Vectors Addition & Subtraction

1-D Case:

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Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st semester 2020
 Quiz
For cases such as those shown in the diagrams below, what is
the resultant and how can it be determined?

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Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st semester 2020
Finding the Magnitude of a Vector

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st semester 2020

 x and y Component s of a Vector
Vector Components
2-D Case: y

X-component

y-component
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Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st semester 2020
 Test Problem
A dog is held by applying 100 N force as shown in the figure.
Find the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) components of this
force.
y 100 N
Solution y
37°
 Fx = F cos  x
 Fx = 100 cos 37  80 N
 Fy = F sin 
 Fy = 100 sin 37  60 N
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Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st semester 2020
 Example
Find the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) components of the
100 m displacement of the superman.

Solution
 Dx = D cos 
 Dx = 100 cos 330 
 Dx = 86.6m
 Dy = D sin 
 Dy = 100 sin 330 
 Dy = − 50.0m
Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st semester 2020
 Test Problem
A student walks 1-km due North then 2-km eastward. Find the
magnitude and direction ϕ of his resultant displacement.

Solution

 Rx = 2 km and R y = 1 km
 R = Rx2 + R y2 = 2 2 + 12
 R = 5 = 2.24 km
Rx 2
 tan  = = =2
Ry 1
 = tan −1 (2) = 63 .4
Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st semester 2020
 Example of Vector Components
Resultant of 2 vectors

Lets decompose vectors

A and B into their x and
y-components.
Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st semester 2020
 Magnitude and Direction of
the Resultant of 2 Vectors

Vector Direc x − comp y − comp

A  A cos  A sin 
R = Rx2 + Ry2
B  B cos  B sin   Ry 
 = tan  
−1

R  Rx Ry
 Rx 
Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st semester 2020
Magnitude and Direction of
the Resultant of 2 Vectors

y
R = R +R 2
x
2
y
x
 Ry 
 = tan  
−1

 Rx 

Vector Direction x − component y − component

12 20 0 12 cos 20 = 11.3 12 sin 20 = 4.1

25 60 0 25 cos 60 =12.5 25 sin 60 = 21.7

R  23.8 25.8
Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st semester 2020
Magnitude and
Direction of the
Resultant of 2 Vectors
y

R = R +R 2
x
2
y

 Ry 
 = tan  
−1

 Rx 
Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st semester 2020
 Magnitude and direction of a
Resultant of 3 vectors
Vector Direc x − comp y − comp
y A  A cos  A sin 
B  B cos  B sin 
x C  C cos C sin 

R  Rx Ry

R = R +R 2
x
2
y

 Ry 
 = tan  
−1

 Rx 
Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st semester 2020
 Example
A postman covers the
shown displacements.
Find the magnitude
and direction of the
postman’s resultant
displacement.

Vector Direction x − comp y − comp

SOLUTION:
2.6 90 2.6 cos 90 2.6 sin 90
• Resolve each
4.0 0 4.0 cos 0 4.0 sin 0
force into
rectangular 3.1 45 3.1cos 45 3.1sin 45
components.
R  Rx Ry
Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st semester 2020
 Solution
Find the x and y-components of each
displacement.

Vector Direction x − component y − component

2.6 90 2.6 cos 90 = 0 2.6 sin 90 = 2.6
4.0 0 4.0 cos 0 = 4.0 4.0 sin 0 = 0
3.1 45 3.1cos 45 = 2.2 3.1sin 45 = 2.2

R  6.2 4.8
• Calculate the magnitude and direction.
4.8 km  4.8 
R = 6.2 + 4.8 = 7.8 km
2 2 tan  =   = tan −1   = 37.7  38
6.2 km  6.2 
Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st semester 2020
 Magnitude and direction of a
Resultant of 4 vectors
Vector Direc x − comp y − comp
A  A cos  A sin 
y
B  B cos  B sin 
x C  C cos C sin 
D  D cos  D sin 
R  Rx Ry

R = R +R 2
x
2
y

 Ry 
 = tan  
−1

 Rx 
Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st semester 2020
 Test Problem
In the Figure, four forces act on
bolt A. Determine the resultant
of the forces acting on the bolt.

SOLUTION:
• Resolve each force into rectangular components.

Force mag x − comp y − comp


F1 150 + 129 .9 + 75.0

F2 80 − 27.4 + 75.2

F3 110 0 − 110 .0

F4 100 + 96.6 − 25.9
R  199 .1 14.3
• Calculate the magnitude and direction. 14.3 N
tan  =   = 4.1
R = 199 .12 + 14.32  200 N 199 .1 N
Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 1st semester 2020