NORDRHEIN-WESTFÄLISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN UND DER KÜNSTE

EPIGRAPHICA ANATOLICA
Zeitschrift für Epigraphik und historische Geographie Anatoliens

begründet von

EKREM AKURGAL, REINHOLD MERKELBACH, SENCER ŞAHİN, HERMANN VETTERS

herausgegeben von

WOLFGANG BLÜMEL, JÜRGEN HAMMERSTAEDT, WOLFGANG DIETER LEBEK

HASAN MALAY, MUSTAFA HAMDİ SAYAR

HEFT 53 2020
DR. RUDOLF HABELT GMBH · BONN
 Manuskripte werden erbeten an einen der Herausgeber:

Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Blümel, Institut für Altertumskunde der Universität zu Köln
D–50923 Köln, E-Mail wolfgang.bluemel@uni-koeln.de

Prof. Dr. Jürgen Hammerstaedt, Institut für Altertumskunde der Universität zu Köln
D–50923 Köln, E-Mail juergen.hammerstaedt@uni-koeln.de

Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Dieter Lebek, Institut für Altertumskunde der Universität zu Köln
D–50923 Köln, E-Mail wolfgang.d.lebek@outlook.de

Prof. Dr. Hasan Malay, P. K. 114, TR–35050 Bornova – İzmir

E-Mail hasan.malay@gmail.com

Prof. Dr. Mustafa Hamdi Sayar, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Eskiçağ Tarihi
Anabilim Dalı, Vezneciler, TR–34459 İstanbul, E-Mail mhsayar@gmail.com

Geschäftsführender Herausgeber:
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Blümel

Epigraphica Anatolica im Internet: http://ifa.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de/epiana.html

ISSN 0174-6545
Printed in Germany
© 2020 by Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn
 INHALT

Baker, P. – Thériault, G.
Les empereurs romains à Xanthos: nouvel apport épigraphique 59
van Bremen, R.
Mylasa in 261 BC 1
A Hellenistic stratēgoi dedication from Stratonikeia in Karia and the defence
of the city 21
Caneva, S. G. – Lorenzon, L.
Notes d’épigraphie séleucide: Aigai, Ilion, Iasos 45
Eck, W.
Zur konkreten Funktion von sogenannten tituli honorarii in der Provinz Asia 75
Hoff, M. – Howe, T.
What’s in a name? New inscriptions from Antiochia ad Cragum in western
Rough Cilicia 163
Horsley, G. H. R.
A marble funerary stele from Phrygia in Canberra 89
Howe, T. – Hoff, M.
What’s in a name? New inscriptions from Antiochia ad Cragum in western
Rough Cilicia 163
Labarre, G.
Sauvé de la noyade dans les hautes plaines pisidiennes? 119
Lorenzon, L. – Caneva, S. G.
Notes d’épigraphie séleucide: Aigai, Ilion, Iasos 45
Malay, H.
A new inscription from Anaia: Greek translation of Codex Theod. 2.8.18 (on
stopping litigation on Sunday) 173
Olshausen, E. – Sauer, V.
Die Tätigkeit in Landwirtschaft und Staat als Tugend. Grabinschriften aus
Neoklaudiopolis (Vezirköprü/Samsun İli, Türkei) 141
Pilhofer, Ph. – Yeğin, Y.
Eine gestiftete Abschrankung aus dem Kloster von Olba 169
Sauer, V. – Olshausen, E.
Die Tätigkeit in Landwirtschaft und Staat als Tugend. Grabinschriften aus
Neoklaudiopolis (Vezirköprü/Samsun İli, Türkei) 141
Thériault, G. – Baker, P.
Les empereurs romains à Xanthos: nouvel apport épigraphique 59
Uzunaslan, A. – Wallner, Ch.
Drei neue Epigramme aus Antiocheia ad Pisidiam 131
Wallner, Ch. – Uzunaslan, A.
Drei neue Epigramme aus Antiocheia ad Pisidiam 131
Yeğin, Y. – Pilhofer, Ph.
Eine gestiftete Abschrankung aus dem Kloster von Olba 169
Habelt-Verlag · Bonn Epigraphica Anatolica 53 (2020) 163–167

WHAT’S IN A NAME? NEW INSCRIPTIONS FROM ANTIOCHIA AD CRAGUM

IN WESTERN ROUGH CILICIA

Introduction

Among the several inscriptions discovered in 2018 during the course of excavations at the Ro-
man-era city of Antiochia ad Cragum in western Rough Cilicia on the south Turkish coast, two
in particular stand out because they coincidentally contain the name of the city. The city had
commonly been known as Antiochia ad Cragum since the early 19th century, based on the Greek
Ἀντιόχεια ἐπὶ Κράγῳ, supplied by the geographer Ptolemy (5.7.2). The early 3rd century CE Sta­
diasmus Maris Magni refers to the city as χωρίον Κράγον.1 In both cases the geographical refer-
ence point, the “Kragos”, is emphasized as the toponymic epithet for the city name. Appian
(Mithr. 96) suggests that the area had served as a base for the infamous Cilician pirates who
operated from the vicinity of geographical features known as the Kragos and Antikragos, a cliff
and rocky promontory, located ca. 20 km southeast of ancient Selinus (modern Gazapaşa). Stra-
bo also refers to the Kragos as a prominent geographical feature (14.5.3 = p. 669).2 After the
capitulation of the pirates in 67 BCE as a result of operations by Pompey, the site would remain
relatively uninhabited until Antiochus IV of Commagene, a client-king of Rome, founded the
eponymously-named city ca. 41 CE.3
The first western traveler to visit the shores of the Antiochia was Francis Beaufort who re-
cords upon arrival that “(the site) must have been that of Antiochia ad Cragum of Ptolemy”.4
Later western visitors, antiquarians, and scholars looked to the authority of Beaufort and also
Ptolemy in their descriptions and surveys of the ancient city, referring to them consistently, and
continuing to Latinize it as Antiochia ad Cragum. This name has now become rather permanent
in any discussion regarding the cities of Rough Cilicia. However, the discovery of the two new
inscriptions introduced below, along with numismatic evidence, indicates that the city likely
enjoyed two names: one, created at the time of the city’s foundation and likely the “official” city
name, and the second, an “unofficial” title based on a long-standing topographic name for the
place.

1 K. Müller, Geographi Graeci Minores 1 (Paris 1855), 486 § 200.

2 For recent information regarding the Cilician Pirates, see P. de Souza, Pirates and Politics in the Roman
World, in V. Grieb, S. Prühlen and S. Todt, eds., Piraterie von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart (Stuttgart 2012) 47–73 and
id., Who are You Calling Pirates, in M. Hoff and R.Townsend, eds., Rough Cilicia. New Historical and Archaeological
Approaches (Oxford 2013) 43–54; K. Tomaschitz, The Cilician Pirates – How to Approach an Obscure Problem, in
Hoff and Townsend, Rough Cilicia 55–58; and N. Rauh, M. Dillon, and R. Rothaus, Anchors, Amphoras, and Ashlar
masonry: New Evidence for the Cilician Pirates, in Hoff and Townsend, Rough Cilicia 59–86.
3 For a recent examination of Antiochus IV and western Rough Cilicia, see E. Borgia, The Rule of Antiochus
IV of Commagene in Cilicia: A Reassessment, in Hoff and Townsend, Rough Cilicia (supra n. 2) 87-98.
4 F. Beaufort, Karamania, or a Brief Description of the South Coast of Asia-Minor and of the Remains of Antiquity
(London 1817) 185.
164 Michael Hoff – Timothy Howe

Inscriptions

Marble statue base to Sabina Augusta, 128–136 CE (Fig. 1)

Embedded as spolia into the NW wall of Building 5 on the acropolis are five fragments of a statue
base of white marble. The largest fragment contains the upper left half of the block’s dedicatory
inscription; the fragment is split laterally, thus preserving much of the original lettering. The
exposed face shows heavy pitting due to weathering.
AI 18.04. Fragment length: 0.65; width: 0.20. Height of letters: 0.027.

Text
ΣΑΒΙΝ[ΑNΣΕΒΑ] 11 characters restored
ΣΤΗΝ[ΘΕΑΝ] 8
ΑΝΤΙΟ[ΧΕΩΝ] 9
ΤΗΣΠ[ΑΡΑΛΙΟΥ] 11
5 Ο[ΔΗΜΟΣ] 6

Σαβῖν[αν Σεβα]-
στὴν [Θεὰν]
Ἀντιο[χέων]
τῆς Π[αραλίου]
5 ὁ [δῆμος]

Translation
The Demos of the Antiochenes-on-the-Coast (honors) the Goddess Sabina Augusta.

Publications
Unpublished.

Commentary
Reconstruction based in part on parallel number of letters in each line: 1.11; 2.8; 3.9; 4.11; 5.6.
L. 1. Possible bottom left serif of the final alpha in Σαβῖνα may be discerned. Σαβῖνα is here
spelled without an epsilon which is a departure from the normal nomenclature, but not un-
known. At Ephesos there is the honorific inscription honoring Sabina; her name contains no
epsilon (Σαβῖναν; IEph 278 = McCabe, Ephesos 1010). Sabina is also honored on a statue base at
nearby Kestros, set up to honor both Hadrian and Sabina.5 In both the Kestros and Antiochia
bases Sabina is honored with the title of Sebaste (Augusta), an honor likely bestowed upon her
in 128.6

5 G. E. Bean and T. B. Mitford, Journeys in Rough Cilicia in 1962 and 1963 (DenkschrWien 85) (Vienna 1965)
159–60 no. 164; cf. S. Hagel and K. Tomaschitz, Repertorium der westkilikischen Inschriften (DenkschrWien 265. Tituli
Asiae Minoris Ergänzungsband 22) (Vienna 1998) 150 AntK 18.
6 On the declaration of Sabina honored with the title of Augusta, see most recently T. C. Brennan, Sabina
Augusta. An Imperial Journey (Oxford 2018) 87. Brennan (p. 139) also suggests that Sabina accompanied Hadrian
during the third imperial journey that may have brought them to Kestros in 131; the Antiochia inscription may
be further evidence of such a visit.
 New inscriptions from Antiochia ad Cragum 165

L. 2. Θεάν is restored following [Σεβα]στήν as the character total (8) closely corresponds to the
character number in Line 3. Sabina is honored as Thea, perhaps referencing Hera, in association
with Hadrian as Olympian Zeus.7 For Sabina as Thea at Ephesos (IEph 4108 = McCabe, Ephesos
1006; IEph 278 = McCabe, Ephesos 1010; θεά is restored for Ephesos inscriptions 1002 and 1011).
L. 3-4. Ἀντιο[χέων] τῆς Π[αραλίου]. See below.
L. 5. Although no fragment of a subsequent letter is discernable, the article ὁ implies the
Demos as the dedicatory body.

Fragment of a marble moulded base (Fig. 2)

ΑΙ 18.05. Embedded in a late wall between the Great Bath and Bouleuterion. Fragment length
(preserved) 11.5 cm; height (preserved) 5.8 cm. Letter height 1.2 cm. The fragment appears to
be the crown moulding of a stele with a wide flat band along the top followed by a cavetto, then
a cyma recta at the bottom. The upper surface has a flat narrow band with an area of rough
picking behind. The preserved lettering shows crisp strokes, but some elements appear clumsily
done or missing.

Text
ΚΟΝΩΝ[ - - - ]
[ - - - ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ]ΤΗΣΠΑΡΑ[ΛΙΟΥ - - - ]

Κόνων [- - - ]
[ - - - Ἀντιοχέων] τῆς Παρα[λίου - - - ]

Publications
Unpublished.

Commentary
L. 1. No observable letter before K is suggestive that this is the first word of the line. The K is
missing the upper diagonal stroke although the serif is visible. Konon as a nominative is a com-
mon name in the region and is attested at Iotape, a city also founded by Antiochus IV.8
L. 2. Prior to the T, there appears to be a horizontal bar at the upper zone that contains a
right-side serif although hardly discernable. The right-side vertical bar of the Π terminates at
the bottom without serif; instead there is a short horizontal bar extending to the right of the
vertical bar that ends with a serif. The left diagonal bar of the first A is barely visible although
its serifs are deep and sharp. The left-side cross bar extends downwards diagonally, but the
pendant right-side is missing. The second A is similar in that the left diagonal bar is barely dis-
cernable; parts of the right diagonal bar are broken away.

7 Brennan (supra n. 6) 165.

8 For attestations of Konon in Rough Cilicia, see G. E. Bean and T. B. Mitford, Journeys in Rough Cilicia, 1964–
1968 (DenkschrWien 102. Tituli Asiae Minoris Ergänzungsband 3) (Vienna 1970) 150 no. 151; CIG 4412; CIG 4413;
Hagel and Tomaschitz (supra n. 5) 123–25 Iot 2a, Iot 2b, Iot 3a, Iot 3b, Iot 3c; all are undated.
166 Michael Hoff – Timothy Howe

Discussion

Both these inscriptions attest to an epithet attached to the name of the city that is different to
the long-established name of the city, Antiochia ad Cragum. The city is not well attested in the
ancient sources. While the name of the geographical location of the site (“Kragos” and “Antikra-
gos”) were mentioned by Strabo in association as a Cilician pirate base of the late Hellenistic
period, the city was not founded until the mid-first century CE by Antiochus IV of Commagene.9
Ptolemy referred to the city as ᾽Αντιόχεια ἐπὶ Κράγῳ (5.7.2), which was later Latinized in early
travelers’ accounts as Antiochia ad Cragum. As a result of these early travelers visiting the site
and referencing Ptolemy, the name of Antiochia ad Cragum has become universal.
Until the discovery of these two inscriptions there were no other attestations on stone of the
complete city name. On a (now lost) inscription G. Bean and T. Mitford found in the 1960s within
the village of Güney, where the ancient city of Antiochia is located, the editors restore a short-
ened version of the city’s name: Ἀντιοχέων πόλις.10
Coins minted by the city reflect the name preserved on the two inscriptions: Ἀντιοχέων τῆς
Παραλίου or “[The demos] of the Antiochenes-on-the-Coast”. E. Levante notes in a recent study
of the known coins from the limited mint that the chronological range spans the period from
Hadrian to Gallienus, although the majority of coins belong to the third century.11 The reverses
carry the city name in the genitive plural, ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ ΤΗC ΠΑΡΑΛΙΟΥ, either whole or in a
shortened form.
All evidence, including historical sources, such as Strabo, Ptolemy and the Stadiasmus, epi­
graphical, and numismatic, indicate that the two toponymic epithets for the city name over-
lapped, at least for the Hadrianic period and likely both before and after. The epithet “Kragos”,
based on its longstanding usage from late Hellenistic pirate-period was probably more robustly
ingrained in the literary record and therefore preferred by scholars, than the local, albeit “of-
ficial”, Paralia, which does not seem to have entered public discourse beyond inscriptions and
coinage.12

University of Nebraska Michael Hoff

St. Olaf College, Northfield (Minnesota) Timothy Howe

Özet
Makalede, Dağlık Kilikia’daki Antiokhia ad Cragum’da bulunmuş olan iki yazıt tanıtılmaktadır.
Yazarlar, kentin adını ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΠΑΡΑΛΙΑ olarak kaydeden bu iki yazıtı eldeki nümizmatik
kanıtlarla birlikte ele almakta ve bu kentin gerçek resmî adının ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΠΑΡΑΛΙΑ (“Sa-
hildeki Antiokheia”) olabileceğine dikkat çekmektedirler.

9 See Borgia (supra n. 2) 87–98.

10 Bean and Mitford (supra n. 5) 41 no. 44. Cf. Hagel and Tomaschitz (supra n. 5) 41–42 AntK 20.
11 E. Levante, Cilician Coinage, NC 151 (1991) 205–07. Coins minted at Antiochia with the epithet ΤΗC
ΠΑΡΑΛΙΟΥ were previously noted by F. Imhoof-Blumer, Griechische Münzen, NC 15 (1895) 287–88, and G. F. Hill,
Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Lycaonia, Isauria, and Cilicia. BMC 21 (London 1900) xxxviii–xxxix; in light of the coins
Hill refers to the city as “Antiochia τῆς Παραλίου”.
12 For a longer discussion of the civic name of Antiochia, see the forthcoming article by M. Hoff, T. Howe,
and R. Townsend, On the Coast or on the Cliff: The City Name of Antiochia in Rough Cilicia.
 New inscriptions from Antiochia ad Cragum 167

Fig. 1. Antiochia Inscription AI 18.04 (Photo: Antiochia ad Cragum Excavations)

Fig. 2. Antiochia Inscription AI 18.05 (Photo: Antiochia ad Cragum Excavations)