Indian Year Book 2024 Compilation

Raj Malhotra’s IAS, 1st Floor, Dainik Bhaskar Building, Sector 25 D, Chandigarh (Ph - 7087000437)
H.NO. 3, 2nd Floor, Indrapuri Bhanwarkua (Opposite Gurjar Hospital) Indore, Madhya Pradesh (Ph - 78310 78309)
Page 1
20-B, Bada Bazar Marg, Old Rajinder Nagar Market, New Delhi-110060 (Ph - 9814711661)
Page 2
Page 3
https://forms.gle/ULDKgQNhZCfQTe3J7
Page 4
CONTENTS
1. India's Geography, Geology, Climate, and Demographics............................................................................... 6
2. INDIA’S National Symbols .................................................................................................................................. 7
3. the Indian Republic & ITS NATURE .................................................................................................................. 10
4. Ministries and Departments ............................................................................................................................. 12
5. Legal System and Governance IN INDIA ......................................................................................................... 14
6. Foreign Policy OF INDIA .................................................................................................................................... 16
7. Statistics and Programme Implementation Ministry (MoSPI) ...................................................................... 17
8. Ministries and Regulatory Bodies .................................................................................................................... 18
9. Concepts and Initiatives ................................................................................................................................... 20
10. Commerce ......................................................................................................................................................... 20
11. Industry .............................................................................................................................................................. 21
12. Labour and Employment Ministry .................................................................................................................... 22
13. Health and Family Welfare Initiatives IN IndiA ............................................................................................... 23
14. Education Initiatives in India ............................................................................................................................ 26
15. Other Relevant Initiatives ................................................................................................................................. 26
16. Agriculture in India ............................................................................................................................................ 27
17. Food Security ..................................................................................................................................................... 28
18. NITI Aayog .......................................................................................................................................................... 28
19. Rural Development ........................................................................................................................................... 29
20. Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry (MoHUA) ................................................................................................. 30
21. Road Transport and Highways Ministry (MoRTH) ........................................................................................... 30
22. India's Energy and Water Resource................................................................................................................. 31
23. Water Resources: Overview and Management .............................................................................................. 31
24. Environmental Governance IN India: ............................................................................................................... 32
25. Communications and Information Technology Landscape IN India ............................................................. 34
26. Government Initiatives in Communications and IT ........................................................................................ 34
27. The Ministry of Culture ...................................................................................................................................... 36
28. Department of Science and Technology (DST) ............................................................................................... 38
29. Youth Empowerment in India........................................................................................................................... 40
30. States and Union Territory ................................................................................................................................ 41
31. Summary of Important National Events in India (January - December 2023) ............................................ 45
Page 5
INDIA'S GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, CLIMATE, AND DEMOGRAPHICS
A Land of Striking Contrasts:
India, a landmass stretching from the Himalayas to the tropics, embodies remarkable geographical diversity. The
majestic Himalayas form a formidable northern boundary, while the vast plains of the Ganga and Indus cradle a
large population. The south showcases a peninsular plateau fringed by fertile coastal plains. This heterogeneity
extends to geological formations, with the young Himalayas contrasting with the ancient rocks of the peninsula.
Shaped by Ancient Forces:
The geological story of India revolves around the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate millions of
years ago, giving rise to the Himalayas. Prior to this event, the region was submerged under the Tethys Sea. The
peninsular plateau boasts rocks dating back billions of years, further enriched by volcanic activity and
sedimentary deposits.
Life-Giving Rivers:
India's river systems are the lifelines of the nation. The perennial Himalayan rivers, fed by glaciers and snowmelt,
are joined by the peninsular Deccan rivers, dependent on seasonal rainfall. Coastal rivers and those of the inland
drainage basin complete the network. The mighty monsoon, arriving from June to September, significantly
impacts these rivers, replenishing water resources and sustaining agriculture.
A Dance of Seasons:
India's climate is a captivating interplay between the Himalayas, the Thar desert, and the surrounding oceans.
Four distinct seasons grace the country: winter, pre-monsoon summer, the southwest monsoon, and the post-
monsoon northeast monsoon. Cyclones, particularly during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, pose a
threat to coastal regions.
A Rich Tapestry of Life:
India's diverse geography and climate translate into a rich tapestry of flora and fauna. Divided into distinct
phytogeographical zones, the country boasts unique vegetation patterns. The fauna, meticulously documented
by the Zoological Survey of India, exhibits high biodiversity and endemism. India is a global leader in wildlife
conservation, protecting over 2,800 species.
A Nation on the Move:
Demographics play a pivotal role in shaping India's social fabric. With a population exceeding 1.2 billion, India is
projected to witness continued growth. Issues like population density, sex ratio, literacy rates (Kerala being the
highest and Bihar the lowest), and migration patterns demand careful consideration. Fertility and mortality rates
are crucial indicators for future planning.
A Land of Potential and Challenges:
India's geographical, geological, climatic, and demographic diversity presents a unique set of challenges and
opportunities. Understanding these complexities is essential for ensuring the nation's continued development
and prosperity.
Page 6
INDIA’S NATIONAL SYMBOLS
This summary provides a concise overview of India's national symbols, drawing upon details relevant
for UPSC Civil Services Preliminary General Studies Paper 2024.
National Flag:
• Tricolor of saffron (top), white (middle), and green (bottom) panels of equal dimensions.
• Ashoka Chakra in navy blue adorns the center of the white panel, symbolizing dharma or
righteousness.
• Length to width ratio: 3:2.
• Adopted by the Constituent Assembly on July 22, 1947.
• Display governed by the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950.
Page 7
State Emblem:
Page 8
• Adapted from the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath, depicting four Asiatic lions standing back-
to-back.
• Represents power, courage, confidence, and pride.
• Mounted on an abacus with a Dharma Chakra in the center.
• Below the emblem is the motto "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth Alone Triumphs).
• Official seal of the Government of India.
• Regulated by the State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005.
National Anthem:
• "Jana Gana Mana," composed by Rabindranath Tagore in Bengali.

• Adopted in its Hindi version on January 24, 1950.
• First sung at the Indian National Congress session in 1911.
Page 9
National Song:
• "Vande Mataram," composed in Sanskrit by Bankimchandra

Chatterji.
• First sung at the Indian National Congress session in 1896.
National Calendar
• Based on the Saka Era with Chaitra as the first

month.
• Adopted on March 22, 1957, for official use
alongside the Gregorian calendar.
National Animal and Bird:
• Royal Bengal Tiger and Indian Peacock, respectively.

• Re-affirmed as national animal and bird in 2011.
Important Points to Remember:
• Understand the symbolism associated with each

national symbol.
• Be familiar with the dates of adoption and relevant acts governing their use.
• Recognize the composers of the national anthem and song.
• Recall the significance of the Saka calendar in India's official timekeeping.
THE INDIAN REPUBLIC & ITS NATURE
• Sovereign: India is an independent nation with ultimate decision-making authority over its
territory and governance.
• Socialist: The Constitution aims for socio-economic equality, preventing the concentration of
wealth and promoting welfare measures.
• Secular: The state treats all religions equally; there is no state religion.
• Democratic: The government is elected by the people, upholding principles of representation and
participation.
• Republic: The head of state is the President, an elected position, not a hereditary monarch.
• Parliamentary System: The executive branch (led by the Prime Minister) is accountable to the
legislature (Parliament).
Page 10
The Constitution
• The supreme law of the

land, adopted on November
26, 1949, and came into
force on January 26, 1950.
• Provides the framework for
the structure of government,
the rights and duties of
citizens, and the relationship
between the Union (Central)
Government and States.
• Inspired by various
constitutional models,
ensuring a balance of power
and protection of individual
rights.
Union Government
• President: Head of State,

largely ceremonial role; acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers. Powers include
summoning Parliament, appointing the Prime Minister, and promulgating ordinances.
• Vice-President: Acts as President in the President's absence; also the Chairperson of the Rajya
Sabha.
• Council of Ministers: Headed by the Prime Minister, comprises Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of
State, and Deputy Ministers. The real executive power rests with the Council of Ministers.
Legislature (Parliament)
• Bicameral: Consists of two houses - Rajya Sabha (Upper House) and Lok Sabha (Lower House).
• Rajya Sabha: Represents the States, with members indirectly elected by State legislatures.
• Lok Sabha: Represents the people, with members directly elected. Holds greater power in
financial matters.
• Functions: Lawmaking, overseeing the executive, approving budgets, representing the people.
States and Union Territories
• India is a Union of States: 28 states and 8 Union Territories.

• State Government: Similar in structure to the Union Government, with a Governor, Chief Minister,
and Council of Ministers.
• Union Territories: Directly administered by the Union Government.
Page 11
Citizenship
• Single Indian citizenship.

• Governed by the Citizenship Act of 1955 and
subsequent amendments (including the
Citizenship Amendment Act 2019).
Fundamental Rights
• Guaranteed by the Constitution

• Include right to equality, freedom of speech, right
to life, cultural and educational rights, and the
right to constitutional remedies.
• Enforceable through the courts.
Fundamental Duties
• Introduced by the 42nd Amendment.

• Moral obligations of citizens to uphold the Constitution, promote harmony, and protect the
environment.
Directive Principles of State Policy
• Non-justiciable guidelines for governance.

• Aim to establish a social and economic democracy by promoting social justice and welfare.
Important Institutions
• Election Commission: Conducts free and fair elections at various levels.

• Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG): Audits government accounts and ensures fiscal
accountability.
• Attorney General: Chief legal advisor to the government.
Local Government
• Panchayats (Rural): Three-tier system of self-government at the village, intermediate, and district
levels.
• Municipalities (Urban): Urban local government structures, including municipal corporations,
municipal councils, and nagar panchayats.
MINISTRIES AND DEPARTMENTS
• Ministry of Defence (MoD): Oversees India's defense policy, armed forces readiness, and
indigenous production. Departments within the MoD include:
• Department of Defence (DoD): Handles policy formulation and coordination.
Page 12
• Department of Military Affairs (DMA): Promotes jointness (cooperation between the military
branches) and oversees military acquisitions.
• Department of Defence Production (DDP): Responsible for defense manufacturing.
• Department of Defence Research and Development (DDR&D): Coordinates R&D efforts through
the DRDO (see below).
• Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare (DESW): Supports the welfare of retired military
personnel.
Leadership and Organizations
• Defence Minister: Cabinet-level civilian head of the MoD.

• Defence Secretary: Senior civil servant coordinating MoD departments.
• Chief of Defence Staff (CDS): Principal military advisor to the government, promotes integrated
operations between Army, Navy, and Air Force.
• Controller General of Defence Accounts (CGDA): Manages defense finances.
• Border Roads Organisation (BRO): Develops and maintains border infrastructure.
Armed Forces
• Indian Army: Largest branch, responsible for land-based defense, internal security, and
humanitarian aid (e.g., Operation Sadbhavana, disaster relief).
• Indian Navy: Protects maritime interests, anti-piracy, search and rescue, power projection.
Recent strides in indigenous shipbuilding (e.g., INS Vikrant aircraft carrier).
• Indian Air Force (IAF): Air defense, air superiority, close air support for ground forces. Emphasizes
modernization (e.g., Rafale, Apache, Chinook acquisitions) and 'Make in India' (e.g., HAL Tejas
LCA).
Other Defense-Related Entities
• Indian Coast Guard: Maritime law enforcement, protects offshore assets, assists fishermen,
environmental protection. Guided by the Coast Guard Act, 1978.
• Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO): Primary R&D agency for defense
technologies, develops missiles, aircraft, electronics, and more.
Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs): Key players in defense

manufacturing:
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)
Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL)
Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL)
Several others specializing in ships, vehicles, alloys, etc.
Page 13
Important Initiatives and Policies
• Make in India: Promotes self-reliance in defense manufacturing, reducing reliance on imports.

• Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP 2020): Streamlines procurement processes.
• Defence Corridors (UP and Tamil Nadu): Manufacturing hubs to boost domestic production.
• Atmanirbhar Bharat: Overall policy emphasizing self-reliance, specifically targeting defense.
• Positive Indigenization Lists: Items that can only be procured domestically.
• Women in the Armed Forces: Expanding roles for women, including opening the National
Defense Academy (NDA) to women.
Additional Concepts Relevant for UPSC Prelims
• Integrated Theatre Commands: Proposed restructuring to combine forces across branches under
area-specific commands for better coordination.
• Integrated Defence Staff (IDS): Supports the Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC), which
includes the heads of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
• UN Peacekeeping Missions: India is a significant contributor.
• Space Defense: Emerging area with the creation of agencies like the Defence Space Research
Agency (DSRA).
LEGAL SYSTEM AND GOVERNANCE IN INDIA
• Ministry of Law and Justice: Established in 1833, it comprises three departments: Legal Affairs,
Legislative, and Justice. Each oversees specific aspects of the legal system.
• Sources of Law: The Indian legal system derives laws from the Constitution, statutes enacted by
Parliament and state legislatures, customary law, and judicial precedent (case law).
• Judiciary: The Supreme Court of India is the highest court. It has original, appellate, and advisory
jurisdiction. It upholds fundamental rights and resolves disputes between the central government
and states. High Courts exist in each state and supervise judicial administration.
• National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal Reforms: Aims to improve access to justice and
system accountability through structural reforms.
• Judicial Infrastructure: Government schemes support the construction of court buildings and
residences for judges. The Gram Nyayalayas Act brings justice directly to rural villages.
• Commercial Courts Act (2015): Designed to expedite the resolution of commercial disputes.
Reforms include changes to monetary jurisdiction limits and e-filing processes.
• eCourts Project: Launched in 2007, it uses technology to improve judicial efficiency. Phase III
focuses on advanced tech solutions.
• Access to Justice: Schemes like DISHA provide citizen-centric tech solutions. Tele-Law and Nyaya
Bandhu programs offer legal aid.
• Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): Mechanisms like Lok Adalats (people's courts) and
mediation are encouraged to reduce the burden on courts.
• Fast Track Courts (FTCs): Special courts for swift trials of serious crimes and some civil suits.
Focus on cases involving rape and child sexual abuse under the POCSO Act.
• Legal Affairs Department: Manages legal matters, government litigation, and administration of
various laws. The LIMBS system monitors cases involving the Union of India.
Page 14
• Arbitration and Mediation: India has a legal framework to promote arbitration and mediation for
out-of-court dispute resolution. Amendments aim to make these processes more efficient and
awards more enforceable.
Law Enforcement and Security
• Law Enforcement Agencies: Police forces at state and central levels, along with paramilitary
forces, maintain law and order. India also has several specialized forces and a robust civil
defense system.
Specialized Forces:
NSG: Elite anti-terror force modeled after global counterparts.
CRPF: Large force dealing with riots, conflicts, and international peacekeeping missions.
RAF: Responds rapidly to manage riots and maintain order.
CoBRA: Combats left-wing extremism in challenging terrains.
CISF: Protects critical infrastructure and government facilities.
SSB: Guards Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan borders.
• Civil Defense, Home Guard, Fire Service: These forces are crucial for disaster management,
internal security, and fire safety.
Other Key Areas
• Personal Laws: Different religious communities have specific laws governing marriage, divorce,
adoption, etc. Recent amendments aim to increase gender equality.
• Maintenance Obligations: Spouses and dependents have legal right to maintenance. Laws exist
under the Criminal Procedure Code, Hindu law, Muslim law, and others.
• Succession Laws: Govern inheritance with variations for different religious communities. The
Indian Succession Act (1925) and Hindu Succession Act (1956) are key statutes.
• Election Laws and Reforms: The Representation of the People Act (1951) and related rules
govern elections. Amendments focus on voter inclusivity, transparency, and streamlining
processes.
• Delimitation: Periodic readjustment of electoral constituencies is constitutionally mandated.
• EVMs and VVPATs: Electronic Voting Machines and Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trails are used
for secure and transparent elections.
• Voting Rights: Overseas Indian citizens can register and vote in elections.
Page 15
FOREIGN POLICY OF INDIA
Policy Framework: India's foreign policy prioritizes bilateral, regional, and multilateral
•
partnerships, guided by domestic reforms and its growing global stature. The successful G-20
Presidency in 2023 showcased India's leadership and focus on inclusive development and
multilateral reform.
• Operational Successes:
o Operation Kaveri: Evacuation of 4,000 individuals from Sudan's conflict zones.
o SCO Summit 2023: Enhanced geopolitical engagement and Varanasi's designation as the
first SCO tourism and cultural capital.
• Cultural Diplomacy:
o UNESCO Recognition: Hoysala Temples and Santiniketan gained World Heritage status.
o World Hindi Conference: Held in Fiji with 50 participating nations.
• G-20 Presidency:
o Themes: Mission LiFE (environmental sustainability), inclusive development, and
multilateral reform.
o Summit: Held in New Delhi with leaders from 32 countries and international
organizations.
o Key Outcomes: New Delhi Leaders' Declaration, African Union's inclusion in G20,
initiatives like the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor and Global Biofuels
Alliance.
Neighbourhood First: Policy prioritizes relations with Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives,
Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Focus areas include:
Page 16
Infrastructure and Development: Partnerships with Afghanistan, Bhutan, Myanmar,
o
Nepal.
o Trade and Connectivity: Enhanced ties with Bangladesh, maritime cooperation with
Maldives, connectivity projects with Nepal.
o Pakistan and Sri Lanka: Emphasis on peaceful relations (with Pakistan despite
challenges) and economic, strategic cooperation with Sri Lanka.
Global Partnerships:
• Strategic Partners: Strong ties with countries including the US, Russia, Japan, Australia, ASEAN
nations, Gulf countries, and the African continent. Shared focus on economic cooperation,
strategic alignment, and regional stability.
• India-Canada: Growing economic ties and people-to-people connections.
• Latin America and Caribbean: Increased diplomatic and economic engagement.
India in the Global Order:

UN and Multilateralism: Active advocate for UNSC reforms and initiatives like Mission LiFE,
International Solar Alliance (ISA), and Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI).
Peacekeeping: Significant contributor to UN peacekeeping operations.
Climate Change: Ambitious commitments, leadership in ISA and Global Biofuels Alliance.
Counter-terrorism: Focus during G20 Presidency, participation in forums like the Conference on
Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA).
Disarmament and Security: Supports universal disarmament, chairs Wassenaar Arrangement.
Cyber Diplomacy: Active in dialogues and conventions.

Economic Diplomacy: Focus on attracting investment, trade agreements, and development
partnerships.
STATISTICS AND PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION MINISTRY (MOSPI)
• Established: 1999
• Purpose: Provides essential economic data and monitors government programs.
• Structure:
o National Statistics Office (NSO): Houses the CSO (responsible for national accounts and
economic indices) and the NSSO (conducts large-scale socioeconomic surveys).
o Programme Implementation Wing: Oversees government programs, infrastructure
project monitoring, and the MPLADS scheme.
• National Statistical Commission (NSC): Top advisory body on statistics.
Page 17
Key Statistical Activities
• Index of Industrial Production (IIP): Monthly measure of industrial sector growth (mining,
manufacturing, electricity).
• Consumer Price Index (CPI): Tracks inflation in rural, urban, and combined sectors.
• Social Statistics: Gender, population, poverty, health data, and publications like "Women and
Men in India."
• Environmental Monitoring (EnviStats India): Data on environmental conditions, health, resources.
National Development Initiatives
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): MoSPI develops indicators to track India's progress
towards these global goals set by the UN.
• Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS): Empowers MPs to
recommend local development works.
Important Points for UPSC Prelims
• MoSPI's role in providing economic data that informs policy decisions.

• The difference between CPI and IIP as measures of inflation and industrial activity.
• The connection between MoSPI's data collection and India's commitment to the SDGs.
• Understand the basic structure of MoSPI and the functions of its different wings.
MINISTRIES AND REGULATORY BODIES
• Ministry of Finance: Responsible

for overseeing India's economic
policies, finances, and budget.
Administers taxation (direct and
indirect), financial regulations, and
public expenditure.
• Key Departments: Economic
Affairs (DEA), Expenditure,
Revenue, Investment and Public
Asset Management, Financial
Services.
• Budget Process: The Annual
Financial Statement and Demands
for Grants detail revenue and
expenvditure plans. The Finance
Bill proposes tax changes.
• Public Debt: Includes internal debt
(loans, treasury bills), external debt,
and other liabilities.
Page 18
Ministry of Corporate Affairs: Regulates the corporate sector through the Companies Act 2013 and
other legislation. Oversees the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) and professional bodies like
ICAI, ICSI, and ICAI.
o Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC): Streamlines insolvency resolution processes for
companies. Regulates insolvency professionals.
o IBBI: Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India, the IBC's regulatory body.
o NCLT/NCLAT: National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and its appellate body (NCLAT)
adjudicate corporate disputes.
• Reserve Bank of India (RBI): India's central bank. Responsible for monetary policy, currency
issuance, and regulating the banking system.
Page 19
CONCEPTS AND INITIATIVES
• Economic Indicators: GDP growth, CPI inflation, fiscal deficit, and industrial sector performance
are vital for assessing economic health.
• Financial Markets: SEBI regulates markets, sustainability reporting is promoted. Cybersecurity
(CSIRT-Fin) protects financial institutions.
• Fiscal Responsibility: FRBM Act ensures fiscal discipline and limits deficits.
• Economic Infrastructure: National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP), National Infrastructure Pipeline
(NIP), PM GatiShakti, and NIIFL promote development and investment.
• Rural Banking: Initiatives focus on boosting agriculture and financial inclusion for rural
populations.
• Social Security: Schemes like PMJJBY, PMSBY, and APY provide life insurance, accident
insurance, and pensions.
• Disinvestment: Strategic disinvestment aids economic growth and unlocks the potential of public
sector enterprises.
• Corporate Governance: The Companies Act 2013 (and amendments) promotes transparency and
responsibility. CSR rules hold corporations accountable.
• Ease of Doing Business: Reforms streamline processes and reduce regulatory burden for
corporations.
Additional Important Terms for UPSC Mains Preparation
• Financial Stability Development Council (FSDC): Coordinates financial sector regulation and
promotes stability.
• Integrated Finance System (IFS): DEA unit focused on infrastructure policy and private
investment.
• E-Bill Processing System: Ensures efficiency and transparency in government payments.
• CGA (Controller General of Accounts): Manages government accounting and fiscal data.
• GST: Goods and Services Tax, a unified indirect tax system.
• Digital Banking Units: Promote financial inclusion and digital services.
• EASE Reforms: Enhance public sector bank performance through technology and customer
focus.
• Pension Schemes: NPS (National Pension System) and PFRDA (regulatory body).
COMMERCE
• Foreign Trade Policies and Performance: India's Department of Commerce oversees global trade
policy, aiming to increase exports and integrate with the world economy. FY 2022-23
demonstrated significant trade growth, with notable import categories (e.g., crude oil) and export
strengths (e.g., petroleum products). The ongoing trade deficit and global economic slowdowns
pose challenges.
• Key Trade Initiatives:
o New Foreign Trade Policy (2023): Emphasizes e-commerce, advanced exports, and local
business growth.
o Schemes: EPCG (duty-free capital goods imports), Interest Equalisation (export credit
support), Advance Authorization (duty-free input imports for exporters), SEZs (export-
Page 20
focused zones), and Niryat Bandhu (exporter training) promote Indian exports in various
ways.
o Digital Platforms: NIRYAT portal provides trade data for transparency.
o FTAs: India engages in Free Trade Agreements to create preferential trade relationships.
INDUSTRY
• Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT): This department is crucial for
industrial policy. It manages FDI policy, the "Make in India" campaign, infrastructure projects (PM
GatiShakti, logistics policy), and eases business regulations.
• Industry Modernization and Growth: India aims for globally competitive industries. Initiatives like
Production Linked Incentives across key sectors encourage domestic manufacturing with
performance-based rewards.
• Startup Ecosystem: Startup India fosters entrepreneurship with funding and mentorship,
contributing to innovation and job growth. The One District One Product scheme helps locally
specialized businesses.
• Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): DPIIT promotes innovation through IPR policy and awareness.
• Industrial Performance: Data on the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) and specific key
industries (including mining and manufacturing) shows India's current production trends.
• Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises: The Ministry of Heavy Industries plays a role in
automotive transformation (electric mobility), along with the operations of Central Public Sector
Enterprises in strategic sectors.
Other Key Sectors
• Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs): A dynamic sector defined by new classifications,
receiving government support for growth. Crucial for GDP and employment, this sector faces
delayed payments addressed by the MSME Samadhaan mechanism.
• Textiles: A sector with long-standing importance, including Khadi under the Khadi and Village
Industries Commission, and newer technical textiles. Various schemes promote output and skill
development.
• Steel: India aims to increase steel production capacity and emphasizes domestic raw material
sourcing. The specialty steel sub-sector receives focus under the Production Linked Incentive
scheme.
• Fertilizers: The Department of Fertilizers ensures supply and affordability for agriculture. Policy
aims to improve production efficiency and rationalize subsidies.
• Chemicals and Petrochemicals: A diverse sector open to FDI. India's large pharmaceutical
industry is subject to pricing policies balancing affordability and innovation.
• Minerals: Legislation aims to ensure sustainable mining practices and resource exploration.
Important minerals include bauxite, copper, iron ore, and others, with Odisha, Jharkhand, and
Chhattisgarh as key production states.
• Geological Survey of India (GSI) and Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM): These organizations play vital
roles in resource assessment and responsible mineral development.
Page 21
LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT MINISTRY
• Core Mandate: Protect worker rights, especially the disadvantaged; foster healthy work
environments; provide social security; implement labor regulations.
• Adapting to Liberalization: Focus on ensuring worker welfare and rights even as the economy
undergoes liberalization.
Key Ministry Initiatives
Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan Yojana (PM-SYM): Pension scheme for unorganized workers, providing old-age
security.
National Career Service (NCS): Digital platform for job seekers and employers, offers career guidance and skill
information.
Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana (ABRY): Post-COVID economic recovery scheme incentivizing new job creation with
social security benefits.
Labor Inspection Scheme: Computerized system with risk-based inspections, improving transparency and efficiency.
Shram Suvidha Portal: Unified portal streamlining labor law enforcement and compliance across various agencies.
Single Unified Annual Return: Simplifies compliance by allowing establishments to file one return for multiple labor laws.
Labor Codes: Consolidate and simplify labor laws for better worker protection, minimum wages, social security, and ease
of business.
Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC)
• Role: Provides healthcare, financial benefits, and medical reforms to insured workers.
• Digital Initiatives:
o e-Biz Platform: Integrates employer registration for ease of business.
o e-Pehchan: Aadhaar-linked identification for online benefits.
o Digital Health Records (ABHA): Unified health ID for easier records access.
o IPS Mobile App: Online doctor appointments, home sample collection.
o GIS Mapping: Showcases ESIC hospitals/dispensaries nationwide.
o Online Benefits: Facilitates online claim submissions.
Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO)
• Role: Manages provident fund, pension, and insurance schemes.

• Digital Initiatives:
o Online Registration: Simplified registration process for establishments.
o Pension Reforms & Digital Life Certificate: Minimum pension, face recognition for life
certificate submission.
Page 22
o UAN Portability: Universal Account Number for seamless PF transfer on job changes.
o Bonus Act Amendment: Revised eligibility and calculation for better worker benefits.
Other Key Areas
• Child Labor: Government committed to eradication through laws, projects, and focus on
education.
• Occupational Safety & Health (OSH): DGMS (mines), DGFASLI (factories, docks) enforce OSH
laws.
• Safety Awards: Recognize workers/establishments for safety practices.
• Workers' Education: Dattopant Thengadi Board focuses on awareness for all sectors.
• V.V. Giri National Labour Institute: Premier training and research institute.
• Labour Bureau: Collects and disseminates key statistics on labor/employment.
Skill Development in India
• Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE): Spearheads skilling efforts,

collaborates with stakeholders.
• National Skill Development Mission: Cross-sectoral skill development framework.
• National Skill Development Policy: Promotes skilling, entrepreneurship, equity, and focus on
marginalized groups.
• PM-YUVA: Entrepreneurship development through higher education.
• Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY): Flagship incentive-based skill development
program with monetary rewards.
HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE INITIATIVES IN INDIA
• Immunization Programs
o Mission Indradhanush (MI): Launched in 2014 and intensified in 2017, MI aims to achieve
90% immunization coverage for under-vaccinated children and pregnant women,
especially in low-coverage or inaccessible regions. The current focus is measles and
rubella elimination.
o New Vaccines: India has expanded its immunization program with vaccines against polio,
rotavirus, rubella, Japanese encephalitis, pneumonia, and tetanus/diphtheria.
• Maternal and Child Health
o MAA (Mother's Absolute Affection): Launched to promote breastfeeding and healthy child
feeding practices. The program focuses on awareness, counseling, and skilled support at
healthcare facilities.
o Anemia Mukt Bharat: This 2018 initiative tackles anemia in children, adolescents,
pregnant/lactating women, and women of reproductive age. It emphasizes treatment,
nutritional interventions, and monitoring.
• Infrastructure and Capacity Building
o PM Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission: This large-scale scheme strengthens
healthcare infrastructure for pandemic preparedness and addresses gaps in both rural
and urban areas.
Page 23
o Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres (AB-HWCs): Over 161,000 HWCs have
been established across India by upgrading existing health centers. They provide a
broader range of services, including basic healthcare, maternal/child health, non-
communicable disease management, and wellness promotion.
• Specific Disease Control
o National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP): Aims to eliminate TB in India by
2025 through free diagnosis, treatment, and financial support for patients.
• Nursing Education & Regulation

o National Nursing and Midwifery Commission Act, 2023: Replaces the Indian Nursing Council
to enhance nursing standards, education and practice, aiming for greater transparency and
accountability.
Page 24
• Affordable Medicine
o Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP): Launched to provide
affordable generic medicines through dedicated 'Janaushadhi Kendras' across India.
• Digital Health
o National Digital Health Blueprint/Mission (NDHM): A framework and implementation plan
to create a digital health ecosystem in India, including unique health IDs, electronic health
records, and telemedicine platforms like eSanjeevani.
Page 25
EDUCATION INITIATIVES IN INDIA
• PM SHRI Schools (Pradhan Mantri Schools for Rising India): A flagship government scheme
transforming 14,500+ existing schools into high-quality institutions. Features include a focus on
holistic learning, cutting-edge infrastructure, and an emphasis on being environmentally-friendly.
These schools will serve as mentors for other schools, promoting the ideals of India's National
Education Policy 2020.
NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020 (NEP 2020)

A TRANSFORMATIVE POLICY WITH FAR-REACHING GOALS:
Promotes
integration
across
Aims for curricular Seeks to
universal Stresses and extra- boost literacy Expands
Emphasizes Facilitates
access to early curricular and open and
assessment internationali
quality childhood activities, numeracy distance
reform with zation in the
education, care and and between through a learning for
the creation education
from pre- education for arts, dedicated higher
of PARAKH. sector.
primary level ages 3-6. sciences, National enrollment.
to grade 12. vocational, Mission.
and
academic
streams.
• Tithi Bhojan: A community-driven program supplementing the Mid-Day Meal Scheme.

Encourages celebrating occasions by providing additional food or resources to schools,
promoting equity and community spirit.
• ULLAS Scheme: Aimed at boosting adult literacy for those aged 15 and above who missed out
on formal schooling. Leverages volunteerism and a blended learning approach to reach
marginalized learners, aligning with NEP 2020 goals.
• Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT): A tool to evaluate the
effectiveness of adult literacy schemes like ULLAS.
OTHER RELEVANT INITIATIVES
• Malaviya Mission Scheme: Envisions establishing Malaviya Mission Centers to create a robust
ecosystem for teacher training and professional development.
• Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana (VKY): Focuses on holistic development of tribal populations by
ensuring effective delivery of government schemes and resources.
• VISVAS Yojana Scheme: Provides subsidized loans to Self Help Groups and individuals from OBC
and SC communities to promote economic upliftment.
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakaram (PMJVK): Supports infrastructure and basic amenities in
underserved areas, with a focus on education, health, skill development, and women-centric
facilities.
Page 26
• Aadhaar Enrollment: The government encourages Aadhaar enrollment for children below six
years, aligning with the goal of universal identification and facilitating access to services like
Anganwadi schemes.
AGRICULTURE IN INDIA
• Status and Growth: The agriculture sector is vital to the Indian economy. While its contribution to
GDP has decreased over time, it still employs roughly 60% of the population.
o Recent growth has been slower (3% in 2021-22) compared to the average of the past six
years (4.6%).
o Fluctuations in growth are common, with years of higher (e.g., 6.8% in 2016-17) and lower
growth.
• Investment: Private investment in agriculture is increasing (9.3% in 2020-21), but public
investment remains steady (around 4.3%). Historically, public investment was higher (5.4% in
2011-12).
• Exports: Agricultural exports are at an all-time high, exceeding US$50 billion in 2021-22. This
highlights the sector's growing importance in global trade.
• Contribution to Economy:
o Agriculture directly contributes roughly 18% of India's GDP.
o Agriculture and allied sectors (including forestry and fisheries) contribute nearly 25% of
the country's Gross Value Added (GVA).
Government Initiatives
• Per Drop More Crop (PDMC): This scheme promotes micro-irrigation (drip and sprinkler systems)
to increase water efficiency on farms. It has been operational under various programs since
2015. Benefits include water conservation, reduced fertilizer use, and higher income for farmers.
• International Year of
Millets (2023): India
played a key role in
promoting millets
globally. Millets are
climate-resilient,
nutritious crops with
a long history in India.
Advantages include:
• Nutrition: High in
minerals, vitamins,
fiber, and beneficial
amino acids
compared to rice and
wheat.
• Resilience: Millets
are drought-resistant,
grow on marginal lands, and have a short growing season.
Page 27
• Dairy Processing & Infrastructure Development Fund (DIDF): Aims to modernize milk processing
and infrastructure across India. Provides financial assistance to eligible borrowers, extending the
scheme's impact.
FOOD SECURITY
• Consumer Welfare Fund: Provides financial assistance for consumer protection initiatives. States
manage funds with a focus on locally relevant projects.
• National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013: Landmark legislation guaranteeing subsidized food
grains to a significant portion of the population (75% rural, 50% urban). It separates beneficiaries
into Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households (poorest of the poor) and priority households.
• New Integrated Food Security Scheme (2023): Provides free food grains to 81.35 crore NFSA
beneficiaries, ensuring food security for the most vulnerable.
• One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC): Ensures portability of food grain entitlements, allowing
beneficiaries to access their rations anywhere in India. The 'Mera Ration' mobile app provides
information on entitlements and facilitates access.
• Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY): Extended to provide free food grains to
81.35 beneficiaries well into 2024, highlighting its role as a significant social welfare program.
PDS Reforms & Technology
• End-to-End Computerisation: Aimed at improving PDS transparency, digitizing ration cards, and
linking them with Aadhaar (unique ID). Goal: weed out ineligible beneficiaries and ensure rations
reach the rightful people.
• Integrated Management of Public Distribution System (IMPDS): Builds upon previous reforms.
Focuses on nationwide portability of food grain distribution and uses data analytics for system
improvements.
• SMART-PDS: A new scheme (2023-2026) to sustain reforms, enhance food distribution systems,
and further develop ONORC portability.
NITI AAYOG
• Background: Established in 2015, NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission for a more
dynamic approach to development. It emphasizes cooperative federalism (states and Centre
working together) and knowledge-driven policymaking.
• Role: Think tank advising the central and state governments on policy. Monitors existing
programs, suggests improvements, promotes innovative practices.
• Composition: Prime Minister chairs the organization. Its Governing Council includes state Chief
Ministers and experts. CEO is appointed by the Prime Minister.
Evolution of Planning in India
• Planning Commission (1950): Responsible for Five-Year Plans focused on economic growth and
social development
• Key Plan Themes:
o Agriculture and infrastructure in early plans.
Page 28
o Industrialization and employment generation in later plans.
o Poverty alleviation and social justice became prominent goals.
• NITI Aayog's Shift: While not creating Five-Year Plans, it formulates long-term strategies and
action plans better aligned with current economic conditions.
NITI Aayog's Initiatives
• Atal Innovation Mission (AIM): Fosters innovation with programs supporting young innovators,
incubation centers, and community innovation.
• Asset Monetisation: Leverages existing government assets (like infrastructure) to raise funds and
attract private investment for development.
• Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office (DMEO): Tracks progress of government
programs to suggest adjustments and improve resource allocation.
• Science & Technology: Promotes India's position in the Global Innovation Index through policy
and support for science and technology initiatives.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
• Ministry of Rural Development: Established to create programs and focus on decentralizing

power for rural progress.
MGNREGS: Provides guaranteed rural employment, creates

Flagship Programs:
assets, focuses on women's empowerment.
DAY-NRLM: Poverty reduction through financial inclusion,

social organization, and sustainable livelihoods.
PMAY-G: Building affordable rural housing for all. Prioritizes

women.
PMGSY: All-weather rural road connectivity.
NSAP: Social assistance for vulnerable groups (elderly, widows,

disabled).
• Other Vital Schemes: DDU-GKY (rural skills), Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission
(urbanizing rural areas), SAGY (model villages development), NIRD&PR (training institute)
• Technology in Land & Water Management: DILRMP (digital land records), Watershed
Development (WDC-PMKSY)
• Panchayati Raj: Constitutional mandate for decentralized local governance. Ministry of
Panchayati Raj aims to strengthen this system, with initiatives for empowerment and e-
governance.
Page 29
Important Considerations
• All rural development programs heavily contribute to employment generation.

• Focus on women's empowerment through leadership opportunities and targeted assistance.
• Transparency and monitoring are aided by e-governance, GIS tools, and social audits.
HOUSING AND URBAN AFFAIRS MINISTRY (MOHUA)
• Established in 2017, MoHUA is responsible for overseeing urban housing and development
policies in India.
• It manages various flagship schemes like Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), Swachh Bharat
Mission (SBM), Smart Cities Mission, AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
Transformation), DAY-NULM (Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana National Urban Livelihoods Mission),
RERA (Real Estate Regulation and Development Act), PM SVANidhi (PM Street Vendor’s Atma
Nirbhar Nidhi) Scheme, National Mission on Sustainable Habitat (NMSH).
• These schemes focus on providing pucca houses, improving sanitation, sustainable urban
development, reducing urban poverty, regulating the real estate sector, supporting street
vendors, and promoting low-carbon urban growth.
• MoHUA also promotes mass transit systems like MetroLite and MetroNeo for sustainable urban
transport.
ROAD TRANSPORT AND HIGHWAYS MINISTRY (MORTH)
• Oversees road infrastructure development in India, including national highways, research, and
associated organizations like NHAI (National Highways Authority of India) and NHIDCL (National
Highways Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited).
• Bharatmala Pariyojana is a flagship program for upgrading and expanding national highways,
improving connectivity, and reducing logistics costs.
• Parvatmala Pariyojana focuses on ropeway development for last-mile connectivity and tourism
promotion.
• MoRTH promotes new technologies like recycled materials and Ultra-High Performance Fiber
Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) for highway projects.
• Initiatives like FASTags and online services improve highway operations and user experience.
• The ministry also focuses on electronic enforcement, vehicle scrapping policy, and promoting
coastal shipping for sustainable and efficient transportation.
Other Important Initiatives
• Sagarmala Programme: Aims to improve port-led development, reduce logistics costs, and
enhance export competitiveness.
• Jal Marg Vikas Project: Promotes inland water transport for fuel-efficient and environmentally
friendly transportation.
• RCS-UDAN (Regional Connectivity Scheme - UDAN): Aims to enhance regional air connectivity.
• Krishi Udan 2.0 Scheme: Launched to incentivize air cargo transportation for agricultural
produce.
Page 30
• Biometric Enabled Seamless Travel (DigiYatra): Initiative for seamless airport experience using
facial recognition technology.
INDIA'S ENERGY AND WATER RESOURCE
Key Developments in the Energy Sector
• Transformation: India's power sector has significantly improved in the last decade, moving from
energy deficit to surplus with substantial growth in generation capacity.
• Grid Expansion: The entire country now operates on a single, interconnected power grid with
major additions to transmission infrastructure.
• Distribution Improvements: Government schemes have focused on strengthening power
distribution in rural areas, leading to increased availability.
• Renewable Energy Push: India is strongly committed to reducing fossil fuel reliance and has
achieved significant progress in renewable energy expansion, aiming for ambitious targets by
2030.
• International Energy Diplomacy: India actively engages in strategic partnerships and
negotiations to diversify energy imports and promote energy security.
Key Ministries and Initiatives
• Ministry of Power: Oversees the overall power sector including generation, transmission, and
distribution.
• Ministry of New and Renewable Energy: Responsible for developing and promoting renewable
energy sources like solar, wind, and bio-energy.
• Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas: Handles exploration, production, refining, and distribution
of oil and gas. Key schemes include Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (LPG connections), ethanol
blending, and the City Gas Distribution Network.
• Ministry of Coal: Manages coal and lignite exploration and production through public sector
companies.
WATER RESOURCES: OVERVIEW AND MANAGEMENT
• Ministry of Jal Shakti: Created in 2019, this ministry is responsible for the development,
regulation, and conservation of India's water resources.
• National Water Policy (2012): Emphasizes water conservation, equitable distribution, and
community involvement in water management.
• National Water Mission: Focuses on creating a comprehensive water database, promoting water
conservation and efficiency, and citizen awareness.
• Key Initiatives: Water conservation campaigns (Jal Shakti Abhiyan, "Sahi Fasal"), river
rejuvenation (National Mission for Clean Ganga), irrigation development (Pradhan Mantri Krishi
Sinchayee Yojana)
• Regulatory Bodies: Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) regulates groundwater, Central
Water Commission (CWC) oversees flood control, irrigation, and water resource utilization.
Page 31
Energy surplus/deficit
Power generation capacity (conventional and renewable sources)
Grid connectivity
Rural electrification
Renewable energy targets
Important Terms and Concepts Strategic Petroleum Reserves
Ethanol Blending Programme
Bio-energy schemes (waste-to-energy, biomass)
Coal reserves
Major government schemes in the energy and water sectors
International treaties (Indus Waters Treaty)
ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE IN INDIA:
• Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC): Oversees environmental

protection, forest conservation, biodiversity management, and pollution control. Coordinates with
international bodies like the UNEP (UN Environment Programme).
• Key Research Institutions:
o Botanical Survey of India (BSI): Researches plant diversity.
o Zoological Survey of India (ZSI): Researches animal diversity.
o Forest Survey of India (FSI): Assesses India's forest cover.
• Biodiversity Conservation:
o Biological Diversity Act and National Biodiversity Action Plan: Implement the UN's
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
o Biosphere Reserves, Biodiversity Heritage Sites: Designated for focused conservation
efforts
o International Day for Biodiversity: May 22nd.
Biosafety and Biotechnology
• Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: India is a member, ensuring the safe handling of Living
Modified Organisms (LMOs) created through biotechnology.
Forest Management
• Forest Policy Division: Guides national forest policies and international collaboration in the
forestry sector.
Page 32
• Forest Conservation Division: Manages the diversion of forest land to non-forestry uses in line
with the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. Protects forests from illegal activities and fires.
• Forest (Conservation) Rules, 2022: Aim to streamline project approvals and promote community
participation in forest management.
Wildlife Conservation
• Wildlife Division: Oversees wildlife policies, laws, and conservation projects.

• Key Initiatives:
o Project Elephant: Protects elephants and their habitats.
o Project Tiger: Conserves tigers. India boasts the world's largest tiger population thanks to
this successful project. International Tiger Day (July 29th) raises awareness.
o Asiatic Lion Conservation Project: Protects this endangered big cat.
• Supporting Institutions
o Wildlife Institute of India: Conducts research, training, and aids in policymaking.
o Central Zoo Authority: Sets standards for zoo management.
o National Tiger Conservation Authority: Dedicated to tiger conservation efforts.
o Wildlife Crime Control Bureau: Combats wildlife trafficking.
Animal Welfare
• Animal Welfare Board of India: Advises the government on issues related to the well-being of
domesticated and wild animals in captivity. Promotes awareness and implements welfare
programs.
Environment Protection
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): A mandatory process since 1994, integrating

environmental considerations into development projects to ensure sustainability.
• Pollution Control:
o Air Pollution: Regulated by the Air Act and Environment Act. Measures include monitoring,
emission standards, and the National Clean Air Programme.
o Noise Pollution: Addressed through monitoring, regulations, and awareness campaigns in
urban areas.
o Plastic Waste: Phase-out targets single-use plastics. Extended Producer Responsibility
(EPR) encourages sustainable plastic management.
Waste Management
• Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs): Facilitate cost-effective wastewater treatment for
smaller industries.
• Managing Hazardous Substances: Regulations focus on safe handling, disposal, and emergency
preparedness.
• Rules for Specific Waste Streams:
o Hazardous Waste Management: Aligns with global treaties like the Basel Convention.
o E-Waste Management Emphasizes producer responsibility and environmentally sound
disposal.
Page 33
o Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016: Promote waste segregation and proper disposal
across various settings.
o Fly Ash Utilisation: Encourages using this byproduct in construction to reduce
environmental burden.
COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE IN INDIA
Key Ministries and Regulatory Bodies
• Ministry of Communications: Oversees India's postal services and telecommunications

infrastructure.
• Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY): Promotes and regulates the
electronics industry, IT sector, internet governance, and cybersecurity initiatives.
• Department of Posts: Established in 1766, it manages India's vast postal network. It offers
financial services like small savings schemes and operates the India Post Payments Bank (IPPB),
particularly in rural areas.
• Prasar Bharati: India's autonomous public service broadcaster, comprising Doordarshan
(television) and All India Radio (AIR).
• Registrar of Newspapers for India (RNI): A statutory body responsible for registering and verifying
newspapers and periodicals, ensuring compliance with the Press & Registration of Books Act,
1867.
• Press Information Bureau (PIB): The central agency for disseminating official government
information to the media and public.
• Press Council of India: A quasi-judicial body that safeguards press freedom, sets journalistic
standards, and promotes ethical practices within the Indian media landscape.
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES IN COMMUNICATIONS AND IT
• Digital India Programme: A flagship initiative aimed at transforming India into a digitally
empowered nation by bridging the digital divide, promoting e-governance, and driving economic
growth.
• IT Act, 2000: The primary legislation governing cyberspace in India; facilitates e-commerce and
e-governance.
• Aadhaar Act, 2016: Provides a legal framework for the Aadhaar biometric identification system,
enabling efficient delivery of government subsidies and services.
• Digital Infrastructure Pillars: Aadhaar, national data centers, and cloud computing platforms
form the backbone of India's digital infrastructure, supporting various government initiatives.
• UMANG & Mobile Seva: Mobile-based platforms providing citizens with access to a wide range of
government services.
• Focus on e-Governance: Initiatives like eSign (digital signatures), DigiLocker (secure document
storage), and others promote efficiency and transparency in government processes.
Technological Advancements and Their Impact
• Proactive Governance (PRAGATI): A technology-driven platform enhancing collaboration and

decision-making at the highest levels of government.
Page 34
• Recognition in e-Government Development Index (EGDI): India's progress in digital inclusion is
reflected in its improved EGDI ranking.
• e-Way Bill System: Simplifies the movement of goods across India, contributing to transparency
in trade and logistics.
• e-Courts Project: Aims to provide a more efficient and transparent justice delivery system through
the use of technology.
• Digital Skill Development: Programs like Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan and
FutureSkills PRIME focus on bridging the digital skills gap and preparing India's workforce for the
future.
• Digital Payments Revolution: India has witnessed significant growth in digital payment
transactions, increasing financial inclusion and transparency.
• National Language Translation Mission: Emphasizes linguistic diversity by leveraging technology
to translate between Indian languages.
• Semiconductor Programs: Initiatives focused on developing a self-sufficient semiconductor
ecosystem in India.
• Cyber Security: India consistently improves its cybersecurity posture and initiatives like Cyber
Surakshit Bharat play a key role.
• Telecom Growth: India's rapidly expanding telecommunications sector is the second largest in
the world.
Focus on Key Initiatives:
• Elaborate on a few flagship programs: Delve into the specifics of initiatives like the Digital India
Programme or the e-Courts Project. Explain their core objectives, implementation strategies, and
tangible impacts on society.
• Rural Connectivity and Inclusion: Analyze how programs like BharatNet or the Common Service
Centers (CSCs) address last-mile connectivity challenges and bridge the digital divide in rural
India.
• Cybersecurity in Focus: Discuss the National Cyber Security Strategy or specific initiatives like the
Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) and their role in protecting India's digital
infrastructure.
Policy and Regulatory Frameworks:
• The evolving IT Rules: Discuss the recent amendments to the Information Technology Rules and
their implications for social media platforms, digital content creators, and internet users.
• Data Protection and Privacy: Explore the proposed Personal Data Protection Bill, the need for
robust data protection laws, and how India balances privacy with innovation.
• Regulating the Digital Space: Examine India's approach to regulating online content, the role of
bodies like the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), and the ongoing debate around net
neutrality.
Emerging Technologies and Disruption:
• Artificial Intelligence: Discuss India's AI strategy, its potential applications in governance,

healthcare, agriculture, etc., and the ethical considerations surrounding its use.
Page 35
• Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT): Explain the potential of blockchain for
supply chain management, financial transactions, and other use cases. Explore government
initiatives in this space.
• 5G and Beyond: Analyze the rollout of 5G in India, its transformative potential across sectors,
and the next generation of wireless technologies.
THE MINISTRY OF CULTURE
• Core Mandate: Preservation, promotion, and dissemination of India's diverse cultural heritage,
both tangible and intangible.
• Key Functions:
o Safeguarding Heritage: Protecting and conserving ancient monuments, archaeological
sites, and artifacts.
o Nurturing Artistic Expression: Encouraging and supporting music, dance, theatre,
literature, visual arts, and traditional crafts.
o Overseeing Cultural Institutions: Managing autonomous organizations, attached and
subordinate offices that implement cultural programs and policies.
• Mission Initiatives:
o National Mission for Manuscripts: Preserving and digitizing ancient manuscripts to
safeguard knowledge.
o **National Mission for Monuments and Antiquities: ** Documenting and conserving
historical structures, sites, and antiquities.
o National Mission on Libraries: Modernizing and improving access to libraries nationwide.
o Gandhi Heritage Sites Mission: Preserving sites associated with Mahatma Gandhi to
honor his legacy
• Types of Cultural Heritage:
o Tangible: Monuments, sculptures, paintings, artifacts.
o Intangible: Oral traditions, performing arts, rituals, folklore.
o Knowledge Heritage: Ancient texts, scientific and philosophical wisdom.
• Additional Focus Areas:
o Gandhian Heritage: Emphasizing Mahatma Gandhi's social and cultural impact.
o Custodianship of Libraries: Managing major national libraries.
o Buddhist and Tibetan Culture: Preservation and promotion.
• International Engagement:
o UNESCO Conventions: Participation in conventions related to world heritage, intangible
cultural heritage, and cultural diversity.
o Cultural Exchange Programs: Agreements with partner countries to foster cultural
understanding.
India's Cultural Diplomacy: Achievements
• UNESCO's Intergovernmental Committee: India currently holds a seat, crucial for safeguarding
intangible cultural heritage worldwide.
• Garba's Potential Recognition: This traditional Gujarati dance is up for inclusion in UNESCO's
Intangible Cultural Heritage list.
Page 36
• Creative Cities Network: Gwalior (music) and Kozhikode (literature) are nominated for UNESCO
recognition.
Important Initiatives by India
Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav (AKAM): Celebrates 75 years of India's

independence, honoring its history and achievements.
Specific AKAM Programs:
oDhara Series: Conferences on India's knowledge traditions.

oQila Aur Kahaniya: Highlights the role of India's forts in the freedom struggle.
oVitasta: Explores the Jhelum River's significance.
oVibrant Villages Program: Offers curated border experiences.
oCave Initiatives: Conservation and promotion of historical caves.
oKalanjali: Weekend arts celebration at the Central Vista.
•Bharat Parv: Festival at the Red Fort showcasing India's diversity.
• Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat (EBSB): Fosters cross-

cultural connections.
o Programs: Madhavpur Mela, Kashi Tamil
Sangamam, Vibrant Villages Program, and
others.
Key Institutions Sustaining Art & Culture
• Lalit Kala Akademi: National academy for visual

arts. Focuses on contemporary art through
exhibitions, education, and support for artists.
• Sangeet Natak Akademi: National academy for
performing arts. It oversees institutions, archives,
projects, and fosters cultural exchange.
• The Sahitya Akademi: National academy for
literature. Awards prizes, publishes works in 24 Indian languages and English, and promotes
literary dialogue.
• Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts: Focuses on the arts in their broadest cultural context.
Holds a rich collection and offers courses.
• The Centre for Cultural Resources and Training: Revitalizes education by promoting awareness
of India's regional cultures through teacher training. Also administers talent search scholarships
for young artists.
• Zonal Cultural Centres: Promote regional cultures and their integration into a national identity.
• Archaeological Survey of India: Protects and manages monuments and sites of national
importance.
• Indian Council for Cultural Relations: Strengthens India's cultural ties with other nations.
Page 37
Tourism in India
• Ministry of Tourism formulates policies and programs for tourism development and promotion.
• Key Institutes:
o Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management: Provides tourism education and training.
o Indian Culinary Institute: Specializes in Indian culinary arts.
• Initiatives:
o Incredible India Website: Comprehensive tourism resource.
o Dekho Apna Desh: Encourages domestic travel.
o Swadesh Darshan Scheme: Funds infrastructure development at tourist destinations.
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (DST)
• Key Role: Serves as the central agency connecting the science and technology sector to various
government sectors. Provides major funding for scientific research projects across India.
o Geospatial Data Guidelines: Regulate the creation and

use of maps and geospatial data.
o SRIMAN Guidelines: Facilitate the sharing and optimal
Policy use of scientific research infrastructure.

o National Geospatial Policy, 2022: Emphasizes citizen-
Initiatives: focused development of the geospatial sector for

economic growth.
o National Quantum Mission: Long-term plan for
accelerating quantum technology development in
computing, communication, sensing, and materials.
•
Women in Science (KIRAN): Promotes research opportunities for women scientists in various
fields.
• Attracting Young Talent (MANAK): Fosters scientific interest and research careers in school
students.
Other Important S&T Initiatives
• National Supercomputing Mission: Enhances India's computational capabilities for research and
development.
• Nano Science and Technology: Focuses on the study and manipulation of matter at the
nanoscale (1-100 nanometers) with wide-ranging applications.
• NIDHI: Nurturing start-ups focused on knowledge-based and technological innovations.
Key Autonomous Scientific Bodies
• Science and Engineering Research Board: A national agency funding basic research across
scientific fields.
Page 38
• Technology Development Board: Supports technology development and commercialization in
India.
• Translational Research Programme: Aids scientists and entrepreneurs in bridging research and
practical applications for economic and social good.
• Department of Scientific and Industrial Research: Supports industrial research, technology
promotion, and manages in-house R&D centers.
• Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR): Wide-ranging research focus covering
industrial needs, fundamental science, and national standards for measurements.
• Survey of India: The nation's primary mapping agency, generating essential map data for
development and security.
Atomic Energy in India
• Department of Atomic Energy: Manages nuclear science, technology, and innovation.

• Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB): Ensures safety and regulation of nuclear installations.
Department of Space and ISRO
• Department of Space (DoS): Spearheads space exploration and technology utilization for
national development.
• Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO): ISRO carries out the main research and
development work in space science, technology, and applications.
• Indian Space Policy, 2023: Comprehensive framework for the growth of India's space sector,
including private participation.
o Gaganyaan: India's human spaceflight

program
Key Missions: o Chandrayaan-3: Lunar exploration with focus
on the south pole
o Aditya L1: Mission to study the Sun
• Launch Vehicles: India has achieved self-reliance with the successful development and use of
PSLV and GSLV launch vehicles.
Page 39
YOUTH EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA
• Demographic Advantage: India has a young population (27.5% between ages 15-29), offering
great potential for national development. The Department of Youth Affairs works to harness this
resource through personality development and nation-building initiatives.
National Youth Policy (NYP): The NYP 2014 envisions empowered

youth who help India excel globally. It has five key objectives:
oSkill development for a productive workforce

oPromotion of health and wellness
oInstilling social values and community service
oEncouraging civic participation
oSupporting disadvantaged youth, ensuring equal opportunities
Government Initiatives for Youth Development
Rashtriya Yuva Sashaktikaran Karyakram: Overall youth development, promoting leadership, and engagement
in nation-building.
Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS): Focuses on education, health, environment, social issues, women's
empowerment, rural development, skill development, and disaster relief.
National Programme for Youth and Adolescent Development (NPYAD): Supports various youth and adolescent
programs run by government and non-governmental organizations.
Youth Hostels: Affordable accommodation to promote youth travel and cultural appreciation.
Assistance to Scouting and Guiding Organisations
National Young Leaders Programme: Develops leadership potential to maximize youth contributions to
development.
National Service Scheme (NSS): Promotes community service among students, building social responsibility
and fostering national integration.
Page 40
Sports Development
• Focus on Holistic Development: Sports are crucial for overall growth. India has witnessed success
in international events like the Olympics and Paralympics due to recent reforms.
• Important Schemes:
o Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS): Supports athletes with foreign training,
competitions, equipment, and stipends for Olympic and Paralympic preparation.
o Mission Olympic Cell (MOC): Provides focused support and decision-making for athletes
under TOPS.
o Mera Yuva Bharat (MY Bharat): Technology-driven platform for youth leadership
development and greater alignment between youth aspirations and community needs.
o National Sports University: Focuses on coaching, sports sciences, and physical education.
o Khelo India: Promotes sports culture and grassroots development across the country.
o Fit India Movement: Encourages daily physical activity for all citizens.
Incentives for Sportspersons
• Awards and Recognition:

o Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award: Highest honor for outstanding sports
performance.
o Arjuna Award: Recognizes consistent excellence in international sports.
o Dhyan Chand Award: Honors lifetime achievement in sports and continued contributions
post-retirement.
o Dronacharya Award: Recognizes exceptional coaches.
Anti-Doping Efforts
• The Issue of Doping: Performance-enhancing drugs undermine fair play and athletes' health.
India is committed to combating this issue.
• National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA): Responsible for implementing India's anti-doping program
in compliance with the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). NADA conducts testing, education,
maintains the prohibited substances list, grants therapeutic exemptions, and handles violations.
STATES AND UNION TERRITORY
States
• Andhra Pradesh:
o Situated on the southeast coast of India with the second-longest coastline
o Renowned for diverse natural resources and rich mineral deposits
o Major rivers: Godavari, Krishna, Pennar, Nagavali, and Vamsadhara
o Kuchipudi is the prominent traditional dance form
• Arunachal Pradesh:
o Became a full-fledged state in 1987
o Shares borders with Bhutan, China, and Myanmar
o 80% of the state is covered by forests, hosting rich biodiversity
Page 41
o Home to 20% of India's fauna, including rare species like the great Indian hornbill
o Festivals like Mopin, Solung, and Losar showcase its unique cultural heritage
• Assam:
o Located in Northeast India, known for its tea plantations and oil fields
o The Brahmaputra River, Barak Valley, and hills like Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills
shape its topography
o A major rice and maize producer
o Rich in wildlife, including one-horned rhinoceroses at Kaziranga National Park
o Bihu festival is a significant cultural celebration, along with UNESCO World Heritage Sites
like Manas National Park.
• Bihar:
o A prominent center of Buddhism and Jainism
o Influenced by dynasties like the Mauryas, Sungas, Guptas, and Kushans
o Borders Nepal, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Jharkhand, traversed by rivers Ganga,
Sone, and Kosi
o Agriculture remains the primary economic activity
o Major tourist attractions include Patna, Bodh Gaya, Rajgir, and Kesaria Stupa
• Chhattisgarh:
o Formed in 2000, known for its ancient history dating back to the Ramayana and
Mahabharata
o Borders six states and derives the moniker 'Rice Bowl of Central India'
o Forests occupy over 44% of the state's area
o Promotes handicrafts, textiles, and MSMEs, and aims to develop places associated with
Lord Ram's exile
• Goa:
o A small state with significant Portuguese influence on its culture and heritage
o Became part of India in 1961 and was granted statehood in 1987
o Located on the western coast, flanked by Maharashtra, Karnataka, and the Arabian Sea
o High literacy rate and focus on tourism, with attractions like beaches, churches, temples,
forts, and wildlife sanctuaries
• Gujarat:
o Rich history dating back to 2000 BC and shaped by various kingdoms
o Known for diverse languages and vibrant cultural expressions like the Madhavrai fair and
Ambaji fair
o A leader in cotton and groundnut production and a major contributor to India's agriculture
o Excels in horticulture and pioneers in food processing industries
o Emphasizes water management and prioritizes the use of renewable energy
• Haryana:
o Rich historical and mythological significance, with references in the Mahabharata
o Strategic location bordering several states and surrounding Delhi on three sides
o Significant contributor to India's food security with extensive agriculture
o Promotes crop diversification, efficient irrigation, and rural electrification
o Focuses on education, industrial development, promoting women's empowerment, and
supporting MSMEs
• Himachal Pradesh:
o Its name means "Land of Snowy Mountains," and the Himalayan terrain dominates its
geography
Page 42
o Formed in 1948 with the integration of princely states
o Diverse climatic conditions and distinct topographical regions
o Promotes organic farming and protects croplands through initiatives like the 'Prakritik
Kheti Khushal Kisan Yojna'
o Five rivers flow through the state, and it boasts rich forest cover
• Jharkhand:
o Established in 2000 with distinct cultural traditions
o Predominantly comprises forest areas of the Chhotanagpur plateau and Santhal Pargana
o Agriculture is the primary economic activity, and the state has rich mineral resources
• Karnataka:
o Over 2,000 years of history with contributions from indigenous dynasties and notable
figures
o Ruled by the Vijayanagar Empire, British, and Portuguese, leading to diverse influences
o Manages 20% of its area as forests and fosters five national parks and 30 wildlife
sanctuaries
o Significant rural population dependent on agriculture, with a focus on tourist development
• Kerala:
o Called "God's Own Country" for its lush natural beauty
o History marked by foreign interventions and the formation of Kerala state in 1956
o Achieved 100% household electrification and recognizes internet access as a basic right
o Leads in literacy rate amongst Indian states
• Madhya Pradesh:
o The second-largest Indian state, located in the country's heartland
o Rich history, pivotal rulers, and recognition of tribal rights through the PESA Act
o Annual Narmada Festival and other cultural events foster community and tourism
• Maharashtra:
o Influential dynasties shaped its history, including the Satavahanas, Vakatakas, Chalukyas,
and Marathas.
o Deccan Plateau dominates geography, along with the Sahyadri Range and Arabian Sea
coastline.
o Major agricultural state with significant sugar production.
• Manipur:
o Rich history dating back to 33 AD and known for its unique handloom industry
o Situated in the northeast, bordering Myanmar, Nagaland, Assam, and Mizoram
o Home to the rare brow-antlered deer (Sangai) and vibrant festivals like Lai Haraoba,
Cheiraoba, and Yaoshang (Holi)
• Mizoram:
o Became the 23rd state in 1987, located in a hilly region
o One of the highest forest covers in India (over 85%) with diverse vegetation types
o Bamboo resources cover a substantial portion of the state's area
• Odisha:
o Long history dating back to Kalinga and Utkal, including Ashoka's transformation
o Landmarks like the Sun Temple at Konark and the Jagannath Temple at Puri showcase
heritage
o Balances modern development goals with the preservation of cultural and natural
treasures
Page 43
• Rajasthan:
o Formerly known as Rajputana, has prehistoric roots and influences from the Indus Valley
Civilization
o Shaped by ruling clans like the Chauhans and Guhilots, with the unification process
culminating in 1956
o Shares a border with Pakistan and is surrounded by several Indian states
o Arid in the past, the state has risen as an industrial hub with significant mineral production
• Tamil Nadu:
o Extensive history, including early references in Sangam classics and rule by dynasties like
the Cholas, Cheras, Pandyas, and Pallavas
o Bordered by other southern states and features a coastline along the Bay of Bengal
o Rich industrial mineral deposits support diverse industries
o Promotes the economic development and empowerment of marginalized communities
• Telangana:
o Its name refers to the presence of three ancient Shiva temples
o Ruled by prominent dynasties throughout history and became India's 29th state in 2014
o Located on the Deccan plateau and is a major rice producer, with significant strides in
other crops, electrification, and healthcare
• Uttar Pradesh:
o Recognized in ancient times as Brahmarshi Desha or Madhya Desha, associated with
sages and significant events in Buddhism and Jainism
o Centers like Ayodhya, Prayag, Varanasi, and Mathura remain important for religious and
cultural reasons
o Experienced various periods of Muslim rule and later British annexation
o Bordered by numerous states and divided into two primary regions
Union Territories
• Andaman and Nicobar Islands:

o Located between 6° and 14° latitude and 92° and 94° longitude, divided into the
Andaman Group and Nicobar Group
o Tropical coastal climate with distinct flora and fauna influenced by both Indo-Chinese and
Indo-Malayan regions
o Inhabited by diverse indigenous tribes and boasts limited large-scale agriculture due to
terrain
• Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu:
o Dadra and Nagar Haveli: Landlocked, formerly ruled by Koli chiefs, later by the Marathas
and Portuguese, becoming part of India in 1961
o Daman: Bounded by Gujarat and connected by the Kolak and Kalai rivers, acquired by the
Portuguese in 1559 and remained under their rule until 1961.
o Diu: An island connected by bridges, neighboring Gujarat, conquered by the Portuguese
in 1546 until 1961.
o The two separate union territories merged into one in January 2020
• Jammu & Kashmir:
o Legend traces its origin to the draining of an ancient lake by Kashyap Rishi, with historical
rule by Buddhist, Hindu, and Muslim dynasties until Akbar's conquest in 1586
o Reorganized in 2019 into two union territories: Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh
Page 44
o Jammu's history relates to the Mahabharata and the Dogra dynasty, while Kashmir holds
distinct cultural and demographic characteristics
• Ladakh:
o Lies in the Tibetan Plateau, surrounded by mountain ranges and borders with Sinkiang,
Tibet, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan
o A confluence of Islamic and Buddhist cultures with a rich independent kingdom history of
over 900 years
o Over 1,000 years of Buddhist heritage with significant contributions from Lotsava Rinchen
Zangpo
o Faces agricultural challenges due to the cold desert climate, with a recent focus on
sustainable organic agriculture initiatives
SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT NATIONAL EVENTS IN INDIA (JANUARY - DECEMBER 2023)
This summary highlights key events that occurred in India throughout 2023. It covers various sectors,
including governance, science & technology, sports, culture, and international relations.
Governance:
• Aadhaar: Introduced a resident-friendly online facility to update addresses with the consent of
the Head of Family.
• Parliament Building: Inaugurated the new Parliament House in New Delhi.
• National Awards: Established new award categories like "Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar" for Science
& Technology and National Awards for the Empowerment of Divyangjan.
• Legal Reforms: Parliament passed bills for a unified legal code, including the Bharatiya Nyaya
Sanhita and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam.
SCHEMES & INITIATIVES:
Launched "PM JANMAN" (Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan) for
tribal justice.
Introduced "Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar" project for cultural mapping of villages.
"Mera Yuva Bharat (MY Bharat)" platform launched for connecting with the youth.
"Viksit Bharat @2047" initiative to seek ideas from youth for a developed India by
2047.
Page 45
Science & Technology:
• Space:
o Chandrayaan-3 mission successfully landed on the lunar south pole.
o Launched Aditya-L1, India's first dedicated solar mission.
• Defence:
o Successfully flight-tested the new generation ballistic missile 'Agni Prime'.
o Organized the first-ever "Bharat Drone Shakti Exhibition" showcasing domestic drone
startups.
• Other Achievements:
o Developed 'GEMCOVAC-0M', an Omicron-specific mRNA booster vaccine.
o Al Supercomputer "AIRAWAT" secured 75th rank in the Top 500 Global Supercomputing
List.
o Developed "Sanchar Saathi" portal to prevent frauds related to identity theft and KYC.
Sports:
• First Khelo India Para Games held in New Delhi.
International Achievements:
Satwik Sairaj Rankireddy and Chirag Shetty became the first Indian
Men's Doubles pair to win the Asia Badminton Championships title.
Neeraj Chopra won gold in Javelin Throw at the World Athletics

Championships and Lausanne Diamond League.
Indian Women's blind cricket team won Gold at the IBSA World
Games.
Indian Men's Hockey Team won the Asian Champions Trophy.
Indian Women's compound archery team clinched India's first-ever

Gold at the World Archery Championships.
India won the Asia Cup 2023 for cricket.
Page 46
• Infrastructure:
o Flagged off Vande Bharat Express trains connecting various cities across India.
o Inaugurated the first Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS).
Culture:
• UNESCO Recognition:
o "Garba of Gujarat" declared as Intangible Cultural Heritage.
o Kozhikode and Gwalior included as UNESCO's Creative Cities Network.
o Organized the first-ever Indian Art, Architecture and Design Biennale (IAADB).
• Other Initiatives:
o Organized the "Bharatiya Prakash Sthamb Utsav" (Indian Lighthouse Festival).
o Hosted the 54th International Film Festival of India (IFFI) in Goa.
o Organized "Kashi Tamil Sangamam" to promote cultural exchange between Kashi and
Tamil Nadu.
International Relations:
• G20 Presidency: Successfully hosted the G20 Leaders' Summit in New Delhi.
• International Awards:
o Prime Minister received the highest civilian awards from Papua New Guinea and Egypt.
• Other Events:
o Organized the first Global Buddhist Summit and the ASEAN-India Millet Festival.
Page 47
Page 48

Indian Year Book 2024 Compilation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Indian Year Book 2024 Compilation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Raj Malhotra’s IAS, 1st Floor, Dainik Bhaskar Building, Sector 25 D, Chandigarh (Ph - 7087000437)

• "Jana Gana Mana," composed by Rabindranath Tagore in Bengali.

• "Vande Mataram," composed in Sanskrit by Bankimchandra

• Based on the Saka Era with Chaitra as the first

National Animal and Bird:

• Royal Bengal Tiger and Indian Peacock, respectively.

Important Points to Remember:

• Understand the symbolism associated with each

THE INDIAN REPUBLIC & ITS NATURE

• The supreme law of the

• President: Head of State,

States and Union Territories

• India is a Union of States: 28 states and 8 Union Territories.

• Single Indian citizenship.

• Guaranteed by the Constitution

• Introduced by the 42nd Amendment.

Directive Principles of State Policy

• Non-justiciable guidelines for governance.

• Election Commission: Conducts free and fair elections at various levels.

MINISTRIES AND DEPARTMENTS

Leadership and Organizations

• Defence Minister: Cabinet-level civilian head of the MoD.

Other Defense-Related Entities

Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs): Key players in defense

• Make in India: Promotes self-reliance in defense manufacturing, reducing reliance on imports.

Additional Concepts Relevant for UPSC Prelims

LEGAL SYSTEM AND GOVERNANCE IN INDIA

Law Enforcement and Security

RAF: Responds rapidly to manage riots and maintain order.

CoBRA: Combats left-wing extremism in challenging terrains.

CISF: Protects critical infrastructure and government facilities.

SSB: Guards Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan borders.

Other Key Areas

India in the Global Order:

Cyber Diplomacy: Active in dialogues and conventions.

STATISTICS AND PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION MINISTRY (MOSPI)

National Development Initiatives

Important Points for UPSC Prelims

• MoSPI's role in providing economic data that informs policy decisions.

MINISTRIES AND REGULATORY BODIES

• Ministry of Finance: Responsible

Additional Important Terms for UPSC Mains Preparation

Other Key Sectors

Key Ministry Initiatives

Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC)

Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO)

• Role: Manages provident fund, pension, and insurance schemes.

Other Key Areas

Skill Development in India

• Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE): Spearheads skilling efforts,

HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE INITIATIVES IN INDIA

• Nursing Education & Regulation

NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020 (NEP 2020)

• Tithi Bhojan: A community-driven program supplementing the Mid-Day Meal Scheme.

OTHER RELEVANT INITIATIVES

PDS Reforms & Technology

Evolution of Planning in India

NITI Aayog's Initiatives

• Ministry of Rural Development: Established to create programs and focus on decentralizing

MGNREGS: Provides guaranteed rural employment, creates

assets, focuses on women's empowerment.

DAY-NRLM: Poverty reduction through financial inclusion,

PMAY-G: Building affordable rural housing for all. Prioritizes

PMGSY: All-weather rural road connectivity.