ENGLISH TEST

Defining and non-defining clauses

Defining: specifies which person or thing we mean, it cannot be omitted or separated,
without it we wouldn’t get the whole meaning.

 By 6:00 AM, there was only 1 bus which I can get to go home.
Non-defining: give us extra information, it is written between comas.

 By 6:00 AM, which was almost closing time, there was only 1 bus that I can get
to go home.
WHICH OR THAT: they are synonyms used to start the defining clause but ‘which’ tend to be a
little bit more formal

SOME IMPORTANT RULES:

 ‘That’ can’t be used to introduce the non-defining clause because it cannot be used
after ‘,’ and non-defining clauses are always between comas.
 ‘That’ cannot follow a proposition, in the case there is one we use which. (That’s the
village in which I used to live.
 ‘That’ could be used instead of ‘who’, obviously when we are talking about people.

WHO OR WHOM

 ‘Whom’ is the object form of ‘who’ and is used FORMALLY in object clauses (she was
the person whom everyone liked) THIS COULD BE TOO FORMAL HENCE WE CAN USE
JUST ‘WHO’ IN THIS CASE
 ‘Whom’ is always used after a preposition, in this case we always use it (with whom are
you going?, that’s the person to whom I was chatting recently)

WHOSE: used in non-defining and defining clauses, it means literally: “cuyos/cuyas’

SOME THING TO KNOW:

\
PHRASAL VERBS

Get on with: llevarse bien

Fell out with: tener una pela, no aguntar mas

Run out of: quedarse sin

Give up: rendirse

Split up with: cortar la relacion

Sort out: solucionar los problemas

Bring up: criar

Grow up: crecer

Put up with: entender

Tell off: resongar

Look up to: admirar

Let down: despecionar

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

 To describe something that started in the past and continues in the present. (I have not
lived in my new house yet)
 To describe events which occurred at some time between the past and the present
(I’ve been in Poland 3 times)
 To talk about events that occurred in the past but in a unfinished time period which
includes the present (he has phoned my 5 times)
 To give recent news which have some relation with the present ( I cant believe it, Sam
has had an accident)
 After the expressions: the first time, second, third (this is the first time I have eaten
biscuits)

PRESENT PERFECT IS NOT USED WHEN WE SPECIFY THE EXACT MOMENT WHEN
SOMETHING HAPPENED IN THE PAST

e.g: you told me that yesterday (we use past simple because we want to focus in when you told
me that, in the time)

e.g: You have told me that already (we want to specify on the action and not in the time)
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS

 Activities which started in the past and the continue or they just finished
 If we want to emphasize that the action has finished we use perfect simple
 Talking about the effects of something (your shoes are broken, have you been playing
football?
 Make notice of a temporary action (I have been sleeping horrible because I am staying
in another house)
 Repeated action (I have been phoning Amy the whole day
 When we talk about the specific number of times when you did something you use
simple (I have phoned Amy 20 times today)