ANAT20006

PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN STRUCTURE

MUSCULAR SYSTEM AND MUSCLES

Dr. Varsha Pilbrow

Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience
Room E526
5th Floor, East Wing, Medical Building
Email: vpilbrow@unimelb.edu.au
Phone: 83445775
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 References
• Eizenberg, Briggs, et al. 2008, ‘General
Anatomy: Principles and Applications’. Ch
6, pp 50-65
• Anatomedia CD ROM: General Anatomy:
Systems Frames 19-26
• Drake et al. 2010: Gray’s Anatomy for
Students: Ch 1, pp 27-28
 Functions of Muscles
• Produce movement
• Provide stability
• Communication
• Control body
openings
• Produce heat

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General Anatomy Systems

Frame 63. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
 Types of muscle
• 3 types depending on
striated/not striated,
voluntary/involuntary,
somatic/visceral:
– Skeletal striated
– Cardiac striated
– Smooth

Moore K L. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 6th ed. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins;
2010, ISBN 978-1-60547-652-0. Table 1.1
Saladin, K 2001, Anatomy and Physiology, McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-070290786-X Fig 11.1
 Deep fascia
• Intermuscular septa

• Fascial compartments

• Retinacula

Moore K L. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 6th ed. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General Anatomy Systems
2010, ISBN 978-1-60547-652-0. Figs 1.9, 5.76 Frame 21. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
More connective tissue

• Tendon

• Aponeurosis

• Raphe

• Fascial sheath

• Synovial tendon sheaths

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General Anatomy Systems
Frame 20. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
 Infection in synovial Tenosynovitis
sheath

Brukner & Khan Clinical Sports Medicine 2006

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General Anatomy Systems
Frame 23. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
Saladin, K 2001, Anatomy and Physiology, McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-070290786-X Fig. 11.3
Saladin, K 2001, Anatomy and Physiology, McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-070290786-X Fig 11.3
 Movement
• First order levers
– stability
1st

• Second order levers

– power
2nd
• Third order levers
– range

3rd
Saladin, K 2001, Anatomy and Physiology, McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-070290786-X Fig. 10.18
 Form of skeletal muscle
Parallel – ‘length
proportional to range of
movement’
Oblique – ‘power
proportional to mass’
(greatest in
multipennate muscles)

Trade-off between
power and range

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General Anatomy Systems

Frame 24. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
 Names of muscles
• Size:
– pectoralis major, gluteus maximus, extensor
pollicis brevis

• Shape:
– trapezius, deltoid, rhomboid major

• Location:
– rectus abdominis, splenius capitis, extensor
digiti minimi

• Number of heads:
– biceps brachii, triceps brachii, quadriceps
femoris

• Action:
– flexor carpi ulnaris, Levator scapulae,
depressor anguli oris

• Quirky
– sartorius, soleus, gastrocnemius
Moore K L. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 6th ed. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins;
2010, ISBN 978-1-60547-652-0. Fig 1.18
 Muscle contractions

• Reflexive contraction
– Diaphragm movement
– Knee-jerk

• Tonic contraction
– Normal muscle tone

• Phasic contraction
– Isometric contraction
• Increase in muscle tension, no change in length, no movement
– Isotonic contraction
• Concentric contraction
– High muscle tension, muscle shortens, movement occurs
• Eccentric contraction
– Muscle tension present, muscle lengthens, movement occurs

Saladin, K 2001, Anatomy and Physiology, McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-070290786-X. Fig 12.16
 Actions of muscles
• Prime mover
Prime
mover

• Synergist
Synergist
Antagonist
• Antagonist

• Fixator Fixator

Saladin, K 2001, Anatomy and Physiology, McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-070290786-X. Fig 11.2
 Types of muscle injury
Graded in severity Weakest site may be
tendon/bone interface –
– Types I, II & III ‘avulsion’ fracture

Some muscles
especially prone to
injury – 2-joint
muscles

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General Anatomy Systems

Frame 19. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
 Neurovascular supply of muscles
• Neurovascular hilum

• Blood supply
– Adjacent arteries and veins
– Vascular pedicles
– Anastomoses

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General Anatomy Systems

Frame 26. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
 Neurovascular supply of muscles
• Principles of nerve supply
– Motor unit
– Cranial-caudal
arrangement
– Nerve plexi for limb
muscles
– Functional groups
– Between functional groups
– Developmental origin

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General Anatomy Systems

Saladin, K 2001, Anatomy and Physiology, McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-070290786-X P.556 Frame 26. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
• Muscle may be
invaded by fat,
connective tissue or
even bone

Fibrodysplasia ossificans
progressiva

Image from Harry Brooks Allen Museum