ANAT20006

PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN STRUCTURE

INTEGUMENTAL SYSTEM & SKIN

Dr. Varsha Pilbrow

Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience
Room E526
5th Floor, East Wing, Medical Building
Email: vpilbrow@unimelb.edu.au
Phone: 83445775
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 References
• Eizenberg, Briggs, et al. 2008, ‘General
Anatomy: Principles and Applications’. Ch
7, pp 66-81
• Anatomedia CD ROM: General Anatomy:
Systems Frames 27-33
• Drake et al. 2010: Gray’s Anatomy for
Students: Ch 1, pp 26-27
 Integumental System
• Skin – largest organ ~2 square metres
• Skin appendages (hair, nails,
subcutaneous tissue, glands)
• Derived in part from ectoderm
 Roles of skin

Control of body
temperature by alteration
of blood flow

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General AnatomySystems

Frame 24. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
Saladin, K 2001, Anatomy and Physiology, Figure 7.1 McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-070290786-X
 Epidermis
• 4-5 layers of cells
• Topmost layer stratum
corneum
– Keratinocytes
– melanocytes
• Bottom layer stratum
basalis
– basal cells

Author own Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General AnatomySystems
Frame 27. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
 Dermis
• Contains:
– Blood vessels
– Sweat glands
• Merocrine
• Apocrine
– Sebaceous glands
– Hair follicles
– Nail roots
– Sensory nerve endings
– Muscular tissue
• Two zones:
– Papillary layer
– Reticular layer

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General AnatomySystems

Frame 27. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
Subcutaneous tissue

Hypodermis

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General AnatomySystems

Frame 29. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
Saladin, K 2001, Anatomy and Physiology, Figure 7.4 McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-070290786-X
 Thick skin, thin skin & skin creases

Hairs absent from

thick skin

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General AnatomySystems Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey,
Frame 27. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9 Icon Learning Systems, Plate 442/ 2003, ISBN: 1-929007-15-9
 Body surface area & relaxed skin
tension lines
Skin elasticity &
mobility

In burns, fluid loss proportional

to surface area affected
Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General AnatomySystems
Frame 27. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
 Skin appendages &
mucocutaneous junctions
Pilosebaceous
glands (hair +
grease)

Sweat glands
•Sudoriferous (Merocrine)
•Odoriferous (Apocrine)
Sebaceous
Ceruminous
Mammary Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General AnatomySystems
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 Nerve and blood supply

Epidermis is
aneural & avascular

Dermis receives
rich nerve &
blood supply

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General AnatomySystems

Frame 29. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
 Sensory nerve fibres in skin

Receptors linked to
sensory nerves

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General AnatomySystems

Frame 30. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
 Motor nerve fibres in skin

Visceral sympathetic
nerves

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General AnatomySystems

Frame 30. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
 Dermatomes
From Latin: ‘derma’
(skin) + ‘tome’ (cut)

Area of skin
supplied by single
spinal cord
segment

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Frame 31. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
 Dermatome distribution –
segmental supply

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General AnatomySystems

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 Territories supplied by peripheral
nerves

Fair bit of overlap but not across the

midline of the body

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General AnatomySystems

Frame 31. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
 Nerve infections spread along
dermatomes

Author own

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New

Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, Plate 20. 2003, ISBN: 1-929007-15-9
 Referred pain
Pain experienced at site
different from its source

Migration of viscus &

referred pain

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General AnatomySystems

Frame 31. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9
 Blood supply of skin
• Blood vessels are mesoderm derived
• Blood vessels present in dermis
• No blood vessels in epidermis
• Two levels of blood supply
• Continuous AV anastomoses in skin

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General AnatomySystems

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 An Angiosome - a Femoral artery
composite block of
tissue supplied by a
source artery and its
accompanying vein.

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General AnatomySystems From the Jack Brockhoff Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Research Unit,
Frame 32. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne
Lymph drainage of skin

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 Lymph drainage of skin

Watershed areas

Lymphotomes: area of skin drained

by particular lymph node

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM General AnatomySystems

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Skin conditions
Squamous
layer

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomediaTM

General AnatomySystems Frame 27. Melbourne,
Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0-734-2691-9

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma