1. Write the similarities and differences between policy and strategy.

Similarities between Policy and Strategy:

 Both policy and strategy are essential components of organizational planning.

 They are formulated by the top management of an organization.

 Policies and strategies are designed to guide decision-making processes within the
organization.

 Both policy and strategy aim to achieve specific objectives and goals set by the
organization.

 They provide a framework for actions and decisions within the organization.

Differences between Policy and Strategy:

 Policy is a set of rules and principles that guide daily decision-making, while strategy is
a comprehensive plan designed to achieve specific organizational objectives.

 Policies are more fixed and uniform, while strategies are dynamic and can be adjusted
based on changing circumstances.

 Strategies focus on actions to achieve goals, handle challenges, and utilize resources
effectively, whereas policies are more decision-oriented.

 Strategies deal with external factors such as competition, while policies are primarily
concerned with internal organizational matters.

 Top management typically formulates both policies and strategies, but sub-strategies may
be developed at middle management levels.

2. Enumerate goals of the rural development policy

 Poverty Reduction: One of the primary goals of the rural development policy is to
alleviate poverty in rural areas by promoting economic growth and increasing
 employment opportunities. This can be achieved through the development of
infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and irrigation systems, as well as the provision of
financial assistance and technical support to small-scale farmers and entrepreneurs.
 Infrastructure Development: Another important goal of the rural development policy is
to improve the quality of life in rural areas by enhancing the availability and accessibility
of essential services and facilities. This includes the construction of schools, health
centers, and markets, as well as the provision of electricity, clean water, and sanitation
facilities.
 Agricultural Development: The rural development policy aims to boost agricultural
productivity and promote sustainable farming practices. This can be achieved through the
provision of agricultural inputs, such as seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides, as well as the
introduction of modern farming techniques, the development of agricultural value chains,
and the establishment of farmer cooperatives.
 Environmental Conservation: The rural development policy seeks to promote
sustainable land use practices and preserve the natural environment in rural areas. This
can be achieved through the implementation of land use planning and zoning regulations,
the establishment of protected areas, and the promotion of agroforestry and other
environmentally friendly farming practices.
 Social Inclusion: The rural development policy aims to promote social inclusion and
reduce disparities between rural and urban areas. This can be achieved through the
provision of educational and vocational training opportunities, the establishment of
community-based organizations, and the promotion of gender equality and the rights of
indigenous peoples.

3. Discuss briefly Ethiopia’s national and rural development strategies , Selected

policies and Key rural development issues pre and post-1991

Ethiopia’s National and Rural Development Strategies

Ethiopia has undergone significant changes in its national and rural development strategies over
the years.
Pre-1991, during the Derg regime,

 The country followed a centralized economic planning model with a focus on state-led
development initiatives.
 The government implemented policies such as land redistribution and nationalization
of key industries.

Post-1991, Ethiopia shifted towards a more market-oriented approach to development.

 The government introduced structural adjustment programs in collaboration with

international financial institutions like the World Bank and the IMF.
 These programs aimed to liberalize the economy, promote private sector growth, and
attract foreign investment.
 Additionally, Ethiopia adopted poverty reduction strategies that focused on improving
social services, infrastructure development, and agricultural productivity.

Selected Policies

 One of the key policies implemented by the Ethiopian government post-1991 was the
Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization (ADLI) strategy.
 This policy aimed to transform the agricultural sector by
 increasing productivity,
 promoting commercial farming practices, and
 Integrating smallholder farmers into value chains.

Another important policy initiative was the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP),

 This was introduced in 2005 to address food insecurity and poverty in rural areas.
 The PSNP provided cash or food transfers to vulnerable households in exchange for
participation in public works projects aimed at building community assets and
infrastructure.

Key Rural Development Issues Pre-1991

Prior to 1991, Ethiopia faced several challenges in its rural development efforts.

 Land tenure systems were characterized by inequality and inefficiency,

leading to low agricultural productivity and widespread poverty among
smallholder farmers..

Key Rural Development Issues Post-1991

After 1991, Ethiopia continued to grapple with various rural development issues despite policy
reforms.

 Challenges such as land degradation, climate change impacts, inadequate

infrastructure, and limited access to markets, and lack of skills training
persisted in rural areas.
 Additionally, political instability and conflicts in certain regions posed
significant obstacles to sustainable rural development.

4. Overview land policy in Ethiopia government starting from Monarchy period to the
present date accordingly (EPRDF.1991- present)

Overview of Land Policy in Ethiopia from Monarchy Period to Present (EPRDF,

1991-present)

Monarchy Period (Pre-1974):

 During the monarchy period in Ethiopia, land ownership was concentrated in the hands
of a few elites, mainly the nobility and the church.
 The feudal system prevailed, with peasants working on land owned by landlords in
exchange for protection and a share of the harvest.
 Land tenure was based on traditional systems such as gult and rist.

Derg Regime (1974-1991):

The Derg regime, led by Mengistu Haile Mariam, implemented radical land reforms aimed at
nationalizing all rural land.
EPRDF Era (1991-present):

 The EPRDF introduced a new land policy that sought to address historical injustices
while promoting economic development.
 The key features of land policy during this period include:

1995 Constitution:

 The 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia recognized that all land belongs to the state and
people, effectively abolishing private ownership of rural land.
 However, individuals and communities were granted landholding rights.

2005 Rural Land Administration and Land Use Proclamation:

This proclamation established a framework for rural land administration, including provisions for
land registration, certification of land rights, and regulation of land transactions.

2008 Agricultural Investment Land Administration Proclamation:

 This law aimed to attract foreign investment in agriculture by leasing large tracts of land
to domestic and foreign investors for commercial farming purposes.

Challenges: Despite these efforts, challenges persist in implementing equitable land policies in
Ethiopia. Issues such as insecure tenure rights, conflicts over resource use, and limited access to
legal mechanisms for dispute resolution continue to impact rural communities.

5. Overview labor policy and policy on technology adopted in Ethiopia state starting from
Monarchy period to the present date accordingly

Labor Policy and Technology Policy in Ethiopia from Monarchy Period to Present

 Monarchy Period (1270-1974):

 During the monarchy period in Ethiopia, labor policies were largely informal and
traditional, with a focus on agriculture as the primary economic activity.
  The feudal system was prevalent, with land ownership concentrated in the hands of a few
elites, leading to a significant portion of the population being tied to the land as serfs or
sharecroppers.
 Technology Policy: Technological advancements during this period were limited, with
minimal government intervention or policy frameworks specifically targeting technology
development.
 Transitional Period (1974-1991):
 Labor policies underwent significant changes with the introduction of
state-led industrialization efforts and collectivization of agriculture under
the Derg regime.
 Labor unions were tightly controlled by the government, and workers’
rights were often suppressed.
 Technology Policy: Under the socialist regime, there was an emphasis on self-reliance
and import substitution industrialization. The government nationalized key industries and
implemented centralized planning mechanisms.
 Post-Socialist Era (1991-Present):
 Labor policies have evolved to promote private sector growth, attract foreign
investment, and improve labor standards.
 The government has introduced various reforms such as child labor and gender
inequality.
 Technology Policy:
 Initiatives such as the Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission
have been established to promote innovation and technological
advancement.
 The government has also prioritized investments in infrastructure,
digital connectivity, and skills development to support the growth of
tech industries such as ICT and renewable energy.

6. Impression on Settlement policy in Ethiopia from Derg (1974-1991) up to present date

Settlement Policy in Ethiopia from Derg (1974-1991) to Present Date

  The settlement policy in Ethiopia during the rule of the Derg regime from 1974 to 1991
was characterized by significant government intervention in population resettlement
programs. T
 One of the key initiatives under the Derg was the “villagization” program, which sought
to consolidate scattered rural populations into planned villages.

Derg Regime (1974-1991)

 During its rule, the Derg regime pursued a centralized approach to development and
governance, including the resettlement of people from highland areas to lowland regions.
 The government believed that by relocating communities, it could improve access to
services such as healthcare and education while also facilitating agricultural
development.
 However, the villagization program was met with resistance from many Ethiopians who
were forcibly moved and faced challenges adapting to unfamiliar environments.

Impacts of Settlement Policy under the Derg

 The settlement policy under the Derg regime had both positive and negative impacts on
Ethiopian society.
 On one hand, it led to some improvements in infrastructure and service provision in
newly established villages.
 The government also argued that resettlement would help combat environmental
degradation and promote economic development in rural areas.

Transition Period (1991-2018)

 The new government introduced policies aimed at decentralizing power and promoting
regional autonomy.
 However, issues related to land tenure, resource management, and ethnic tensions
continued to shape settlement patterns in the country.

Current Settlement Policies

Efforts have been made to address historical injustices related to land ownership and promote
community participation in decision-making processes.

Challenges and Opportunities

 Rapid urbanization, climate change impacts, and conflicts over land rights pose ongoing
challenges to effective settlement policies in Ethiopia.

7. Debate Marketing policy and reflection on it, during Autocratic and democratic state in
Ethiopia

Autocratic State in Ethiopia: In an autocratic state like Ethiopia,

 The marketing policy is typically controlled and dictated by the government or a single
ruling authority.
 The government has significant power over economic activities, including marketing
strategies and regulations.
 Decisions regarding marketing policies are made unilaterally without much input from
the private sector or the general public.

Democratic State in Ethiopia:

In a democratic state like Ethiopia, the marketing policy is shaped through a more participatory
process that involves various stakeholders, including

 government agencies,
 businesses,
 industry associations,
 Consumer groups and civil society organizations.
 The government’s role is to create a regulatory framework that fosters a level playing
field for businesses to thrive while safeguarding the interests of consumers.

Comparison between Autocratic State in Ethiopia and Democratic State in Ethiopia :

When comparing marketing policies in autocratic and democratic states in Ethiopia:

  Decision-Making Process: In an autocratic state, decisions regarding marketing policies
are made unilaterally by the ruling authority, whereas in a democratic state, there is a
more inclusive decision-making process involving multiple stakeholders.

 Market Dynamics: Autocratic states may have more restrictions on market activities and
limited competition compared to democratic states where there is generally more
openness to market forces.

 Transparency and Accountability: Democratic states tend to have more transparent and
accountable marketing policies due to checks and balances inherent in democratic
governance structures.

 Innovation and Competition: Democratic systems often foster innovation and

competition through their marketing policies by encouraging entrepreneurship and
protecting intellectual property rights.

 Consumer Protection: Democratic states typically have stronger consumer protection

measures embedded in their marketing policies compared to autocratic states where
consumer rights may be less prioritized.

8. Deliberate Policies on NGO’s and Community Development in Ethiopia

Autocratic State Policies (Pre-1991)

 During the autocratic rule in Ethiopia before 1991, NGOs faced significant restrictions
and were often viewed with suspicion by the government.
 The regime tightly controlled civil society organizations, including NGOs, limiting their
activities and influence.
 The government’s focus was primarily on maintaining power and suppressing dissent
rather than promoting community development through partnerships with NGOs.
 NGOs operating during this period often faced challenges such as limited freedom of
expression, restricted funding sources, and government interference in their operations.

Derg Regime Policies (1974-1991)

  Under the Derg regime, NGOs were required to align their activities with the
government’s socialist ideology and priorities.
 The regime sought to co-opt NGOs into its development agenda while limiting their
independence and autonomy.
 Despite some efforts to engage with NGOs for community development projects, the
overall environment for civil society organizations remained restrictive.

Democratic State Policies (Post-1991)

 The democratic state encouraged partnerships between the government, NGOs, and local
communities to address various social issues such as healthcare, education, agriculture,
and infrastructure development.
 This shift towards a more inclusive approach allowed NGOs to play a more active role in
shaping policies and programs that benefit communities across Ethiopia.