Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DAM Report
DAM Report
DAM Report
com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1010 – 1018
6XVWDLQDEOH&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHVDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ0DWHULDOV6&(6&0
0RGHOLQJRIDFRQFUHWHGDPXQGHUHDUWKTXDNHORDGLQJE\
DQRQORFDOPLFURSODQHDSSURDFK
%REE\5LR,QGUL\DQWKRD,PDGHGGLQ=UHLGD0LFKDHO.DOLVNHD
a
Institute for Structural Analysis, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
$EVWUDFW
7KHUHVSRQVHRIFRQFUHWHXQGHUG\QDPLFORDGLQJLVGLIIHUHQWIURPVWDWLFFDVHV6XEVWDQWLDOLQFUHDVHLQVWUHQJWKDQGFKDQJLQJRI
FUDFN SDWWHUQV DUH REVHUYHG ZLWK DQ LQFUHDVHG ORDGLQJ UDWH 0RGHOLQJ RI G\QDPLF EHKDYLRU DQG IDLOXUH RI FRQFUHWH LV D FUXFLDO
DVSHFW IRU WKH FRUUHFW VLPXODWLRQ DQG VDIHW\ RI VWUXFWXUHV VXEMHFWHG WR VHLVPLF ORDGLQJV 7KH PLFURSODQH DSSURDFK RIIHUV D
VWUDLJKWIRUZDUGZD\ WR PRGHO WKH LQGXFHG DQLVRWURS\ LQFRQFUHWH E\ GHILQLQJ WKH FRQVWLWXWLYH PDWHULDO UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ VWUHVV
DQG VWUDLQ YHFWRUV RQ UDQGRPO\ RULHQWHG SODQHV ,Q WKLV FRQWULEXWLRQ WKH ZRUN ZLOO EH IRFXVHG RQ WKH IRUPXODWLRQ DQG WKH
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI D PLFURSODQH PRGHO WR GHVFULEH WKH EHKDYLRU RI FRQFUHWH XQGHU G\QDPLF ORDGLQJ )XUWKHUPRUH WKH UDWH RI
GHSHQGHQF\RIWKHFRQFUHWHDVZHOODVWKHLQHUWLDHIIHFWVZLOOEHLQFOXGHGLQWKHPRGHOZKLFKDUHHVVHQWLDOIRUWKHG\QDPLFFDVH
)LQDOO\ WKH PRGHO ZLOO EH LPSOHPHQWHG ZLWKLQ D QRQORFDO LPSOLFLW JUDGLHQW HQKDQFHG IUDPHZRUN LQ RUGHU WR HOLPLQDWH WKH
SDWKRORJLFDOPHVKVHQVLWLYLW\$FRQFUHWHJUDYLW\GDPZLOOEHLQYHVWLJDWHGDVDQXPHULFDOH[DPSOHWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHFDSDELOLWLHV
RIWKHQHZIRUPXODWLRQ7KHSURSRVHGPRGHOLVXVHGVXFFHVVIXOO\WRPRGHOWKHGDPXQGHUHDUWKTXDNHORDGLQJ
7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI6&(6&0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
Keywords:&RQFUHWHJUDYLW\GDPQRQORFDOPLFURSODQHPRGHOLPSOLFLWJUDGLHQWHQKDQFHPHQWG\QDPLFORDGLQJUDWHGHSHQGHQF\
,QWURGXFWLRQ
7KHUHVSRQVHRIFRQFUHWHVWUXFWXUHVXQGHUG\QDPLFORDGLQJLVODUJHO\GHSHQGHQWRQWKHORDGLQJUDWH([SHULPHQWDO
LQYHVWLJDWLRQV DQG QXPHULFDO VWXGLHV LQ >@ VKRZHG WKDW FUDFN SDWWHUQV DQG IDLOXUH PRGHV DUH VLJQLILFDQWO\
LQIOXHQFHGE\WKHUDWHRIWKHORDGLQJ7KHUHVLVWDQFHLVGRPLQDWHGE\UDWHGHSHQGHQF\XQGHUWKHORZHUUDWHVZKLOH
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
E-mail address:PLFKDHONDOLVNH#WXGUHVGHQGH
1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.435
Bobby Rio Indriyantho et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1010 – 1018 1011
WKHIDLOXUHPRGHLVGRPLQDWHGE\WKHVWUXFWXUDOLQHUWLDXQGHUWKHKLJKHUUDWHV>@$FFRUGLQJWR>@WKHUHDUHWKUHH
DVSHFWV ZKLFK FRXOG DIIHFW WKH UDWH GHSHQGHQF\ VWUDLQ UDWH GHSHQGHQF\ RI PLFURFUDFNV YLVFRVLW\ RI WKH FRQFUHWH
FRPSRQHQWV EHWZHHQ WKH FUDFNV DQG WKH VWUXFWXUDO LQHUWLD 6LQFH WKH VWDWLF DQG G\QDPLF ORDGLQJ \LHOG GLIIHUHQW
EHKDYLRURIFRQFUHWHVWUXFWXUHVPDQ\DSSURDFKHVKDYHEHHQSURSRVHGWRPRGHOWKHFRQVWLWXWLYHPDWHULDORIFRQFUHWH
VXEMHFWHG WR G\QDPLF ORDGLQJ LQ QXPHULFDO VWXGLHV )RU LQVWDQFH >@ FRPELQHG D IUDFWXUH PHFKDQLFV PRGHO DQG
GLVFUHWHFUDFNWRDQDO\]HWUDQVLHQWSUREOHPVRIDFRQFUHWHJUDYLW\GDPXQGHUVHLVPLFRUHDUWKTXDNHORDGLQJ
5HFHQWO\ >@ SURSRVHG D PLFURSODQH DSSURDFK ZKLFK LV D VWUDLJKWIRUZDUG PHWKRG WR PRGHO WKH LQGXFHG
DQLVRWURS\LQFRQFUHWHVWUXFWXUHVE\GHILQLQJWKHFRQVWLWXWLYHODZVRIVWUHVVDQGVWUDLQYHFWRUVRQUDQGRPO\RULHQWHG
SODQHVRIDPLFURVFDOH6LQFHWKHPLFURSODQHPRGHOZDVSLRQHHUHGE\>@LWLVVWLOOEHLQJGHYHORSHGH[WHQVLYHO\DQG
FRQYHUJHGWRHIIHFWLYHDSSURDFKHVE\GHVFULELQJYDULRXVFRQVWLWXWLYHPDWHULDOODZV>@2WKHUZRUNVLPSOHPHQWHG
WKHPLFURSODQHPRGHOLQFOXGLQJGDPDJHDQGSODVWLFLW\DVZHOO>@1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHSUREOHPRIVWUDLQORFDOL]DWLRQ
ZKLFK LV FULWLFDO IRU UHOLDEOH QXPHULFDO VLPXODWLRQV KDV VXUIDFHG ,W LV FDXVHG E\ LOOFRQGLWLRQLQJ RI WKH VWUDLQ
VRIWHQLQJPDWHULDOODZVDQGGXHWRWKLVFDVHWKHILQLWHHOHPHQWPRGHOLVJRLQJWREHLQVWDEOH7RVROYHWKLVSUREOHPD
UHJXODUL]DWLRQPHWKRGRIWKHPLFURSODQHGDPDJHPRGHOGHYHORSLQJDQLPSOLFLWJUDGLHQWHQKDQFHPHQWZDVSURSRVHG
LQ>@WKDWKDVEHHQVWXGLHGSUHYLRXVO\DVZHOOE\>@,QDGGLWLRQ>@XVHGWKHVDPHPRGHODQGGHYHORSHGWKH
FRQWDFWIRUPXODWLRQIRUWUDQVLHQWSUREOHPVWKHQLWZDVDSSOLHGLQDFRQFUHWHVWUXFWXUHXQGHULPSDFWORDGLQJ
%DVHG RQ >@ WKH PLFURSODQH LV D SRZHUIXO DSSURDFK IRU PRGHOLQJ FRQFUHWH DQG RWKHU TXDVLEULWWOH PDWHULDOV
7KHUHIRUHWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\ZLOOEHIRFXVHGRQWKHIRUPXODWLRQDQGWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDPLFURSODQHPRGHOWR
GHVFULEH WKH EHKDYLRU RI FRQFUHWH VWUXFWXUHV XQGHU G\QDPLF ORDGLQJ XVLQJ WKH ILQLWH HOHPHQW SURJUDP )($3
)XUWKHUPRUH LQHUWLD HIIHFWV DV ZHOO DV UDWH GHSHQGHQF\ ZLOO EH LQFOXGHG LQ WKH PRGHO ZKLFK DUH HVVHQWLDO IRU WKH
G\QDPLF FDVH ,Q RUGHU WR HOLPLQDWH WKH SDWKRORJLFDO PHVK VHQVLWLYLW\ WKH PRGHO ZLOO EH LPSOHPHQWHG ZLWKLQ D
QRQORFDOJUDGLHQWHQKDQFHGIUDPHZRUNZKLFKKDVEHHQSURSRVHGSUHYLRXVO\LQ>@7KHIRUPXODWLRQLVGHYHORSHGWR
DFFRPPRGDWH HDUWKTXDNH ORDGLQJ IRU WUDQVLHQW DQDO\VLV DV DQ H[DPSOH RI FDVH VWXG\ $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH SURSRVHG
PHWKRG ZLOO EH XVHG WR VLPXODWH D FRQFUHWH JUDYLW\ GDP DQG WKH QXPHULFDO UHVXOWV ZLOO EH FRPSDUHG WR WKH
H[SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQ
,PSOLFLWJUDGLHQWHQKDQFHGPLFURSODQHPRGHO
7KH JUDGLHQW HQKDQFHG PLFURSODQH GDPDJH PRGHO ZDV SURSRVHG E\ >@ DQG UHJXODUL]HG XVLQJ DQ LPSOLFLW
JUDGLHQW HQKDQFHPHQW E\ >@ &RQVLGHUDWLRQ RI WKH WHQVRULDO QRQORFDO ILHOG LV XVHG DFFRUGLQJ WR >@ ,Q WKLV
UHVHDUFKWKHQRQORFDOPLFURSODQHGDPDJHPRGHOLVDGRSWHGDQGGHYHORSHGE\DGGLQJLQHUWLDWHUPVWRDFFRPPRGDWH
WKH G\QDPLF FDVH DSSO\LQJ HDUWKTXDNH RU VHLVPLF ORDGLQJ 7KH PHWKRG XVHG DV LQ >@ FRQVLVWV RI WZR FRXSOHG
GLIIHUHQWLDOHTXDWLRQVWKHVHDUHEDODQFHRIOLQHDUPRPHQWXPDQGWKHPRGLILHG+HOPKROW]HTXDWLRQFRQVLGHULQJWKH
QRQORFDOVWUDLQDVIROORZV
ρX
− ∇ ⋅ ı − I = ,
η m − c∇ η m = η m ,
ZLWKWKHKRPRJHQHRXV1HXPDQQERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQ
∇η m ⋅ Q E = ,
ZKHUHɏDQGXሷ DUHWKHPDWHULDOGHQVLW\DQGWKHDFFHOHUDWLRQYHFWRUUHVSHFWLYHO\0RUHRYHUɐLVWKH&DXFK\VWUHVV
WHQVRUڄ LVWKHGLYHUJHQFHRSHUDWRUDQGILVWKHERG\IRUFHYHFWRU)XUWKHUPRUHɄ୫ LVWKHORFDOHTXLYDOHQWVWUDLQ
Ʉത୫ LVLWVQRQORFDOFRXQWHUSDUWFLVWKHJUDGLHQWDFWLYLW\SDUDPHWHUQE LVWKHQRUPDOWRWKHRXWHUERXQGDU\LVWKH
JUDGLHQWRSHUDWRUDQGଶ LVWKH/DSODFHRSHUDWRU
1012 Bobby Rio Indriyantho et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1010 – 1018
%DVHG RQ >@ (TV DQG KDYH WR EH PXOWLSOLHG E\ WKH ZHLJKW IXQFWLRQVɁDQGɁɄത୫ UHVSHFWLYHO\ LQ
RUGHUWRREWDLQWKHLUZHDNIRUPV
³ δη
B
m ⋅η m dv − ³ δη m ⋅ c∇ η m dv = ³ δη m ⋅η m dv .
B B
7KHUHODWLRQ ڄ ሺ࣌ ܝߜ ڄሻ ൌ ߜ ࣌ ڄ ڄ ܝ ࣌ *ܝߜ DXVVGLYHUJHQFHWKHRUHPడࣜ ߪ ܽ݀ ܝߜ ڄ ܖൌ ڄ ࣜሺ࣌ ܝߜ ڄሻ݀ݒ
DQG&DXFK\WKHRUHP࣌ ܖ ڄൌ ܜ VXEVWLWXWHGLQ(T \LHOGV
³ δX ⋅ρXdv + ³ ı ∇ δXdv = ³ δX ⋅ W
B B B
e da + ³ δX ⋅Idv ,
B
DQG VLPLODUO\ IRU (T VXEVWLWXWLQJ WKH UHODWLRQ ڄ ሺߜߟҧ ߟ ڄҧ ሻ ൌ ߜߟҧ ڄଶ ߟҧ ߟߜҧ ߟҧ *DXVV GLYHUJHQFH
WKHRUHPడࣜ ߟҧ ܖ ڄୠ ߜ ڄઽത ݀ܽ ൌ ڄ ࣜሺߜߟҧ ߟ ڄҧ ሻ݀ݒDQGWKHERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQߟҧ ܖ ڄୠ ൌ Ͳ\LHOGV
³ δη
B
m ⋅η m dv + ³ ∇ δη m ⋅ c∇ İ dv = ³ δη m ⋅η m dv .
B B
DQGWKHJUDGLHQWRIWKHGLVSODFHPHQWILHOGLVZULWWHQDVIROORZV
ഥ \LHOGV
$QDORJRXVO\LQWHUSRODWLRQRIWKHQRQORFDOVWUDLQILHOGDQGLWVYDULDWLRQDOILHOGE\OLQHDUVKDSHIXQFWLRQVࡺ
DQGWKHJUDGLHQWRIWKHQRQORFDOILHOGLVZULWWHQDV
)URP WKH HTXDWLRQVGH DUH GHILQHG DV WKH QRGDO GLVSODFHPHQWV DQG(H DV WKHQRGDO QRQORFDO HTXLYDOHQW VWUDLQV
7KHHTXDWLRQVVKRXOGEHIXOILOOHGIRUDOODFFHSWDEOHߜ܌ DQGߜ۳ +HQFH(TV DQG EHFRPH
e + % T ıdv =
ρ1dv ⋅ G ³ 1 W e da + ³ 1 Idv ,
T T T
³1
Be ³ Be ∂Be B
³1 η dv + ³ % T c∇η m dv = ³ 1 Tη m dv .
T
m
B B B
Bobby Rio Indriyantho et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1010 – 1018 1013
7KHPLFURSODQHDSSURDFKZDVILUVWLQWURGXFHGE\>@ZLWKWKHEDVLFFRQFHSWRIZKLFKSURMHFWVVWUHVVHVDQGVWUDLQV
WR WKH RULHQWHG UDQGRP SODQHV $ YROXPHWULFGHYLDWRULF 9' VSOLW IRU NLQHPDWLF FRQVWUDLQW LV XVHG LQ WKLV PRGHO
DFFRUGLQJWR>@WKDWZDVVXFFHVVIXOO\DGRSWHGLQ>@)RUFRPSXWLQJWKHGHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHYROXPHWULFDQG
GHYLDWRULFSDUWRIWKHPLFURSODQHVWUDLQVLWQHHGVWRSURMHFWWKHPDFURVFRSLFVWUDLQWHQVRUWRPLFURSODQHVDVIROORZV
ZKHUHVDQGDevFDQEHGHVFULEHGE\WKHQRUPDOYHFWRUnWRHYHU\PLFURSODQHDV
+HUH LV WKH VHFRQG RUGHU LGHQWLW\ WHQVRU , LV WKH IRXUWK RUGHU LGHQWLW\ WHQVRU DQG WKH V\PPHWULF SDUW LV
GHVFULEHG DV ୱ୷୫ ൌ భమሾ ሿ ,Q WKLV PRGHO QXPHULFDO LQWHJUDWLRQ LV UHTXLUHG WR FRPSXWH WKH KRPRJHQL]HG VWUHVV
WHQVRUDQGVWLIIQHVVPDWUL[IRUWKHPLFURSODQHVE\LQWHJUDWLRQRYHUWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHVSKHUH:LWKPLFURSODQHV
WKHLQWHJUDWLRQLVKLJKO\DFFXUDWHEDVHGRQ>@+RZHYHULWLVDGHTXDWHWRDSSO\RQO\PLFURSODQHVDVWKHVSKHUH
LVV\PPHWULFE\WKHIROORZLQJIRUPXOD
³ (•)dΩ = ¦ (•)w mic ,
π Ω mic =
ZKHUHwmicLVWKHZHLJKWRIHDFKLQWHJUDWLRQSRLQWDGRSWHGIURP>@,QDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHWKHUPRG\QDPLFDOO\
FRQVLVWHQWDSSURDFKWKHPDFURVFRSLFIUHHHQHUJ\߰ LVWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWDVWKHLQWHJUDORIWKHPLFURSODQHIUHH
HQHUJ\߰ RYHUWKHVROLGDQJOHȍ
ψ mac = ³ψ
mic
dΩ .
π Ω
ª § γ ·º º
ψ mic = [ − d mic ]« K micεV + G micİ D ⋅ İ D « + c OQ¨¨
ª
¸¸» » .
«¬ ¬ © c ¹¼ »¼
c
γ = İ ⋅ İ c = ,
s cr
ZKHUH c0 DQG c2 DUH PDWHULDO UDWH SDUDPHWHUV REWDLQHG E\ H[SHULPHQWDO GDWD DQG scr LV WKH VSDFLQJ RI WKH SDUDOOHO
FUDFNV$FFRUGLQJWR>@WKHGDPDJHYDULDEOH¶VHYROXWLRQODZLVJLYHQDV
d mic = −
γ
γ mic
[
− α + αe β (γ −γ
mic
]
),
1014 Bobby Rio Indriyantho et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1010 – 1018
ZKHUH Į LV WKH PD[LPXP GHJUDGDWLRQ RI WKH PDWHULDO ȕ VHWV WKH VKDSH RI VRIWHQLQJ DQG Ȗ0 H[SUHVVHV WKH GDPDJH
WKUHVKROG0HDQZKLOHȖmicLVHYDOXDWHGIURPWKHPD[LPXPYDOXHRIWKHPRGLILHGHTXLYDOHQWVWUDLQWDNHQSODFHLQDOO
ORDGLQJKLVWRU\DVIROORZV
η m mic
η mic = η ,
ηm
DQGKHUHߟҧ LVHYDOXDWHGIURPWKHDGGLWLRQDOJUDGLHQWHQKDQFHPHQWHTXDWLRQZKHUHDVȘmLVWKHODUJHVWHTXLYDOHQW
VWUDLQRIWKHPLFURSODQHV)XUWKHUPRUHȘPLFLVFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHORFDOVWUDLQEDVHGRQDPRGLILHGIRUPRI9RQ
0LVHVHTXLYDOHQWVWUDLQZKLFKLVDOVRDGRSWHGLQ>@
7KHFRQVWDQWVk1DQGk2DUHGHWHUPLQHGIURP3RLVVRQ¶VUDWLRȣDQGWKHUDWLREHWZHHQFRPSUHVVLRQDQGWHQVLOHVWUHQJWK
RIFRQFUHWHkrWKDWDUHH[SUHVVHGDV
kr −
k = k = .
k r ( − υ ) k r ( + υ )
)RUDYLVXDOL]DWLRQDKRPRJHQL]DWLRQRIGDPDJHLVUHTXLUHGDQGLWFDQEHFRPSXWHGE\
³ d dΩ .
mic
π
d KRP
= Ω
π ³ dΩ
Ω
&DVHVWXG\.R\QDGDP
$VDQH[DPSOHWKH.R\QDFRQFUHWHJUDYLW\GDPLVFKRVHQIRUWKHQXPHULFDOVWXG\7KLVGDPORFDWHGLQ,QGLDKDV
H[SHULHQFHGDQHDUWKTXDNHRQ'HFHPEHUWKDWOHGWRVLJQLILFDQWGDPDJHWRWKHGDP'LVFUHWL]DWLRQRIWKH
GDPLVDGRSWHGIURP>@ZKLFKLVLOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJ0DWHULDODQGGDPDJHSDUDPHWHUVRIWKH.R\QDGDPIRUWKH
QXPHULFDODQDO\VLVLQWKLVSDSHUFDQEHVHHQLQ7DEOH
7DEOH0DWHULDODQGGDPDJHSDUDPHWHUVRI.R\QDGDPIRUWKHQXPHULFDODQDO\VLV
3DUDPHWHU XQLW 9DOXH 3DUDPHWHU XQLW 9DOXH
E 03D c P
ȣ kr
ȡc NJP c0
Į c2
ȕ scr P
Ȗ0 ȡw NJP
Bobby Rio Indriyantho et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1010 – 1018 1015
)LJ)LQLWHHOHPHQWPRGHORI.R\QDGDP
,QDFFRUGDQFHZLWK>@WKH.R\QDHDUWKTXDNHLQWUDQVYHUVDODQGYHUWLFDOGLUHFWLRQLVDSSOLHG)LJV D DQG E
UHSUHVHQW WKH WUDQVYHUVDO DQG YHUWLFDO FRPSRQHQWV RI WKH JURXQG PRWLRQ XS WR V UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH GDP LV DOVR
VXEMHFWHGWRQRUPDOZDWHUSUHVVXUH7KH5D\OHLJKGDPSLQJPHWKRGLVDSSOLHGLQWKLVVWXG\ZLWKWKHVHOHFWHGUDWLRRI
7KHLQWHJUDWLRQWLPHVWHSLVFKRVHQDVV
D E
6HYHUDOVDPSOHSRLQWVPDUNHGLQ)LJDUHLQYHVWLJDWHGDQGWKHUHVXOWVRIWLPHKLVWRU\DUHSORWWHGJUDSKLFDOO\LQ
)LJV D G )URPWKHILJXUHLWFDQEHVHHQWKDWWKHGLVSODFHPHQWVZKLFKRFFXUUHGLQWKHGDPKDYHDODUJHYDOXH
EHWZHHQWKHWLPHVVDQGVFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHDSSOLHGHDUWKTXDNHORDGLQJ7KHPD[LPXPGLVSODFHPHQWVDUH
PP DQG PP LQ WKH KRUL]RQWDO DQG YHUWLFDO GLUHFWLRQV UHVSHFWLYHO\ ZKLFK WDNH SODFH DW QRGH 7KH
KRUL]RQWDOGLVSODFHPHQWVRIQRGHDQGKDYHODUJHUYDOXHVWKDQLWVYHUWLFDOTXDQWLW\GXHWRLQIOXHQFH
IURPWKHZDWHUSUHVVXUH
1016 Bobby Rio Indriyantho et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1010 – 1018
D E
F G
)LJV D G GHSLFWWKHYLVXDOL]DWLRQVRIFUDFNSURSDJDWLRQFRUUHVSRQGLQJZLWKUHVSHFWWRWLPH$QLQLWLDOFUDFN
ZDV REVHUYHG VWDUWLQJ DW WKH GLVFRQWLQXLW\ LQ WKH VORSH RI WKH GRZQVWUHDP IDFH RI WKH GDP QRGH DW V
6XEVHTXHQWO\LWZDVIROORZHGE\GDPDJHLQWKHGDPKHHODWVDQGFRQWLQXRXVO\GDPDJHDURXQGWKHPLGGOHRI
GDPKHLJKWZKLFKRFFXUUHGDWV)XUWKHUFUDFNVLQWKHGDPKHHOSURSDJDWHDQGDUHIROORZHGE\DGLDJRQDOFUDFN
DWQRGHZKLFKGHYHORSVWRZDUGVWKHPLGGOHRIGDPKHLJKW )LJ 7KHFUDFNSDWWHUQREWDLQHGE\WKHSURSRVHG
PRGHO KDV VLPLODU UHVXOW FRPSDUHG WR WKH H[SHULPHQWDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQ LQ >@ ZKLFK LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ )URP WKH
UHVXOWV LW FDQ EH FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH FRPELQDWLRQ RI HDUWKTXDNH ORDGLQJ DQG ZDWHU SUHVVXUH FDXVHV GDPDJH LQ WKH
GDP
D E F G
dhom
)LJ&UDFNSURSDJDWLRQYLVXDOL]DWLRQ D WLPH V E WLPH V F WLPH V G WLPH V
Bobby Rio Indriyantho et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 1010 – 1018 1017
)LJ&RPSDULVRQRIFUDFNSDWWHUQREWDLQHGIURPH[SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQ>@DQGRZQQXPHULFDOVLPXODWLRQ
&RQFOXVLRQV
$QRQORFDOPLFURSODQHDSSURDFKLVXVHGVXFFHVVIXOO\WRPRGHODFRQFUHWHJUDYLW\GDP7KLVDSSURDFKKDVEHHQ
SURSRVHG LQ >@ DQG DGRSWHG KHUH WR PRGHO D ODUJH VFDOH VWUXFWXUH XQGHU HDUWKTXDNH ORDGLQJ 7KH QXPHULFDO
DQDO\VLVE\WKHILQLWHHOHPHQWPHWKRGVKRZVWKDWWKHJUDGLHQWHQKDQFHGPLFURSODQHDSSURDFKRIIHUVJRRGUHVXOWVLQ
SUHGLFWLRQ RI WKH H[SHULPHQWDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQ FRQGXFWHG LQ >@ )XUWKHUPRUH WKH PDWHULDO SDUDPHWHUV ZKLFK
LQIOXHQFHWKHFUDFNSDWWHUQQHHGWREHLQYHVWLJDWHGLQIXWXUHZRUNV0RUHRYHUHQKDQFLQJWKHPRGHOE\DSODVWLFLW\
DSSURDFKZLOOEHFRQVLGHUHG
5HIHUHQFHV