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Electric-generator - project file

Physics LAB (Kendriya Vidyalaya Hebbal)

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KENDRIYA VIDHYALAYA NO.1

H.E.C COLONY RANCHI – 834004

AC GENERATOR

NAME:

CLASS:

ROLL NO.:

SUBMITTED TO:

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PHYSICS PROJECT
WORK
AC GENERATOR

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INDEX

CONTENT PAGE NO.

Certificate 4
Acknowledgement 5
Introduction 6
Theory and Working 7
Component of AC 8-11
Generator
Efficiency 12
Result 13
Uses 14
Losses in AC Generator 15-16
Precautions 17
Bibliography 18

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that of class –XII has

successfully complete the project on the topic AC

GENERATOR under the guidance of

during the year 2022-2023 in the partial fulfilment of

the physics practical examination conducted by the CBSE

SIGN. OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGH OF TEACHER

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my immense gratitude to my physics teacher

for the help and
guidance he provided for completing this project.

I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and inputs in making this
project. Most of all I thank our school management, for providing us
the facilities and opportunity to do this project.

Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates who have done this

project along with me. Their support made this project fruitful.

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INTRODUCTION

 An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy

to electrical energy.
 The AC Generator's input supply is mechanical energy supplied
by steam turbines, gas turbines and combustion engines. The
output is an alternating electrical power in the form of alternating
voltage and current.

 A generator forces electric current to flow through an external circuit.

The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine
steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal
combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air, or
any other source of mechanical energy.

 AC generators work on the principle of Faraday's law of

electromagnetic induction. When the armature rotates between the
magnet's poles upon an axis perpendicular to the magnetic field, the
flux linkage of the armature changes continuously.

 Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric power grids.

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THEORY AND WORKING

 The strong magnetic field is produced by a current flow through

the field coil of the rotor.

 The field coil in the rotor receives excitation through the use of slip
rings and brushes.

 Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the slip rings to provide
the continuous connection between the field coil and the external
excitation circuit.

 The armature is contained within the windings of the stator

and is connected to the output.

 Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution, one complete
cycle of AC is developed.

 A generator has many turns of wire wound into the slots of the rotor.

 The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AC

generator is dependent on the field strength and speed of
the rotor.

 Most generators are operated at a constant speed; therefore, the

generated voltage depends on field excitation, or strength.

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COMPONENTS OF AN AC GENERATOR

 Field

 Armature

 Prime mover

 Rotor

 Stator

 Slip rings

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FIELD:

The field in an AC generator consists of coils of conductors

within the generator that receive a voltage from a source (called
excitation) and produce a magnetic flux.

The magnetic flux in the field cuts the armature to produce a voltage. This
voltage is ultimately the output voltage of the AC generator.

ARMATURE:

The armature is the part of an AC generator in which voltage is produced.

This component consists of many coils of wire that are large enough.

PRIME MOVER

The prime mover is the component that is used to drive the AC generator.

The prime mover may be any type of rotating machine, such as a diesel
engine, a steam turbine, or a motor.
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ROTOR

The rotor of an AC generator is the rotating component of the generator,

as shown in Figure 1.

The rotor is driven by the generator’s prime mover, which may be a

steam turbine, gas turbine, or diesel engine. Depending on the type of
generator, this component may be the armature or the field.

The rotor will be the armature if the voltage output is generated there;
the rotor will be the field if the field excitation is applied there.

STATOR

The stator of an AC generator is the part that is stationary.

Like the rotor, this component may be the armature or the field,
depending on the type of generator.

The stator will be the armature if the voltage output is generated there; the
stator will be the field if the field excitation is applied there.

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SLIP RINGS

Slip rings are electrical connections that are used to transfer power to
and from the rotor of an AC generator.

The slip ring consists of a circular conducting material that is connected

to the rotor windings and insulated from the shaft. Brushes ride on the
slip ring as the rotor rotates. The electrical connection to the rotor is
made by connections to the brushes.

Slip rings are used in AC generators because the desired output of the
generator is a sine wave.

In a DC generator, a commutator was used to provide an output whose

current always flowed in the positive direction.

FIGURE-1

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EFFICIENCY

 Efficiency of an AC generator is the ratio of the useful power output

to the total power input.

 Because any mechanical process experiences some losses, no

AC generators can be 100 per cent efficient.

 Efficiency of an AC generator can be calculated using Equation.

 Efficiency = (Output /Input) X 100

OR
Efficiency = (POWER OUT/POWER IN) X 100

EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRIC GENERATOR

POWER= VOLTAGE X CURRENT

EFFICIENCY = POWER OUTPUT * POWER

I/P 100

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RESULT

WHEN THE AXLE OF GENERATING MOTOR IS ROTATED, E.M.F.

IS PRODUCEDBY IT.
REASON: CHANGE IN FLUX THROUGH THE WINDING OF MOTOR.

THIS E.M.F. REMAINS IN THE CIRCUIT AS LONG AS AXLE IS ROTATED.

HENCE, FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION IS
VERIFIED.

AS THE SPEED OF ROTOR IS INCREASED, THE VOLTAGE

AND CURRENT PRODUCED BY GENERATOR ALSO GET
INCREASED.
REASON: RATE OF CHANGE OF FLUX INCREASES.

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USES

Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind generators, high speed gas

turbine generators.

Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems, automotive starter generators.

An ac generator, or 'alternator', is used to produce ac voltages for

transmission via the grid system or, locally, as portable generators.

All of our household appliances run on ac current. Ex: Refrigerator,

washing machines, oven, lights, fan etc.

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LOSSES IN AC GENERATOR

1.) Internal Voltage Drop

The load current flows through the armature in all AC generators. The
armature has some amount of resistance and inductive reactance.

The combination of these make up what is known as the internal

resistance, which causes a loss in a n AC generator.

When the load current flows, a voltage drop is developed across the
internal resistance.

This voltage drop subtracts from the output voltage and, therefore,
represents generated voltage and power that is lost and not available to the
load.

2.) HYSTERESIS LOSSES

Hysteresis losses occur when iron cores in an AC generator are subject to

effects from a magnetic field.

The magnetic domains of the cores are held in alignment with the field in
varying numbers, dependent upon field strength.

The magnetic domains rotate, with respect to the domains not held
in alignment, one complete turn during each rotation of the rotor.
This rotation of magnetic domains in the iron causes friction and
heat.

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The heat produced by this friction is called magnetic hysteresis loss.

After the heat-treated silicon steel is formed to the desired shape, the
laminations are heated to a dull red and then allowed to cool.

This process, known as annealing, reduces hysteresis losses to a very low

value.

To reduce hysteresis losses, most AC armatures are constructed of heat-

treated silicon steel, which has an inherently low hysteresis loss.

3.) MECHANICAL LOSSES

Rotational or mechanical losses can be caused by bearing friction,

brush friction on the commutator, and air friction (called windage),
which is caused by the air turbulence due to armature rotation.

Careful maintenance can be instrumental in keeping bearing friction

to a minimum.

Clean bearings and proper lubrication are essential to the reduction of

bearing friction.

Brush friction is reduced by ensuring: proper brush seating, proper

brush use, and maintenance of proper brush tension.

A smooth and clean commutator also aids in the reduction of brush friction.

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PRECAUTIONS

 Do all the connection carefully

 Fix all the component on cardboard with strong glue

 Do not take a high voltage LED bulb (1.5V preferred)

 Use only DC motor in making the model

 Before doing any experiment, please consult

to your subject teacher or lab assistance

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Wikipedia.com

 Google search engine

 Physics NCERT book

 www.youtube.com/c/knowledgecycle

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