The Three

Cardinal Sins:
FFP
A LOVE STORY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gULc72zRvEg
Fabrication
and
Falsification
 FABRICATION
• Cooking up the false data and representing it as the real,
interpreting it and publishing it as research outcomes known as
Fabrication.
• For example: Making a false data table from an
imaginary sample without conducting any research or data
collection.
• Filling up fake data collection forms by single person with
fake names and participants information.
DEFINING FABRICATION
• Fabrication can be defined as an unethical practice of construction
and/or addition of data, observations, or characterizations which
has never happened or occurred during the data collection
process or an experiment.
• Sometimes, fabrication occurs when researcher reports the data
or filled up the research tools before the process is completed.
• An outcome is reported or claims are made on the basis of
incomplete or assumed data, which should be the outcome of
analysis of complete data set.
WHY DO RESEARCHERS FABRICATE THE DATA?

• In order to get pre-decided/desired results.

• In order to justify the hypotheses testing as per
personal belief.
• Fieldworkers may present fabricated data due to
low funds by the sponsor (Gerrets, 2016).
WHY DO RESEARCHERS FABRICATE THE DATA?

• The social and political conditions in an area. (Martyn,

2003).
• as a result of the absence of national policies on
scientific misconduct.
• Peer/institutional/regulatory pressure of producing
research papers.
WAYS OF DATA FABRICATION
• By reporting about experiments which have never
conducted.
• By misrepresented the actual data to suit a desired
outcome.
• Developing a hypothetical research tool and filling the data
up to desired sample size.
• Mixing the collected data with cooked data to reach for
reaching to the desired conclusion.
 AVOIDING FABRICATION
• Be a stickler for accuracy: Report accurately your findings no matter what the result is.
Follow the ethical guidelines and maintain high standards for accuracy in your report.
• Take responsibility for every fact: Double check your observations, crosscheck your data
and take secondary data only from reliable sources. Always attribution to the sources.
• Stick to the facts: Never extrapolate or misrepresent facts. Don’t amplify or elaborate to
make your outcome interesting or dramatic.
• Be aware of the legal risks: Fabrication may hurt your career prospects as well tarnish
the reputation of your institution
• You may be challenged legally if your fabricated report is harming the reputation of any
individual, group or institution.

Source: https://www.poynter.org/educators-students/2016/4-guidelines-to-avoid-fabrication-in-your-news-coverage/
Falsification
FALSIFICATION
• An unethical practice to manipulate the research materials,
equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or
results such that the research is not accurately represented in
the research record.
• For example: Creating an image by 'splicing and pasting'
together different segments of few images to misrepresent it
as a single image in any experiment.
DEFINING FALSIFICATION
Falsification is manipulating research materials,
equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting
data or results such that the research is not
accurately represented in the research record.”
- Office of Research Integrity
DEFINING FALSIFICATION
• Falsification is defined as a misconduct by changing or
omission of research results (data) to support claims,
hypotheses, other data, etc.
• Falsification can include the manipulation of research
instrumentation, materials, or processes.
• Manipulation of images or representations in a manner
that distorts the data or “reads too much between the
lines” can also be considered falsification.
EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH FALSIFICATION

• Removing a data set ( generally at extremes) from a series of

measurements.
• Manipulating a data set to make it look higher or lower
• Adjusting the brightness/color sequence of one particular gel band,
but not the other bands in the same photo
• Adding error bars to single measurements to suggest multiple
measurements were performed
 EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH FALSIFICATION
• Re-using the same Western blot (either in the same orientation, or
mirrored, rotated, or stretched) to represent a different experiment
• Showing two overlapping microscopy images to represent 2 different
experiments
• Presenting data as if derived from cell line A while it was obtained
from cell line B
• Duplicating some cells on a photo to make it look like a treatment
resulted in a higher cell density
POPULAR Falsification Cases
• Andrew Wakefield’s Lancet paper on MMR vaccines and autism
• Haruko Obokata‘s Nature papers on STAP treatment to make
cells pluripotent
• Hwang Woo-suk‘s research on stem cell cloning

https://youtu.be/qmdvzMk_k3w
HOW TO PREVENT DATA FALSIFICATION

• extensive pretesting of survey questions

• guidelines for briefing interviewers, for selecting and
recruiting respondents, and for monitoring fieldwork
• analyses of the process of obtaining interviews and of
the answering process during interviews
PLAGIARISM
IIM AHMEDABAD STORY
• On 17 August 1992, a student complained that while doing his summer project he
consulted 04 books to do some modelling and data analysis.
• When he was brousing through the books, he found that a book Quantitative
Techniques for Managerial Decisions by Srivastava, Shenoy, and Sharma has
simply lifted stuff from the other three books (Statistics for Management by Levin,
Economic Theory and Operations Analysis by and Baumol and Principles of
Operations Research by Wagner) without any citation and acknowledgement.
• Upon enquiry a Committee found that the book Quantitative Techniques for
Managerial Decisions by U. K. Srivastava, G. V. Shenoy, and S. C. Sharma had
copied without acknowledgment of the source at least at 10 different places
including 5 foreign books and some other Indian books, such as Baumol, Levin
and Wagner (all books were published prior to the publication of the book)

Source: https://indiankanoon.org/doc/946037/
Source: http://web.stanford.edu/dept/physics/publications/PDFfiles/india.pdf
ACADEMIC RIVALRY?: IT MAY BE

c
THE ANALYSIS OF NEWS ARTICLES:

•Plagiarism of ideas/thoughts
•Plagiarism of old published research work as
new
•Plagiarism of data/process from a research
paper
WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?
University of Essex (2007),
plagiarism is ‘using or copying the
work of others (whether written,
printed or in any other form)
without proper acknowledgement in
any coursework’.

Oxford English Dictionary, to

plagiarize is "to take and use
as one's own (the thoughts,
writings, or inventions of
another person)."
 ETYMOLOGY AND HISTORY
• In the 1st century, the Latin word
"plagiarius" (literally "kidnapper") was
used by Roman poet Martial to denote
stealing someone else's creative work.
• Plagiary, a derivative of plagiarus, was introduced
into English in 1601 by dramatist Ben Jonson.
• The term plagiarism was introduced into English
around 1620.
DEFINING PLAGIARISM
• Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own,
with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work
without full acknowledgement.
• All published and unpublished material, whether in manuscript,
printed or electronic form, is covered under this definition.
• Plagiarism may be intentional or reckless, or unintentional.
Source: https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism
DEFINING PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism can be defined as the "use, without giving
reasonable and appropriate credit to or acknowledging
the author or source, of another person's original work,
whether such work is made up of code, formulas,
ideas, language, research, strategies, writing or other
form".
- Stanford university

Source: https://communitystandards.stanford.edu/policies-and-guidance/what-plagiarism
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLAGIARISM
• copying or paraphrasing another person's
words without giving proper
acknowledgement,
• Adopting someone’s ideas or data, without
giving credit and without citing the source.

One must understand that plagiarism is

unethical, unprofessional practice and a kind of
academic cheating.
Source: Swartz, P. (2016). "Oops, I plagiarized." Bruin
Success with Less Stress: Plagiarism.
http://guides.library.ucla.edu/bruin-success/citing
HOW DOES IT MATTERS?
• It is considered as a breach of academic integrity.
• As an honest intellectual, one has to acknowledge his/her debt to
the originators of the ideas, words, and data which form the basis for
their own work.
• Passing off another’s work as your own is not only poor scholarship,
but also means that you have failed to complete the learning process.
• Plagiarism is unethical and can have serious consequences for
your future career; it also undermines the standards of your
institution and of the degrees it issues.

Source: https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism
WHAT IS NOT PLAGIARISM?
• Common Knowledge
• General information that most people know, such as: water
freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit.
• Information shared by a cultural group, such as the dates of
national holidays or names of Knowledge shared by
members of a certain field, famous heroes.
• such as the fact that the necessary condition for diffraction
of radiation of wavelength λ from a crystalline solid is
given by Bragg’s law.
 TYPES OF
PLAGIARISM
 MOST COMMON TYPES OF PLAGIARISM

• word-for-word transcription of a section of someone else’s

Direct Plagiarism work, without attribution and without quotation marks.

• One submits his or her own previous work, or mixes parts

Self Plagiarism of previous works, without permission from all people
involved.
• occurs when research borrows phrases from a source
Mosaic without using quotation marks, or finds synonyms for the
author’s language while keeping to the same general
Plagiarism structure and meaning of the original. Sometimes called
“patch writing,”
• occurs when a person neglects to cite their sources, or
Accidental misquotes their sources, or unintentionally paraphrases a
Plagiarism source by using similar words, groups of words, and/or
sentence structure without attribution.

Source: https://www.bowdoin.edu/dean-of-students/conduct-review-board/academic-honesty-and-
plagiarism/common-types-of-plagiarism.html
 MOST COMMON TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
Global Verbatim Paraphrasing Patchwork Self-
plagiarism plagiarism plagiarism plagiarism plagiarism
• plagiarizing • directly • rephrasing • Plagiarizing • recycling
an entire copying someone parts of your own
text by someone else’s ideas. different previous
someone else. else’s words. sources and work.
stitching them
together into
a new work.

Source: Streefkerk Raimo (2018) Types of plagiarism and how to recognize them,
https://www.scribbr.com/plagiarism/types-of-plagiarism/
10 TYPES OF PLAGIARISM IDENTIFIED BY TURNITIN
 CLONE
• It is also called identical copying.
• One person copies another work (word-for-word) without any
change and claim as his own work.
• No citation or attribution is given to the original author.

Sources:
1. https://www.turnitin.com/static/plagiarism-spectrum/
2. https://www.ilovephd.com/10-types-of-plagiarism-every-academic-writer-should-know/
 CTRL+C
• In the written document a significant portion of text copied
from any single source without any alteration then it is called
Ctrl+C kind of plagiarism.
• No citation or attribution is given to the original author.
Sources:
1. https://www.turnitin.com/static/plagiarism-spectrum/
2. https://www.ilovephd.com/10-types-of-plagiarism-every-academic-writer-should-know/
 FIND-REPLACE

• Changing the most common keywords and phrases in the

copied content and not making any changes in the essential
document is called “Find and Replace” – kind of plagiarism.

Sources:
1. https://www.turnitin.com/static/plagiarism-spectrum/
2. https://www.ilovephd.com/10-types-of-plagiarism-every-academic-writer-should-know/
 REMIX
• one person collects information from various sources and
mix all together as a single document then claim the work as
their own work.

Sources:
1. https://www.turnitin.com/static/plagiarism-spectrum/
2. https://www.ilovephd.com/10-types-of-plagiarism-every-academic-writer-should-know/
 RECYCLE
• Recycle is also called self-plagiarism.
• It refers to the act of borrowing from one’s own previous
document without a proper citation.

Sources:
1. https://www.turnitin.com/static/plagiarism-spectrum/
2. https://www.ilovephd.com/10-types-of-plagiarism-every-academic-writer-should-know/
 HYBRID
• In the hybrid type of plagiarism, Perfectly cited source
documents are copied and arranged as a new document
without citation.

Sources:
1. https://www.turnitin.com/static/plagiarism-spectrum/
2. https://www.ilovephd.com/10-types-of-plagiarism-every-academic-writer-should-know/
 MASHUP

• When the written document is copied from more than one

source and all are mixed together without any proper
citation then it is called mashup kind of plagiarism.

Sources:
1. https://www.turnitin.com/static/plagiarism-spectrum/
2. https://www.ilovephd.com/10-types-of-plagiarism-every-academic-writer-should-know/
 #404 ERROR
• A person creates a document by copying from various
sources and prepare as a single document with the citation.
• but if the citation is inaccurate or it will lead to non-existing
resources then it will be called #404 Error.

Sources:
1. https://www.turnitin.com/static/plagiarism-spectrum/
2. https://www.ilovephd.com/10-types-of-plagiarism-every-academic-writer-should-know/
 AGGREGATOR

• The written document includes all the proper citation but

it does not contain original work then it is called
aggregator plagiarism.

Sources:
1. https://www.turnitin.com/static/plagiarism-spectrum/
2. https://www.ilovephd.com/10-types-of-plagiarism-every-academic-writer-should-know/
 RE-TWEET
• If all the written document seems perfect with properly
cited mark but still the document resembles somewhere the
original text’s structure or wordings then it is called Re-Tweet
plagiarism.

Sources:
1. https://www.turnitin.com/static/plagiarism-spectrum/
2. https://www.ilovephd.com/10-types-of-plagiarism-every-academic-writer-should-know/
Source:
https://content.cdntwrk.com/files/aHViPTgzODM3JmNtZD1pdGVtZWRpdG9yaW1hZ2UmZmlsZW5hbWU9aXRlbWVkaXRvcmltYWdlXzVlYjA1ODdjNjF
kZTIucG5nJnZlcnNpb249MDAwMCZzaWc9MGQwNGY2N2NkNTIzMDZjZGYyMTQ4ZjJjMTBmYzZmYTc%253D
Source:
https://content.cdntwrk.com/files/aHViPTgzODM3JmNtZD1pdGVtZWRpdG9yaW1hZ2UmZmlsZW5hbWU9aXRlbWVkaXRvcmltYWdlXzVlYjA1ODdjNjF
kZTIucG5nJnZlcnNpb249MDAwMCZzaWc9MGQwNGY2N2NkNTIzMDZjZGYyMTQ4ZjJjMTBmYzZmYTc%253D
Source:
https://content.cdntwrk.com/files/aHViPTgzODM3JmNtZD1pdGVtZWRpdG9yaW1hZ2UmZmlsZW5hbWU9aXRlbWVkaXRvcmltYWdlXzVlYjA1ODdjNjF
kZTIucG5nJnZlcnNpb249MDAwMCZzaWc9MGQwNGY2N2NkNTIzMDZjZGYyMTQ4ZjJjMTBmYzZmYTc%253D
Source:
https://content.cdntwrk.com/files/aHViPTgzODM3JmNtZD1pdGVtZWRpdG9yaW1hZ2UmZmlsZW5hbWU9aXRlbWVkaXRvcmltYWdlXzVlYjA1ODdjNjF
kZTIucG5nJnZlcnNpb249MDAwMCZzaWc9MGQwNGY2N2NkNTIzMDZjZGYyMTQ4ZjJjMTBmYzZmYTc%253D
Source:
https://content.cdntwrk.com/files/aHViPTgzODM3JmNtZD1pdGVtZWRpdG9yaW1hZ2UmZmlsZW5hbWU9aXRlbWVkaXRvcmltYWdlXzVlYjA1ODdjNjF
kZTIucG5nJnZlcnNpb249MDAwMCZzaWc9MGQwNGY2N2NkNTIzMDZjZGYyMTQ4ZjJjMTBmYzZmYTc%253D
 PLAGIARISM SPECTRUM 2.0

Source: https://www.turnitin.com/resources/plagiarism-spectrum-2-0
TOOLS TO DETECT PLAGIARISM
WAYS TO AVOID PLAGIARISM
• Use your own words and develop your own writing
style
• Organize and structure your work in your own way
• Fully reference and acknowledge the work of
others (CITATION)
STYLES OF REFERENCING
•APA style of referencing
•MLA style of referencing
•Harvard style of referencing
•Chicago style of referencing
•IEEE style etc.
REGULATIONS

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLh8n6bU2zs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kP3odE4pTXw
Thanks