Maxwell S Equation in Quantum Physics

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ELIVA PRESS
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ELIVA PRESS
Quantum physics differs from classical physics in the methods of
study, and both of them consider the methods of the opposite side
unacceptable for themselves. The author proposes the solution of some
problems that are the privilege of quantum physics, using the methods of
classical physics. At the same time, the author does not introduce any new
postulates, but uses one and only tool, which is recognized by both
physicists - the Maxwell system of equations. Strong interactions, atomic
model, elementary particles, vacuum structure, electric charge, static
electric field, electric current are considered.
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Published by Eliva Press SRL
Address: MD-2060, bd.Cuza-Voda, 1/4, of. 21 ChiûinĈu, Republica
Moldova
Email: info@elivapress.com
Website: www.elivapress.com

ISBN:

© Eliva Press SRL


© Solomon I. Khmelnik
Cover Design: Eliva Press SRL
Cover Image: Freepik Premium

No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or


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by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,


recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,
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without permission in writing from Eliva Press.


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All rights reserved.


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