sit öm he alunpfon arihod relaing

e T
latie. a
herelax d o uil we
weHence that
dinec-ton the inpoint
non-otie of
thee Ab, imui.
tal numeoWs oohdo, the
een s0ids,
oHhe no atow he
egyf thenmd repiesent,the that
ZO0,
otion 4eme uioy ae here
ofvinational nof
temyerere
of any Aboe true.
complelelg aJe
io in taionay.
thio rzealty Houeven,
Aay yeücdie a
h'onofnleudes atomo
e0mideed have tutioy
we dis in
constonts. datie of
the
wve thdeoibes
e hatdavevecto
inand frequeny
em in olid the in
udove
the inatom
one wth ryetel vilbreiona
a of theComaiden We
dóectune44
we dall rek edeively tuo wener
() We will asume that he ymean
Qadh ión in a Bravain late Ste. We can en
Cortinue to asciate with eoc ion a purheudar Braveis
lahee ste od hich Hhey ocillate. Bud now
is the mean poastion of he ion, and not ith ial
tosition .
() We wil asume thet the tpiol alwoYv) o each ion
qulbium poatton mall contyored to

amerirg tuadt the BraNao attiee io ohl

but itit deouke he aermge eonguctn rele
-hene,
the
instataneus one. he asumphon pemits
than
wide ange pori ble one atoia mean. Htouever,
H doet allow ibnieJatoria ttusioy, ine e the anallk
it ammed to be toneer
ionaom
-toa o adh Bravin latice ste
wih epeet to Apecije
a

t e unles ue are conoideciv

"Bhe astiomptin
i9atomn inteehangjing
 2
Point).
Aumion ) not made out ot any tong
ton in to generad valitty hawEVeR gromds
anayiad ecenity. leadh to
heory- hannonie ppre>iynaion- om hidh preise
reut an be etracded. Hhee resutt, aue
quantitative esub,
often in execler agreemet with obgerved dd
properties. Gome ppertes, haseven, eant be aecourtled
foe oy he haic heogy. One then epaia tem
the anha1monc the ory.

Because of aumishon 8), we an

unanbiguou, label
aoh ion wth the
wlorKSto manotomie
n-om
BrnNai latie.
Houwever, ! hene io ltiee wth an busis,
wth
have
ete. towever, we only ider he haot case.
"he pootion ofthe ion/otarn
bbrium oan loe denoBed by
ahi ch i not QoMstet
 ppointon n valil
the shahe late
7

dl time. Howeven, mow

R)=R t
a a gien tire
a

deviabin im qçlibrour o he
uhere uie) the
thoe wibrum dte io .
atowion
Paticn at
Slme.intane

tguwe 1
We toninue uthen th the aumtion tht
com/iom ot a tance ajart dotribude
totd t potetial enent of
to the
Onount uhene in, ton
ton example the Lennt
potehal. I te tatie atie model
Jones Renained the
tach cto
thd in total polenhal eegg ot the
btiee ste, Hhe
enyatd
 RR' (R-)
and

eaheaiye uwe have esenti ally hou

aiee
ticethio in quivedent
to writrg.
ued
low ton the tad tt the
! houweve, we
atom whone poaion
orition FR), we
ral be

he haLonùe approination
wrth ho eniad ene of he om
.becomes oplen tu. One theretone Resorrt
o a lbuned on he epedehon
 we torn
aJe
dmeionad
ubat
devit
not 2
the
M
nt
wil
aom
poBenithel
more uing -4eie, 1
io heepandvake, Tylbn
th um 4
tht
the
equlibithe
Amall of
thei
 sM M
N
M

he
he iest tem in jut the eneg
(ahe

given by
he

the fiast. tem

Consideirg
minuHe toce
The tom Hhe othen atony
an
atom at
exerted placed at
hen ase their
(hen dl
Foortiom. TH mut there
respechve eqwbrium
vanih, ince
e
he seeond em
um. Same ia tue tor
qulibriun .
in the inean tenyn.
and the u
&o the iner erm vaihes dtgelher
CorRecion to pteta enegy
to the
nOn-vanighing hamoia
l0mes ton he quadactie
hom he quadaeie tem. Tn the
we then calite
ayproxàmaion,

being the euablriem poBenid energ and a

hharm

wth

Oten imes weWe wil ignone \hich in wt a

Cowtant, and
m
lbe erpresed jut by the yherm em.
wi) be
he harmowe apro ónehon n he starhng point
athee ani es. Furthe
all theorie t |thioe
U, s}edally ho third and tourt
&oRne ci ow b the

onde in W'o aJie KnOWn as the anharmo

 4em. hey genecaly tekd an
Omall e petunbtiom on the rnent hano rie 4ems,.

AHhough dlazied ee hesy isio not exadl the rigt

tod to stuy latice ynamion, sinee i fala latatly
of which n the aeche
heta ot Adid. one needs to,stut th he ami
medhnia . see uwhato. hapenùrg. Hhe reaAon, ley
qate natue of the amone hamben
im the

R
+U}
Ushere ¤) the omevetu d the tom whone ei
R and M is he aone man
hrium ponston in
in both and ue and henee
quadahe
a special wne ot gerem anied peollem
prlden
repteserta heilations, wtid
general moion of
o Niom, ia reprenente
the saluction,(or bnea
of nbyaom
vbpaton,
r1OTMa modes
avgudon treguenty
 On the oher hand, a baie nesds feom
quantum theoay io thud the alloued ergies of
an Oxcilato th hequeny
M+)tw n=0,4,2...
Cne then geneaiethie reaut o N indqyendert
Onllatoe la the tol wing
Fhe allwed energia of the N Oneiletba
Ne fiven by aigning to each. oncilotoe
a

u the eontruadon
ines h, and adding
he lase of tarmoni
eadh Onorlator. Jn
eryata, he fuquenies
kvel
Afpeoach of ombiriny called seni- aniea)
meohanied one
quantun
heory
laicetogh mode hree
Hhen
and
lati in
nond
a is
of even
a
vibao then
modesutby, cut ice,
lahce
lbasin
attioediacuss
Momalgneat a
vnonoaoie
st
dl ot
oaind pusey
doitad
heong MOW
latice
theetae
uill one-dimewion
1athe
o We
anaiai qude. imeniona
dinens
107 ade
An (n
 0-)
V(i-)-
U
of
egnesion eeetion
Qoriherion
1
etanion
()
the the
In In
 1
Contart
a
4
Aleo, Ance,