Lecture 3

• Governing equations for multiphase

flows. Continuum hypothesis.
• Fragmentation mechanisms.
• Models of conduit flows during
explosive eruptions and results.
• Volcanic plume dynamics in the
atmosphere.
 Dynamics of dispersed systems
Bubbles
Mixture properties:
mass of component mi
Bulk density = = = ρi
volume of mixture Ω mixture
mass of component m
Phase density = = i = ρi0
volyme of component Ωi
volume of component Ωi
Particles Volume fraction = = = αi
volume of mixture Ω mixture
mass of component mi
mass fraction = = = Xi
mass of mixture mmixture
Ω mixture = ∑ Ωi ; mmixture = ∑ mi
 Mixture properties (continue)

component velocity =
∑m V ij ij
= Vi
mi

mixture velocity =
∑ρV i i

ρ mixture
ρ mixture = ∑ ρi

Continuity equations ←Mass fluxes

Momentum equations ←Momentum exchange
Energy equations ←Heat fluxes
 Conduit flow during explosive eruption
Schematic view of Flow regimes and boundaries.
the system • Homogeneous from magma chamber until
pressure > saturation pressure.
• Constant density, viscosity and velocity, laminar.
• Vesiculated magma from homogeneous till
magma fragmentation.
• Bubbles grow due to exsolution of the gas and
decompression.
• Velocity and viscosity increases.
• Flow is laminar with sharp gradients before
fragmentation due to viscous friction.
• Fragmentation zone or surface (?).
• Fragmentation criteria.
• Gas-particle dispersion from fragmentation
till the vent.
• Turbulent, high, nonequilibrium velocities.
• subsonic in steady
∂t
case,
∂x
supersonic in transient.
 Modelling strategy
Equations
• Mass conservation for liquid and gas phases
– intensity of mass transfer, bubble nucleation and diffusive growth
• Momentum equations
– gravity forces, conduit resistance, inertia
– momentum transfer between phases
• Energy equations
– energy transfer between phases
– dissipation of energy by viscous forces
• Bubble growth equation - nonequilibrium pressure distribution
• Physical properties of magma - density, gas solubility, viscosity
• Fragmentation mechanism
• Boundary conditions - chamber, atmosphere, between flow zones
 Models of fragmentation
4 FP - fragmentation at fixed porosity.

4 OP- critical &

R
pg − p m = 4 µ +
overpressure in a R
growing bubble pg σ 3 &&
2 + ρ  R& 2 + RR
pm R 2 
small

4 SR - critical
elongation strain-
rate
Hydrostatic vs. Lithostatic
pressure gradient
 Chocked flows

High
Flow Low pressure
pressure

Q Chocked

plow p high
 Boundary conditions
Magma chamber:
Øpressure, temperature
Øinitial concentration of dissolved gas - calculate
volume fraction of bubbles

Atmosphere:
ØPressure is equal to atmospheric if flow is subsonic
ØChocked flow conditions - velocity equal to velocity
of sound

Need to calculate discharge rate

 Slezin (1982,1983,1992)
Main assumptions:
ü Conduit has constant cross-section area
ü Magma - Newtonian viscous liquid, µ=const
ü Bubbles do not rise in magma
ü When α = 0.7 - fragmentation, porous foam
ü After fragmentation α = 0.7, all extra gas goes
to interconnected voids.
ü When concentration of gas in voids = 0.4 -
transition to gas particle dispersion.
ü Particles are suspended (drag force=weight)
Slezin (results)
 Woods, Koyaguchi (1994)
• Gas escape from ascending magma through the
conduit walls.
• Fragmentation criteria α = α*.
ØMagma ascends slowly - looses its gas - no
fragmentation - lava dome extrusion.
ØMagma ascends rapidly - no gas loss -
fragmentation - explosive eruption.
• Contra arguments:
Ø Magma permeability should be > rock permeability.
Ø Vertical pressure gradient to gas escape through the magma.
 Barmin, Melnik (2002)
• Magma - 3-phase system - melt, crystals and gas.
• Viscous liquid µ (concentrations of dissolved gas
and crystals).
• Account for pressure disequilibria between melt
and bubbles.
• Permeable flow through the magma.
• Fragmentation in “fragmentation wave.”
• 2 particle sizes - “small” and “big.”
Mass conservation equations (bubbly zone)
(1 − α ) ( ρ (1 − β )(1 − c ) + ρ β )Vm = Qm
0
m
0
c

ρ gαVg + ρ m (1 − α )(1 − β ) cVm = Qg

0 0

nVm = n V 0
0 m
α - volume concentration of gas (1-α) - of condensed phase
β - volume concentration of crystals in condensed phase
ρ - densities, “m”- melt, “c”- crystals, “g” - gas
c - mass fraction of dissolved gas = k pg1/2
V - velocities, Q - discharge rates for “m”- magma, “g” - gas
n - number density of bubbles
 Momentum equations in bubbly zone

dps λµ ( c, β )Vm ρ - mixture density

= −ρ g −
dx D 2 λ - resistance coefficient

k (α ) dα pg (32 - pipe, 12 -dyke)

Vg − Vm = −
µg
k(α) - permeability
dx
µg- gas viscosity
ps = (1 − α ) pm + α pg p- pressure “s”- mixture,
“m”- condensed phase, “g”-
k (α ) = k0α 3.5
gas
Rayleigh equation for bubble growth
Vm
dR
=
R
dx 4 µ m ( c )
( p g − pm )

Additional relationships:

4π 3
α= R n, p g = ρ g R T
0

3
 Equations in gas-particle dispersion
ρ g0αVg + ρ g0α bθ Vm = Qg − gas
ρ m (1 − θ )α bVm = Qb − big particles
ρ mα sVg = Qs − small particles
dVm
ρ mα b (1 − θ )Vm = − ρ mα b (1 − θ ) g + Fgb + Fsb
dx

( g m s ) g dx dx ( gα + ρmα s ) g − Fgb − Fsb

dVg dp
ρ 0
α + ρ α V + = − ρ 0

ρ m = ρ m0 (1 − β ) + ρc0 β ; α + α s + α b = 1; p = ρ g0 RT
F - interaction forces:”sb” - between small and big particles
“gb” - between gas and big particles
 Fragmentation wave
Conservation laws

ρ g0−α −Vg− = ρ g0+α +Vg+ + ρ g0+α bθ Vm+ − gas phase

(1 − α −
)m sg b
V −
= α V +
+ α (1 − θ ) V +
m − condensed phase

pm (1 − α − ) + pgα − + ρ m (1 − α − )Vm2− + ρ g0−α −Vg2− = mixture momentum

p + α b ( ρ m (1 − θ ) + ρ g0+θ )Vm2+ + ( ρ g0+α + + ρ mα s )Vg2+

Vm− = Vm+ − big particles momentum

Additional relations

pg − pm = ∆p* ; θ = α − ;

(1 − m )α s = m (1 − θ )α b
Steady discharge vs. chamber pressure
Pressure profiles in the conduit
 Model of
vulcanian
explosion generated
by lava dome
collapse
 Assumptions
• Flow is 1D, transient
• Velocity of gas and condensed phase are equal
• Initial condition - V = 0, pressure at the top of the
conduit > patm, drops down to patm at t =0
• Two cases of mass transfer: equilibrium (fast
diffusion), no mass transfer (slow diffusion)
• Pressure disequilibria between bubbles and
magma
• No bubble additional nucleation
 Mechanical model
Conservation of mass and number density of bubbles:
∂ρ g ∂ρ gV ∂ρl ∂ρlV ∂ n ∂ nV
+ = 0, + = 0, + = 0,
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x
No mass transfer: ρl = (1 − α ) (1 − β ) ρ m + βρc  , ρ g = αρ g0
Equilibrium mt: p = p ( ρ ) , c = k p
Momentum:
∂ρ V
+
(
∂ ρV 2 + pm ) = −  ρ g + 32µV  , pm = (1 − α ) pl + α pg , µ = µ ( c )
 
∂t ∂x  D 2

Rayleigh equation
∂a ∂a 4π 3
∂t
+V =
a
∂ x 4µ m
( pg − pl ) , pg = ρ g0 RT , α=
3
an

Fragmentation condition: pg − pl = ∆p*

Results of calculation (eq case)
Discharge rate and fragmentation depth
(eq case)
Pulsing fragmentation
Seismic record of eruption
 Results of simulations (no mt case)
Discharge rate and fragmentation depth

Parameter Calculated Observed*

Duration 100 – 600 s 60-300 s
Max velocity 118-142 m/s 120-130 m/s
Fragmentation depth 200-1400 m 200-1000 m
Volume of material 105- 106 m3 2 105- 106 m3
*
Druitt et. al. (2001)
 Volcanic plumes
Plinian Collapsing

High - comes to stratosphere

Pyroclastic flow generation
Ash fallout, climate change
Acid rains, aviation hazards
 Unsolved problems
• Physical properties of magma
– Magma rheology for high strain-rates and high bubble and
crystal content
• Bubbly flow regime
– Incorporation of bubble growth model into the conduit model
– Understanding bubble interaction for high bubble
concentrations
– Understanding of bubble coalescence dynamics, permeability
development
– Thermal effects during magma ascent - viscous dissipation, gas
exsolution
 Unsolved problems (cont)
• Fragmentation
– Fragmentation in the system of partly interconnected bubbles
– Partial fragmentation, structure of fragmentation zone, particle
size distribution
• Gas-particle dispersion
– Momentum and thermal interaction in highly concentrated gas-
particle dispersions
 Unsolved problems (cont.)!
• General
– Coupling of conduit flow model with a model of magma chamber and
atmospheric dispersal model
– Deformation of the conduit walls during explosive eruption
• Visco-elastic deformation
• Erosion
– Interaction of magma conduit flow with permeable water saturated layers -
phreato-magmatic eruptions