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Thy proceuing qe ser Abe added chodacterictes 4 Cewamic fnsutateyes s0 that +h can be wed at rmicroware Frequencies. | Ferites have atoms sth Loe nurmbexz a sate zptont elechpm mrealeting \o vecuce, weflected pow, jor modutation pusposes ond | in awrlebing aire’ |Mruscowe COKE i oSars NIRALE = pO fopretithic Flesrated coe a Mics 3 Miaounye Drlegreted Cee — Lor din PU Comyn ch: . ~ hp Canis De bait du a Arfle wnt A former tt: AN ache @ pavers Coragonete a ther inlerconw pas reed CA The Oar Hen jprwlektss Sulotre —r then kh a paduced by Pra proce A en tdecated Groeslls law ten planeor/ aehecka ele: ‘ Micls an a Card rohor acive & fav: - olenmedah Manpacliued by & BUC COME Adtran process do man Sukh € av hyo fe UC ty _y Kae high ercheng dowel f parc ow) ta ca pec ea wre teed to loed FORM « 1 ee Fun QP 4 ck elonw0 >) Lum 4 — UC EEO aie fend, A. ae q La& ony tal is < Coanial der Cp ew’ Cloak wee alc. r) yy si \otle 3Circulator Ina circulator, we have four ports which are connected only to the next clockwise terminal. For ex. Port 1 is connected to port 2 only and not to port 3 and port 4. Similarly port 2 is connected only to the port 3 and so ON..... ‘01 Port 4 ~~ a Port 2 Port 3 The S matrix for 4 ports circulator is 0 0 0 Siw (s k Sip 00 0 J cseccenseee (4) 0 Sy» 0 0 8) Sg 0 0 0 0 1 (s F 100 OJ saeesesseees (4) o 1 0 0 Oo. 0 1 0 If we assume 3 port circulator, then its S-matrix is 0° 0 Ss (s F f: 0 0 _— (4) ) a0 Insertion loss- The important specification ofa circulator is its insertion loss, which is the loss in the signal level as it travel in the direction that is supposed to go (or Insertion loss arises due to insertion of the component over a line).For example if allt he ports of a circulator are matched, then a signal applied to one port, for instance to port 1 will emerge from port 2 with a loss called the Insertion loss. Insertion loss = - 20 log |Sj:1 , dB . Isolation- A small part of the input signal also emerges from port 3 and the ratio of this signal to the input signal is called isolation, provided port 2 is terminated with matched load. Isolation = -20 log IS;21, dB Nu. A three port circulator has an insertion loss of 1 dB, isolation 30 dB and VSWR 1.5. Find the S-matrix. Sol. Since 3 port S matrix is Sn Sp Ss (s F r Seen! (1) Ss, Sx S33 Insertion loss = 1 dB = -20loglS»;! = 20 log(1/I S21!) So = 10°09) But insertion loss between port 1 & 2,2 &3 and3&1 Thus 1S24I = 1S3al = 1Sy31 = 0.89 Isolation between the ports is 30 dB = -20 log IS! ISi2l = 10° = 1075 = 0.032 But insertion loss between port 2 & 1,3 &2and1&3 Thus 1Sj2l = |S23l = IS3i1 = 0.032 Since VSWR (S) = 1.5 “, Reflection coefficient I’ = (S-1)/(S+1) = 0.2 = ISy,1 = 1Szo1 = IS33l Thus S matrix becomes 0.20 0.032 0.89 (s } bes 0.20 0.032 0.032 0.89 0.20 2) Nu. Determine the S-matrix of a 3 port circulator , given insertion loss of 0.5 db, isolation of 20 dB and VSWR of 2.Ferrite Circulator Phase shifter 1 and 2 gives different phase shift for forward and backward motion of the wave, because these phase shifters are non-reciprocal. Both the 3 dB couplers are reciprocal, because they have phase shift of 90° in forward and backward direction. When wave is entering in port 1, phase shifter 1 gives 180° phase shift and the wave reaches to port 2. The couple 1 gives phase shift of 90°, but phase shifter 2 will not give any phase shift to this wave. Coupler 2 gives 90° phase shift. Thus wave passing in this way gets the phase shift of (90° + 90°= 180°). Hence these two waves passing through different directions and reaches at port 2 will get added because of same phase shift. So port 1 is coupled to port 2. Port | 2 dBCoupler 2 Pp 30° 180° o° Phase shifter 1 Phase shifter 2 Port |—__—>» 90° +] 3uB Coupler 4 Wave enterause . . a ern mp tse as 2 ei calc 1. The phase shifter 2 gives 0° phase sti to oO ve aa 2 at port 4 through this path gets the total phase shi Beet eet (ii) The phase shifter 1 gives the phase shift of 180 and ee egete gives 90° phase shift to this wave. Thus total phase shift in thi: 0 ae two waves are out of phase 90° and 270" so they get cancelled at port 4. So port 1 does not couple port 4. Port 3 dB Coupler 2 Py 9 hee ® 10° 0 Phase shifter 1 Phase shifter 2 uy |_ > 90° 3.dB Coupler 1 Wave enter Similarly input wave in port 2 will couple port 3 and input wave in port 3 will couple port 4 only. Nu. Prove that it is impossible to construct a perfectly matched, lossless, reciprocal three port junction. Sol. A perfectly matched three port junction has a scattering matrix 0 Sn Sn 2 (s } 2 0 S25 Sz Sx 0 For a lossless junction S-matrix js unitary matrix 0 Sp Si 0 Sp Si Sn 0 Sy] [Sf 0. Sx FI Ss Ss oJ (Sh S 0 FromRiC, — SpS¥2 + S3S43= FromR,C; SpSh + S84 From R;C3 + From R,C) From R,C;From RC; S813 =0 As we know the reciprocal coefficients are Sj, Siz, and S23 If reciprocal coefficient S$, is not equal to zero, the equation(4) > S,;=0 and the equation(4) > S.3 =0 But the reciprocal phenomenon S, # 0 is not satisfied by the equation (3) Similarly, if reciprocal coefficient S,3 is not equal to zero, the equation(4) => S); = 0 and the equation(4) > Sj. =0 But the reciprocal phenomenon S,3# 0 is not satisfied by the equation (2) Thus, If reciprocal S;2 (or S13 or S32) is not equal to zero, the fourth gives S,3 = 0 = S,3. But this does not satisfy the third equation. Therefore, a reciprocal lossless three port junction cannot be perfectly matched.Isolat i | device that i Isolator is a two port, unidirectional and nonreciproca ; Permits unaffected transmission port 1 to port 2, but provides high attenuation from transmission from port 2 to port 1. All the signal power from the generator can be delivered to the load and reflections from the load do not get transmitted back to generator. Thus generator appears @ matched load and hence power output variations and frequency pulling can be avoided. Ferrite Isolator:- To enter the signal from port 1 we perpendicular to resistive card. Otherwise signal is absor! must need electric field E bed by resistive card. , an _ Circular waveguide Resistive card 45° Twist Rectangular Wave guide Port1 Ten A A signal propagating from port 1 to port 2 is rotated by twist of 45° and the dominant mode TE; does not get attenuated. The signal is rotated 45° at the twist and enters the circular waveguide transition as the TE: mode. Now the length of the ferrite rod is selected so as to obtain Faraday rotation 45° at the output and regain its original polarization. The signal will come out from the port 2 with proper polarization. When signal propagates from port 2 to port 1, it will have plane of polarization rotated by 90° and will make electric field parallel to resistive, card. Hence gets absorbed. Thus nonreciprocal isolation action takes place. For a proper operation, 1, Insertion loss in forward direction is less than 1 dB and approximately equal to 0.5 dB. Insertion Loss = -20 loglSa1! 2. Isolation exists in between 20 to 30dB and Isolation = -20 logiSial 3. For an ideal lossless and matched Isolator ISpi1= 1 and [Sqql = ISyal = ISz2l = 0Therefore S-matrix of an Isolator is (s]-[s, 6) > (s}-[t 6] Nu. An Isolator has insertion loss of 0.5 dB, an isolation of 25 dB and VSWR of 2, find the S-matrix. Sol. Insertion loss = 0.5 dB = -20 logiSy,! => ISpyl = 105/29) = 499025 Isolation = 25 dB = -20 logiSy.1 => 1Sjal = 10°75 = 49°12 Since VSWR = 1.5, so reflection coefficient = (S-1)/(S+1) = 0.2 «. Si = Spy = 0.2 Therefore S-matrix of an Isolator is _f 02 422 [s ] l49°9925 9.2irectional Coupler ' Direction for coupling a known fraction of the n the auxiliary line while flowing from line. The remaining is an isolated port It is a four port device commonly : microwave power to a port (coupling port) i the input port to the output port in the main and matched terminated. | nae od Construction:- directional coupler has four ports, primary waveg secondary waveguide 4-3. Primary _ Direct Port Port 2 it put, Porta Isolated Port Porta Port3 9 Coupled Port Sey Waveguide Port 1 and port 4 are isolated Port 2 and port 3 are isolated If the signal is incident in port 1, it is distributed in between port 2 and port 3, but not on port 4 due to perfect isolation. Characteristics of directional Coupler:- 1. Coupling and Coupling Factor:- C = 10 log(P,/P3) , dB 2. Transmission loss or Insertion loss :- T= 10 log(P,/P3) , dB 3. Directivity:- D = 10 log (P3/P,), dB 4. Return Loss:- R= 10 log (P/P,), dB I= 10log(Py/P,), dB 2 = Isolation - C Nu. The input power in a two hole directional coupler is 1 mW. The Coupler has a coupling factor of 15 dB and a directivity of 30 dB. Calculate the power in all the ports. Sol. C= 10 log(P,/Ps) = 15 => P,/P3 = antilog(3/2) = 31.62 => P3 = P,/31.62 = 1 mW/31.62 = 32 HW = 0.032 mw D = 10 log(P3/P,) = 30 => P3/P, = antilog (3) = 10° => Pa = P3/10° = 32 wW/10? = 0.000032 mw Thus power in port 2 P, = Input power — (power in coupled port + power in isolated port) = Py—(P3 + P,) = 1—(0.032 + 0.000032) = 0.968 mwSol. C= 10 log(P1/P;) = 10 = p/p, = antilog(1) = => P3 = Py/ antilog(1) = D=10 log(P3/P,) = 40 > P3/P, = antilog (4) = => P4 = P3/ antilog (4) = T= 10 log(P,/P.) = 1 => P,/P, = antilog (0.1) = => P2=P,/antilog (0.1) = Nu. The incident power for 30 dB coupler is 560 mW. Calculate the power in the main arm and auxiliary arm. Sol. Nu. In a directional coupler the output terminal of main arm is terminated with matched load. The coupling factor is 18 dB and Ouput power from coupler is 13.5 dBm. If 2 dB attenuator is placed in an auxiliary arm then calculate power (Watt) in coupler. Sol. Nu. Input end of 23 dB coupler is shorted. When 45 mW power is applied to output end of coupler then calculate the Power in dBm in auxiliary arm. Sol.