algorithm for
controlling temperature in drying operations. But as Espinoza (2018) points out, the
PID controller's efficacy depends on the proportional, integral, and derivative
parameters being pre-set beforehand—a process that frequently draws on human
judgment. In situations where the drying temperature varies, this subjective
component may limit the controller's effectiveness by adding a level of uncertainty to
the control process.
Figure 1. Electric Motor
The electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. The first electric motor was invented by British scientist William Sturgeon in
1832. The first practical electric motor was invented by American inventor Thomas
Davenport in 1834. The vertical mixing dryer system requires a motor to run the
mixing mechanism of the dryer. The size and power of the motor will depend on the
size of the machine.

Figure 2. Arduino Mega 2560
The Arduino Mega 2560 Rev3 is a versatile microcontroller board based on the
ATmega2560. With its 54 digital I/O pins, 16 analog inputs, and multiple
communication interfaces including UART, SPI, and I2C, it offers extensive
connectivity options suitable for a wide range of projects. Its 256 KB of flash memory,
8 KB of SRAM, and 4 KB of EEPROM provide ample space for storing programs and
data. The Mega 2560 supports both USB and external power supply, making it easy to
power and program. Its compatibility with various shields designed for Arduino
Duemilanove or Diecimila expands its capabilities further. This board finds
applications in robotics, automation, data logging, and prototyping due to its
robustness, processing power, and comprehensive I/O features. Its larger size
compared to standard Arduino boards allows for easier integration of components,
making it a preferred choice for projects requiring more complex functionalities and
scalability. The dryer system will use Arduino Mega 2560 to program the PID
controller as well as the temperature sensor.

Figure 3. LCD Arduino with I2C module
I2C Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) are versatile display modules that
leverage the I2C communication protocol for simplified integration into various
projects. Unlike traditional parallel LCDs, I2C LCDs typically require only two pins
for communication: SDA and SCL, reducing the pin count and making them ideal for
projects with limited GPIO pins, such as those involving microcontrollers like
Arduino or Raspberry Pi. Their ease of use is further enhanced by the availability of
libraries and code examples for popular platforms, facilitating seamless programming.
These displays come in various sizes and offer features like adjustable contrast,
backlight control, and support for custom characters. Widely used in embedded
systems, DIY electronics, education, and prototyping, I2C LCDs serve as essential
components for displaying sensor data, status information, user interfaces, and more.
Figure 4. Temperature Sensor
Type K thermocouples are widely used temperature sensors known for their
accuracy, reliability, and versatility. They are composed of two different metal alloys,
typically chromel (90% nickel and 10% chromium) and alumel (95% nickel, 2%
manganese, 2% aluminum, and 1% silicon), which generate a voltage proportional to
the temperature difference between the hot junction (where the two metals meet) and
the reference junction (where the wires are connected to measurement instruments).
One of the key advantages of Type K thermocouples is their wide temperature range,
typically from -200°C to +1300°C (-328°F to +2372°F), making them suitable for a
broad range of applications across. The vertical mixing dryer system will use a
temperature sensor to measure the temperature inside the drying chamber and it will
be programmed using Arduino Mega 2560.
Figure 5. Centrifugal Blower
A centrifugal blower is a motor or pump that moves air using the centrifugal
force created by the rotation of an impeller that pulls air or fluids into the blower and
pushes it out through the blower’s outlet. They are made up of an impeller, housing,
and drive mechanism, with the impeller being the key element that has a series of
blades mounted on a central hub connected to a fan shaft. The drive design of a
centrifugal blower, which can be a belt or direct drive, determines the speed at which
the impeller rotates. The speed and efficiency of centrifugal blowers make them
adaptable to a wide range of applications, including various types of dryers and
HVAC systems. he angle of the blades of a centrifugal blower determines its
efficiency and effectiveness or how fast it moves air through the system. The three
varieties of blade angles are forward curved, backward curved, and radial.
Figure 6. Electrical Wires
Wire and cable have a long history dating back hundreds of years. Rapid
advancements in technology and equipment altered how we produced a variety of
things, from textiles to iron. Michael Faraday experimented with a magnet and a
current-carrying wire in the 1820s and discovered electromagnetic conduction as a
result. Some of the significant turning points in the history of electrical wires include
the light bulb, power lines, telegraph, telephone, and workplace electrification. An
electrical wire is a type of conductor that creates conductivity between two
components of an electrical circuit. They possess negligible resistance to the passage
of current. Electrical wires will be required to connect all components of the drying
system.
Figure 7. Positive Temperature Coefficient Heater
PTC heating elements are made of a special type of ceramic material that
exhibits a positive temperature coefficient of resistance. This means that as the
temperature of the element increases, its electrical resistance also increases. This
unique property allows PTC heating elements to self-regulate their temperature,
making them suitable for applications where precise temperature control is required.
Related Studies
The study conducted by Rodolfo et al. (2016) in Balbalan, Kalinga,
Philippines, aimed to assess the socio-economic status of coffee farmers and identify
the challenges they face in coffee production, harvesting, post-harvesting, and
marketing. The findings shed light on several key issues impacting the local coffee
industry.
One significant problem identified is the practice of stripping coffee berries,
where both ripe and unripe berries are harvested simultaneously. This practice
contradicts the recommended "Pick Red Campaign" advocated by the Philippine

Coffee Board, which emphasizes harvesting only ripe cherries. Ripe cherries are easier
to pulp and typically produce higher-quality coffee. However, the farmers' reliance on
strip harvesting suggests a lack of awareness or access to information regarding best
practices in coffee harvesting. Furthermore, the absence of proper drying facilities
poses a challenge to farmers during the post-harvesting stage. With limited drying
options, many farmers resort to drying coffee berries in open areas exposed to
sunlight. While sunlight can aid in reducing moisture content, leaving the berries in
open areas for extended periods, sometimes up to 24 hours, increases the risk of
exposure to rain. This inconsistent and uncontrolled drying process ultimately
degrades the quality of the coffee beans, leading to lower market prices. Insufficient
knowledge and training on proper harvesting, drying, and storage practices emerge as
underlying issues contributing to the degradation of coffee quality. Despite some
farmers acknowledging the benefits of harvesting ripe berries for better aroma and
flavor, traditional practices such as strip harvesting persist. This lack of knowledge or
adherence to best practices in harvesting, drying, and storage further exacerbates the
deterioration of coffee quality and, consequently, affects farmers' income potential.
The research conducted by Susana et al. (2022) aimed to evaluate the
effectiveness of rotary dryers in small-scale cherry coffee drying, utilizing hot air
generated from rice husk conversion into thermal energy via a heat exchanger. The
study found that traditional sun drying methods were significantly slower compared to
rotary dryers due to suboptimal temperatures. Specifically, while sun drying took 16
days to reduce moisture content to 13.14%, rotary dryers achieved similar results in
just three to four days, with drying times ranging from 480 minutes to 1920 minutes,
depending on the coffee mass variation. The research highlighted the crucial role of
temperature in the drying process, with rotary dryers capable of significantly
increasing ambient temperatures from approximately 29.44°C to over 50°C, thereby
accelerating drying rates. This temperature enhancement led to improved drying
efficiency, with the rotary dryer achieving its highest efficiency at a mass variation of
20 kg. Additionally, the study emphasized the sustainable aspect of using rice husks as
an energy source, which not only adds value to agricultural waste but also reduces
post-harvest drying costs for smallholder farmers.
Baquero et al. (2018) conducted a study at the Universidad de los Llanos
focusing on the design of a PID controller for temperature regulation in the drying
process of corn grain. The objective was to enhance the quality of corn grain by
preventing mold growth, putrefaction, and infestation by storage insects. The research
was divided into three main stages: establishing the system characteristics, designing
the PID controller, and validating the results through simulations in MATLAB®. The
results and discussions of the study revealed that the PID controller exhibited
favorable performance, particularly in terms of transient response. The system showed
no maximum overshoot, with a rapid rise time of only 8 seconds, and achieved
stabilization at the desired temperature within 10 seconds. Importantly, the presence of
dead time in the system did not significantly impact the controller's performance.
Additionally, the study utilized the Nyquist stability criteria for frequency
analysis of the designed system. The analysis indicated that the system was stable,
further validating the effectiveness of the PID controller in regulating temperature
during the corn grain drying process. The Ziegler-Nichols tuning method provided
appropriate PID controller constants, which were crucial for ensuring effective
temperature regulation during corn grain drying. The stability analysis of the
controller revealed short stabilization times and no steady-state error, suggesting
promising performance for future implementation. Moreover, the frequency response
analysis indicated that the corn grain drying process would likely yield satisfactory
results, enabling the commercialization of high-quality products. Overall, the study
demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of using a PID controller to improve the
quality and commercial viability of dried corn grain.
Similar studies conducted by Uvayzov (2023) that into the application of a
digital Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller for managing temperature in
agricultural product drying chambers. The PID controller, implemented through
program code on a microcontroller, orchestrates automatic temperature adjustments
based on the differential between the current sensor reading and the desired setpoint.
This differential, termed as the control error, forms the basis for the proportional (P),
integral (I), and derivative (D) components of the controller. The proportional
component amplifies the error, the integral component accumulates error over time to
eliminate steady-state error, and the derivative component anticipates and counteracts
future errors, thereby enhancing system stability.
The controller coefficients (kp, ki, kd) are crucial for fine-tuning the
controller's response. By progressively adjusting these coefficients, the system can be

optimized for stability and responsiveness. However, excessively high or low values
of these coefficients can lead to oscillations, sluggish responses, or overshoots,
respectively. The study proposes a method for determining these coefficients
empirically, ensuring optimal performance without oscillations. The research
highlights the significance of PID control in enhancing the reliability and precision of
temperature regulation in agricultural drying processes. By leveraging microprocessor
technology, the PID controller facilitates real-time monitoring and control, enabling
automation and optimization of drying parameters. This not only streamlines the
drying process but also opens avenues for integrating advanced intelligent
technologies, promising further enhancements in product quality and process
efficiency. Overall, the study underscores the pivotal role of digital PID controllers in
modernizing and improving agricultural drying processes.
Nagaraja et al. (2020) investigated the impact of drying temperature on the cup
quality of robusta coffee subjected to mechanical drying compared to conventional sun
drying. The study found that as drying temperatures increased, both the moisture
percentage and drying time decreased. Mechanical drying at temperatures of 40°C,
50°C, and 60°C significantly reduced the total drying period compared to sun drying,
with reductions ranging from 50% to 66.6% for parchment coffee and 45% to 63% for
cherry coffee. However, the energy utilization and operation costs were notably higher
for mechanical drying, especially at higher temperatures. In terms of sensory analysis,
sun-dried robusta parchment coffee received the highest cup rating, followed by those
dried at lower temperatures in the mechanical dryer. Notably, robusta cherry coffee
dried at 40°C in the mechanical dryer scored equal or higher quality points than sun-
dried coffees, suggesting that drying temperature plays a crucial role in preserving
coffee quality. High drying temperatures were found to deteriorate coffee quality due
to damage to cell membranes, highlighting the importance of maintaining
temperatures below 40°C for robusta coffee drying. In conclusion, mechanical drying
demonstrated significant advantages over sun drying in terms of reduced drying hours
and preservation of coffee quality when operated at temperatures below 40°C. This
suggests that mechanical drying could offer a more efficient and quality-preserving
alternative to sun drying for coffee processing, albeit at higher energy costs.
Similar studies conducted by Soeswanto et al. (2021) delves into the evolving
landscape of coffee bean drying technology, aiming to assess its current status,
advantages, and limitations. The primary objective is to achieve coffee beans with
desired quality parameters, including moisture content, drying time, and energy
consumption. The study evaluates three main types of thermal radiation dryers: tray
dryer, rotary dryer, and fluidized bed dryer. Key findings suggest that the selection of
drying air temperature and relative humidity is crucial for ensuring microbiological
safety and brew quality. The study concludes that drying coffee beans to reduce the
water content to 12% w.b. facilitates product handling, reduces storage requirements,
lowers transportation costs, improves appearance, prevents microbial growth,
maintains nutritional value, and upholds organoleptic qualities such as flavor and
aroma. The conclusions drawn from the research highlight the multifaceted
importance of drying coffee beans. The intricate balance between drying air
temperature and relative humidity is emphasized as critical for preserving the taste
properties of the coffee brew. The study indicates that the most efficient drying occurs
at an air temperature of 50°C, resulting in significantly reduced drying time and
energy consumption compared to lower temperatures, while still maintaining a high-
quality coffee brew.
The study, titled "Drying process optimisation in a mixed-flow batch grain
dryer" by Ahokas (2014), investigates methods to enhance energy efficiency and
performance in grain drying operations, crucial in arable farming, particularly in
temperate regions. While higher drying air temperatures present opportunities for
energy savings, there's a delicate balance as excessive heat can compromise grain
viability. Ahokas aimed to explore energy-saving methods by manipulating drying air
temperature and airflow in a scaled-down dryer setup. Results showcased that
controlling temperature and airflow can significantly enhance energy efficiency and
dryer performance. With airflow control, energy savings reached 5% for barley and
14% for oats, with respective improvements in evaporation rates of 5% and 17%.
Notably, the advantage of airflow control varied with the type of cereal, being more
pronounced for oats, possibly due to their larger size and rounder shape leading to
longer moisture diffusion times. However, high temperatures during oat drying caused
some viability degradation. Conversely, barley showed resilience to drying damages
despite higher grain temperatures. The study suggests implementing a control system
based on drying air temperature, exhaust air humidity, and grain temperatures, which
could be easily integrated into existing or new dryers. Such a system would enable
optimization of drying parameters tailored to each cereal species, considering moisture
content and release rate, thus allowing flexibility for different end-use purposes. The
importance of understanding temperature tolerance across cereal varieties and
moisture contents, as well as differences in water diffusion rates within grains, is
emphasized for designing effective control systems. Model-based drying control
emerges as a potential approach, utilizing specific cereal species and initial moisture
content data for automation and optimization.
Synthesis
The related literatures and studies serves as an inducement for this study.
Based on previous research, several strategies were incorporated into the prototype
design. These strategies were applied in this study since they had previously been
successful in research and had shown to be effective and valuable. Baquero et al.
(2018) assessed the design of a PID controller for temperature regulation in the drying
processes. Similar studies conducted by Uvayzov (2023) the application of a digital
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller using microcontrollers for managing
temperature in agricultural product drying chambers.
The past research used different methods in improving the quality of coffee
beans through the use of different mechanical dryers and sun drying methods. The
studies by Susana et al. (2022) and Nagaraja et al . (2020) provide compelling
evidence regarding the importance of temperature control in coffee drying processes.
Susana et al. (2022) demonstrated that rotary dryers with precise temperature control
significantly outperformed traditional sun drying methods in terms of efficiency and
quality preservation. These studies highlight the importance of drying system in the
postharvest coffee processing. The efficiency gains and quality preservation
advantages offered by mechanical drying methods are evident across the literature.
Nagaraja et al. (2020) found that mechanical drying reduced drying time and
preserved coffee quality when operated at optimal temperatures. Similarly, the study
by Soeswanto et al. (2021) emphasizes the importance of thermal radiation dryers,
such as rotary dryers, in achieving desired quality parameters while reducing energy
consumption and drying time. By integrating an Arduino-based PID controller into the
Vertical Mixing Dryer, the system can achieve precise temperature regulation, as
demonstrated by Uvayzov (2023). The PID controller's ability to automate
temperature adjustments based on real-time feedback ensures consistent and reliable
drying conditions, thereby enhancing process control and efficiency.
Thus, design and fabrication studies provide a compelling starting point for
new product development. It is essential to focus on environmentally friendly and
sustainable solutions to tackle the challenges of modern-day living. By combining the
findings of separate studies, we can improve existing devices while creating new and
innovative products that can help tackle global challenges. The application of
technology such as temperature sensor, airflow sensor, and temperature controller in
the vertical mixing dryer machine development reinforces the concept of responsible
innovation and encourages individuals to make a meaningful contribution to the
environment and their communities.

Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
DUQUE, ELLYMAR F., LOSCOS, EDENICA FEIGH D., CALUYA, MC

JHORDAN O., TOLENTINO, MERCILYN V., PUGAYAN, JAYVIE JOHN O.,
ROBLES, KURT REWARD YHEN A.
College of Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Nueva

Vizcaya State University, Bambang 3702, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
ellymarduque777@gmail.com
nicadomingloscos05@gmail.com
jhordancaluya244@gmail.com
mercilyntolentino@gmail.com
jayviejohn.dreammaker@gmail.com
roblesyennie@gmail.com
Abstract
Millions of farmers around the world rely on the production of coffee as their primary
source of income, and the Philippines is one of the major producers of different
varieties. Quality and productivity have been impacted by ongoing difficulties with
post-harvest processing, particularly drying. Using the sun to dry materials produces
results that are not always consistent and requires a lot of labor. This work suggests
building a vertical mixing dryer with precise temperature control using PID control
based on Arduino to overcome these issues. To maximize the drying process, this
creative dryer incorporates a PID controller, which is well-known for its efficacy in
closed-loop control systems. Through constant temperature adjustment in response to

feedback, it guarantees regular drying, hence reducing problems such as fungal
contamination and uneven quality. Furthermore, the utilization of electronic controls,
enabled by the Arduino Uno microcontroller, results in increased efficacy and
decreased energy usage. The potential for this study to transform the coffee
processing industry and benefit farmers, processors, consumers, and local
communities makes it significant. This method can increase production, decrease
post-harvest losses, and improve product quality by optimizing the drying process. In
addition, it helps achieve sustainability objectives by reducing its negative effects on
the environment and generating jobs in coffee-producing areas. Despite the technical
features of this study, its conclusions can be used as a starting point for more
investigation and advancement in the field of coffee processing technology. This
project is to support the development of sustainable agriculture and the coffee
industry overall by tackling important drying challenges.
Keywords: Vertical Mixing Dryer, PID controller, Arduino based Control System,
Coffee Beans, Postharvest Losses
Introduction
Using the Philippines as a focal point, the research study offers a thorough
analysis of the prospects and problems facing the coffee business. A vital source of
income for millions of growers worldwide, coffee is a staple beverage. Because of its
ideal climate, coffee growing has a long history and is very important to the Philippine
economy. Nevertheless, despite its popularity, there are issues with Philippine coffee's
quality, mostly because of antiquated facilities and post-harvest methods.
The Philippines' declining yield and production of coffee throughout time
highlights the need for creative solutions to these problems. Conventional sun-drying
techniques for coffee beans have many disadvantages, such as longer drying times and
increased vulnerability to contamination, which lowers the coffee's quality. As a

result, implementing contemporary drying technology is vital to improve productivity
and quality assurance throughout the coffee processing supply chain.
To address these challenges, the study aims to design and fabricate a Vertical
Mixing Dryer for Coffee Beans with the Implementation of an Arduino-based PID
controller for Temperature Control. This innovative technology represents a
significant advancement in coffee processing, offering precise temperature regulation
and energy efficiency during the drying process. By integrating electronic controls
with the dryer system, farmers can reduce labor-intensive tasks and operational costs
while enhancing product quality and consistency.
The objectives of the study include designing and fabricating the dryer system,
selecting appropriate components for the integration system, and testing the
functionality of the final prototype. Through these objectives, the study seeks to
provide a practical and sustainable solution to improve coffee farming production,
aligning with international goals for sustainable agriculture.
The significance of the study extends to various stakeholders, including
farmers, coffee processors, future researchers, consumers, and local communities.
Farmers stand to benefit from reduced labor and improved product quality, while
processors could see increased efficiency and consistency in the drying process.
Future researchers can utilize this study as a reference for similar projects, and
consumers may enjoy higher-quality coffee beans. Additionally, the project could
create employment opportunities and contribute to the economic development of local
communities.
However, the scope of the study is limited to the technical aspects of designing
and fabricating the vertical mixing dryer, excluding commercial production
considerations and economic feasibility on a large scale. It does not cover aspects such
as storage and preservation of dried coffee beans or the analysis of microbial contents.
Nonetheless, the study offers valuable insights into innovative drying methods for
coffee beans, paving the way for sustainable practices in coffee processing.
The Vertical Mixing Dryer, which combines Arduino-based PID control with
other contemporary drying technologies, is a major advancement in tackling the
problems associated with coffee processing. Increased sustainability, efficiency, and
quality can be attained by the coffee industry by using technology to optimize drying
processes. This would benefit all parties involved in the value chain and support the
long-term viability of coffee production in the Philippines.
Methodology
Research Design
The study uses an experimental research design, focused on assessing the
effectiveness of integrating a PID controller into the temperature control system of the
vertical mixing dryer designed specifically for coffee beans. The experimental setup is
structured to investigate the impact of the PID controller on temperature regulation,
energy efficiency, and drying performance. The integration of the Arduino-based PID
controller aims to provide a sophisticated control mechanism, capable of dynamically
adjusting temperature settings to maintain optimal drying conditions throughout the
process.
Research Environment
The research will be conducted in Barangay Comon, Aritao, Nueva Vizcaya
where agriculture is a significant sector in the economic development of the
municipality. The research is conducted in a controlled environment to ensure
consistency and reproducibility of experimental trials.
Research Method
The research method adopts a quantitative approach centered on evaluating the

control temperature of the vertical mixing dryer system. This method hinges on the
use of a digital scale equipped with temperature sensors to precisely measure and
monitor the temperature within the dryer during the drying process. The researchers
will use Robusta coffee beans in the experimentation of the dryer system.
Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Knowledge Design
Requirements
Conceptual Diagram
Electronic Devices System Block Diagram
Electrical Devices Schematic Diagram
Arduino Programming Conceptual Design
Process Flowchart
Software Requirement: Control Block Diagram
Component Layout
Arduino Software
Testing
Hardware To test the functionality of Design And

Requirements rotary mixing dryer Development of a
machine to assure its Vertical Mixing Dryer
Figure 8. Conceptual Framework of Vertical Mixing Dryer System
Figure 8 illustrates the comprehensive conceptual framework of the vertical
mixing dryer system. The input section defines the knowledge, software, and hardware
requirements essential for the project. This includes expertise in electronic devices,
electrical devices, and Arduino programming. Software requirements comprise the
Arduino Software, while hardware requirements encompass specific components like
the hopper, motor, metal sheet/stainless steel, bearings, fasteners (screws, bolts, nuts),
perforated plates, and blower. These elements provide the foundation upon which the
study is built, ensuring the necessary resources are available for design and
development.
The process phase involves the systematic design and testing of the vertical
mixing dryer system with the integrated Arduino based PID controller. The design
encompasses various stages such as conceptual diagram, system block diagram,
schematic diagram, conceptual design, process flowchart, and component layout.
These design elements serve as blueprints for constructing the vertical mixing dryer
system and implementing the PID controller, outlining the structure, functionality, and
interconnections of the system components. The testing phase focuses on validating
the functionality and effectiveness of the developed system. Specific tests are
conducted to assess the reliability of the vertical mixing dryer machine in drying
coffee beans, the effectiveness of the PID controller in temperature regulation, and the
functionality of the Arduino Mega in executing program specifications like
temperature sensing and PID controller. These tests ensure that the system performs as
intended and meets the desired performance criteria.
The output of the study is the "Design and Development of a Vertical Mixing
Dryer for Coffee Beans with Implementation of an Arduino based PID controller for
Temperature Control." This represents the tangible outcome of the project, showcasing
the successful integration of Arduino based PID controller for precise temperature
regulation in vertical mixing dryer system. The output serves as a valuable
contribution to the field of engineering, offering advancements in food processing
technology aimed at enhancing efficiency and product quality.
System Block Diagram

Figure 9. System Block Diagram of Vertical Mixing Dryer Machine
Figure 9 above presents the flow of energy and material within the vertical
mixing dryer system into a single work system which is made in three compositions:
the input, process, and the output. At its core are the input components, including a
keypad and temperature sensor. The keypad allows users to set the desired drying
temperature, while the temperature sensor continuously monitors the chamber's
temperature in real-time. These inputs are then processed by a microcontroller,
specifically an Arduino board, which incorporates a PID (Proportional-Integral-
Derivative) control algorithm. This algorithm analyzes the temperature data and
adjusts the output of the heating element accordingly, ensuring precise temperature
control throughout the drying process.

The heating element plays a critical role in providing the necessary heat for the
drying process. It maintains the chamber at the set temperature as dictated by the PID
controller, ensuring optimal drying conditions for the coffee beans. A motor is
employed to drive the vertical mixing dryer chamber, inducing a gentle mixing motion
vital for the even distribution of heat and airflow among the coffee beans. This motion
aids in preventing uneven drying and ensures consistent quality across the batch. In
addition, a blower is utilized to supply a continuous airflow into the drying chamber.
This airflow assists in the efficient removal of moisture from the coffee beans,
contributing to the overall effectiveness of the drying process. The system's output
components comprise an LCD display, providing users with essential feedback on
temperature readings and system status throughout the drying cycle. The dried coffee
beans themselves represent the ultimate output of the system
Figure 10. Control Block Diagram
Figure 10 presents the control block diagram of the vertical mixing dryer
system. The drying of paddy rice is controlled by a control system that utilizes PID
control algorithm. The controller receives inputs primarily from the user-set setpoint
temperature and the real-time temperature measured by a sensor within the dryer
chamber. The core of the system lies in the calculation of the error value, which is the
disparity between the setpoint temperature and the current temperature reading. The
PID algorithm processes the error value using its proportional, integral, and derivative
terms to determine the control output. This output, typically in the form of a PWM
(Pulse Width Modulation) signal, adjusts the operation of the heating element. By
regulating the amount of heat supplied to the dryer chamber, the PID controller
ensures that the temperature remains consistent with the user-defined setpoint.
The system operates in a closed-loop fashion, with the temperature sensor
continuously providing feedback to the PID controller. This feedback loop enables the
controller to dynamically adjust its output based on real-time temperature
measurements, thereby maintaining precise temperature control throughout the drying
process. As a result, the dried coffee beans produced by this system exhibit consistent
quality, as the temperature inside the chamber is meticulously regulated to optimize
the drying process.
PID Control algorithm
A proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID controller) is acontrol
loop feedback mechanism (controller) widely used in industrial control systems. A
PID controller calculates an error value as the difference between a measured process
variable, in this case is temperature and a desired set-point temperature. The
controller attempts to minimize the error by adjusting the process through use of
manipulated gains of PID. With PID, system error can be reduced and the stability of
the system are improved, which is determined by Proportional (P), Integral (I) and
Derivative (D) gains. There are many possible structures forPID controllers.
Mathematically, the transfer function of the controller can be described in equation 1
de
u=k p e+ k i∫ edt+ k d
di
where: u = control signal; kp = proportional gain; ki= integral gain; kd= derivative
gain.
The error is generated from the differences between measured
temperature and setpoint temperature. The differences value will be sent to the
PID controller with these gains to modify the current error signal. The resultant output
signal, u is fed towards heater system, to adjust the heater temperature by turning it on
or off.
Increasing the proportional gain (Kp) has the effect of proportionally
increasing the control signal for the same level of error. The fact that the controller
will "push" harder for a given level of error tends to cause the closed-loop system to
react more quickly, but also to overshoot more. Another effect of increasing Kp is that
it tends to reduce, but not eliminate, the steady-state error.
The addition of a derivative term to the controller (Kd) adds the ability of the
controller to "anticipate" error. With simple proportional control, if Kp is fixed, the

only way that the control will increase is if the error increases. With derivative control,
the control signal can become large if the error begins sloping upward, even while the
magnitude of the error is still relatively small. This anticipation tends to add damping
to the system, thereby decreasing overshoot. The addition of a derivative term,
however, has no effect on the steady-state error.
The addition of an integral term to the controller (Ki) tends to help reduce
steady-state error. If there is a persistent, steady error, the integrator builds and builds,
thereby increasing the control signal and driving the error down. A drawback of the
integral term, however, is that it can make the system more sluggish (and oscillatory)
since when the error signal changes sign, it may take a while for the integrator to
"unwind."
Close Loop Rise Time Over Shoot Settling Time SS error

Response
Kp Increase Increase Small Change Decrease
Ki Decrease Increase Increase Eliminate
Kd Minor Change Decrease Decrease No Effect
Table 1. PID Controller Close Loop Kp, Ki, Kd characteristics
Table 1 presents the PID Controller Close Loop Kp, Ki, Kd characteristics. In
a closed-loop control system, the PID controller's characteristics play a crucial role in
determining the system's overall performance. Settling time is another critical factor,
representing how quickly the system reaches and maintains its desired state after a
disturbance. Overshoot, the temporary exceedance of the setpoint, must be minimized
to prevent instability or compromise control quality. Rise time, the duration to

transition between values, reflects the controller's responsiveness, balancing speed
with stability considerations. Steady-state error, the residual difference between
setpoint and actual output, is mitigated by the integral term's continuous adjustment,
ensuring accurate control over time. Lastly, robustness is vital, enabling the controller
to maintain stability despite variations or uncertainties in the system's parameters.
Process Flow Chart

Figure 11. Process Flow Chart
The figure 11 above illustrates the process flow chart which offers a
comprehensive flow of the operational procedure of the vertical mixing dryer system
in drying coffee beans. The workflow commences with powering the equipment via an
AC source, initiating the drying process. Robusta coffee beans are introduced into the
system through a hopper, marking the initial stage of operation. Temperature
measurement is pivotal in monitoring the drying process, achieved through a
temperature sensor providing real-time data. This data is compared against the desired
temperature (setpoint), computing the error to quantify temperature differentials.
Following the temperature measurement, the Arduino-based PID controller algorithm
comes into play. Utilizing the error data, the PID controller calculates the optimal
control signal for the heating element of the vertical mixing dryer. This control signal
dictates the adjustment of the heating element to maintain or approach the desired
temperature setpoint accurately.
The temperature control process involves continuous feedback and iteration.
At regular intervals, the temperature is measured again, and the error is updated based
on the new temperature data. The PID controller algorithm recalculates the control
signal incorporating the updated error values. This iterative feedback loop continues
until the desired temperature is consistently achieved and maintained within the
vertical mixing dryer.
Figure 11 provides a concise overview of the entire operational workflow,
from initial input to final output, emphasizing the integration of the Arduino-based
PID controller for temperature control in the coffee bean drying process. This
integration ensures precise and efficient temperature regulation throughout the
operation, contributing to the quality of the dried coffee beans.
Schematic Diagram
AC Source Motor Blower

Heater
Dryer
Arduino
Mega
Temperature Sensor
Figure 12. Schematic Diagram
Figure 12 presents the schematic diagram of the vertical mixing dryer system.
The machine is powered by AC source. The motor and blower are linked to vertical
mixing chamber that facilitates the rotating mechanism and the airflow in the system
respectively. The Arduino Mega controller is responsible for supervising and
governing the quality control sensors such as the temperature sensor, the heater, and
the PID control algorithm. The temperature sensor is a crucial component of the
system’s control of temperature, ensuring an efficient in monitoring and controlling of
temperature. With the implementation of the PID control, the system’s temperature
will be maintained throughout the drying process.
Step by Step Components Layout
1. Fabrication of the vertical mixing dyer

2. Overall layout of the vertical mixing dryer
Figure 13. Overall Layout of Vertical Mixing Dryer
Bill of Materials
Table 1. Bill of Materials
Item Materials Description Quantity Unit Unit Total

No. Price (₱)
(₱)
1. MOTOR 220V-2200W 1 pcs 1800 1800
Motor
induction 1
hp pure
copper
2. Arduino ATMEGA 1 pcs 1200 1200
MEGA 2560 2560 R3
with LCD i2c motherboard
CH340G with
20x4 LCD
Display
i2cWhite on
Blue
3. Keypad for 4x4 Matrix 1 pcs 60 60
Arduino Membrane
4. Temperature DHT11 1 pcs 150 150
and Humidity Module
Sensor
5. Centrifugal Industrial 1 pcs 1500 1500
Blower Electric
Blower
6. Electrical Stranded HQ 1 pcs 250 250
Wires wire silicone (10
(0.08mm by meters)
3.5mm
7. PTC Heater 1000W AC 1 pcs 1100 1100
DC 220V
Insulated
Ceramic Air
Heating
Element
8. Exhaust Fan 12V Cooling 1 pcs 150 150
Fan Exhaust (per
Fan (120mm piece)
x 120 x
25mm) cpu
fan incubator
9. Circuit Koten Safety 1 pcs 300 300
Breaker Breaker 15A
10. Pulley Drive Pulley 2 pcs 245 & 645
for 1.5hp 400
Electric
Motor()
11. Male plug Royu Heavy 1 pcs 25 25
Duty Plug 15
A (REDPL202)
12. Electrical Royu PVC 16 1 pcs 20 20
tape meters
13. Jumper wire Breadboard 120 pcs sets 90 per 270
connecting (set 40
Jumper Wire pcs)
Cabe Dupont
Wire Cable
Arduino
Prototyping
(30cm)
14. Bolts and Yellow zinc 50 pcs sets 50 per 100
Nuts (10 yabe) (set 50
pcs)
15. Galvanized Plain Sheet 1 pcs 500 500
sheet Liso Gauge
(4ft x 8ft) 1
Sheet Roll
16. Pump belt Automotive 1 pcs 400 400
Belt
17. Angle bar 2-inch x 2 pcs 1000 2000
1.5mm
18. Tubular 2x3 stainless 2 pcs 1500 3000
steel
rectangular/
tubular 304
1.5 mm
19. Type k MAX6675 1 pcs 180 180
Thermocouple Module + K
(arduino) Type
Thermocoupl
e Senso
Temperature
Degrees
Module for
Arduino
TOTAL 13,800

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Background of the Study

a substantial portion of the income for almost 25 million farmers in 50 countries

temperate and humid weather.

traded commodity, after petroleum (Chengappa & Devika, 2016).

tropical climates. It is a dicotyledonous plant of the Rubiacea family and comes in

arabica, but it produces a less tasty beverage.

in color according on ripeness, ranging from green in immature fruits to red-violet or

(2018) refer to the two seeds as "coffee beans" (Loaëc, 2004).

result of inappropriate post-harvest processing and handling procedures, such as

transportation, poor agronomic methods such as inadequate shade level, lack of

decreased by approximately 16.17%, from 72,341.82 tons in 2015 to 60,640.95 tons in

considerable obstacles, such as inefficient postharvest procedures and antiquated

postharvest infrastructure (Department of Agriculture 2022).

Drying is a post-harvest process for removing moisture from freshly harvested

moisture content rises, resulting in a drop in quality. Because of the negative

repercussions of drying coffee beans in traditional methods, it is necessary to address

the Philippine Coffee business Roadmap from 2021 to 2025.

A PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) controller is a popular closed-loop

Derivative (D), operates by continuously adjusting a control signal sent to an actuator

physical quantity aimed at matching a desired setpoint (SP).

steady-state defects in the system. It works alongside proportional control to improve

reduce oscillations and increase the system's transient performance.

In the realm of coffee post-harvest processing, the drying operation is a critical

weather conditions. As coffee production grows, sun-drying becomes increasingly

impractical. Mechanical drying then becomes necessary, providing various benefits. It

allows for the advancement of harvesting processes, resulting in higher-quality and

higher-quantity coffee outputs. Furthermore, it enables for the repurposing of useful

restricted. The adjustment of moisture content is crucial to the conservation of

Temperature Control, which will be extremely advantageous to farmers and the

represents a significant leap in coffee processing technology. This new technology

(Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller for accurate temperature regulation. This

tremendously from this breakthrough in coffee processing. By using the drying

expenses and environmental effect. The automated temperature control feature

The addition of computerized controls to the Vertical Mixing Dryer marks a

significant advancement in coffee bean processing. The PID controller, programmed

usage and reduces drying time by dynamically altering heating components in

response to real-time feedback, resulting in increased efficiency and cost-

procedures, ushering in a new era of sustainable coffee production.

Understanding the importance of temperature management in coffee bean

of mold formation and contamination. Furthermore, the electronic controls improve

energy efficiency, lowering operational expenses and increasing productivity.

The Vertical Mixing Dryer, which incorporates a PID controller for

temperature control, provides various benefits to coffee manufacturers, including

the distinct qualities of each coffee bean variety.

Statement of the Problem

absence of efficient drying solutions, leading to suboptimal utilization of coffee beans

contribute to a scenario where high-quality beans often go to waste due to market

fluctuations and improper handling. Moreover, traditional drying techniques, often

reliant on natural sunlight or rudimentary mechanical systems, prove insufficient in

ensuring uniform drying and quality preservation, leading to inconsistent product

implementation of an arduino-based PID controller for temperature

2. What components was used for the integration system? and;

3. What must be done to test the functionality of the system?

Objectives of the Study

international goals for the progress of sustainable agriculture.

The listed below are the specific objectives of the study:

of an arduino-based PID controller for temperature control