Single Phase W Orly Po

PROCESS STD 201
FOSTER WHEELER FLUID FLOW Page 1 of 105

SINGLE PHASE Revision 2
PROCESS PLANTS DIVISION
Date 05/05/2004
CONTENTS
PAGE NUMBER
1.0 GENERAL 5
2.0 PRESSURE DROP CALCULATIONS
2.1 Straight Pipes 6

2.2 Valves and Fittings 19
3.0 LIQUID FLOW
3.1 Guidelines for Sizing Liquid Lines 31

3.2 Pressure Drop Charts for Liquids 33
4.0 VAPOUR FLOW
4.1 Guidelines for Sizing Vapour Lines 67

4.2 Pressure Drop Charts for Vapours 70
4.3 Pressure Drop Charts for Steam 73
5.0 GRAVITY FLOW LINE SIZING 84
5.1 Introduction 84
5.2 Drain-down line sizing – Liquid full 84
5.3 Drain-down line sizing - Self venting 85
5.4 Gravity flow example calculations 86
5.5 Drain-down time for vessel emptying 88
6.0 PIPE DATA 91

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NUMBER DESCRIPTION PAGE
1 Darcy Friction Factor vs. Reynolds No. 17
2 Relative Roughness of New Pipes 19
3 Pressure Drop for Liquid Flow Schedules 35 - 50

40 and 80 Pipe
4 Pressure Drop for Liquid Flow Schedules 51 - 60

120 and 160 Pipe
5 Pressure Drop for Gas Flow in New Pipe 71 - 72
6 Pressure Drop for Steam Flow in New Pipe 74 - 83
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NUMBER DESCRIPTION PAGE
1 Values for fD for completely turbulent flow 16
2 Relative roughness for new, clean steel pipes 18
3 Resistance coefficients for valves and fittings 26
4 Equivalent lengths of valves and fittings 31
5 Guidelines for sizing liquid lines 33
6 Guidelines for sizing vapour lines 68
7 Pipe data 92
8 Standard welded fitting sizes 97
9 Flange pressure/temperature ratings 101
10 Maximum allowable working pressures 102

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
SYMBOLS
A = Pipe cross-sectional area, square feet
D = Internal pipe diameter, feet or metres
d = Internal pipe diameter, inches.
d = Internal diameter of pipe for which resistance coefficient, K, is desired.
d = I.D. of SCH 40 pipe, which K’s given in Table 3 were established for.
fD = Darcy friction factor, dimensionless. Equal to 4* Fanning Friction factor
hL = Velocity head, feet of liquid.
hf = Head loss, feet of liquid.
K = Resistance coefficient, dimensionless.
Ka = Desired resistance coefficient for pipe of different diameter or schedule.
Kb = Resistance coefficient given in Table 3 and established for schedule 40

pipe.
L = Length of pipe, feet.
MW = Molecular weight.
P = Pressure, psia.
Q = Flowrate, hot US gallons per minute,
Re = Reynold’s number, dimensionless.
r = Radius, feet.
SG = Liquid specific gravity, dimensionless.
T = Temperature, oR.
V = Velocity, feet per second.
W = Mass flowrate, pounds per hour.
z = Vapour compressibility, dimensionless.

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
SYMBOLS (Cont’d)
= Absolute roughness, feet.
! = Absolute viscosity, centipoise.
" = Kinematic viscosity, ft2/sec.
# = Density, pounds per cubic foot, lb/ft3.
$P = Friction loss in one hundred feet of pipe, psi.
$ Pf = Friction loss through a valve or fitting, psi.
LIST OF CONVERSION FACTORS
To convert from To Multiply by

Centipoise Ns/m2 (Pas) 0.001
Centistokes m2/sec 1 x 10-6
Centistokes ft2/sec 1.0764 x 10-5
ft m 0.3048
ft2 m2 0.0929
ft/sec m/sec 0.3048
ft2/sec m2/sec 0.0929
ft3/lb m3/kg 0.06243
in m 0.0254
in2 m2 6.452 x 10-4
in4 m4 4.162 x 10-7
in5 m5 1.057 x 10-8
lb/ft3 kg/m3 16.019
lb/hr kg/s 1.26 x 10-4
lb/hr kg/hr 0.4536
lb/ft kg/m 1.488
psia bar 0.06895
psi/100ft bar/100m 0.2262
o o
R K 0.5556
USGPM m3/sec 6.309 x 10-5
USGPM m3/hr 0.2271
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
1.0 GENERAL
This standard provides the process engineer with quick and convenient methods to size
process piping. There are six sections: section one is this introduction; section two
presents the methods that are used to calculate pressure drop in straight pipes, fittings, and
valves; section three deals with liquid flow guidelines, and gives pressure drop charts for
routine liquid line-sizing; section four is for vapour flow; section five covers gravity flow and
section six provides some useful general data on pipes and fittings.
In this standard, the Darcy-Weisbach equation is the starting point for all pressure drop
calculations. The basic equation has been modified as necessary to put it into terms that
are convenient to use in routine work. Wherever possible, all diameters are given in inches,
liquid flow in hot gallons a minute, vapour flows in pounds per hour, and viscosities in
centipoise. To avoid confusion, friction factors are always Darcy friction factors, and the
usual “D” subscript has been retained in the symbol to reinforce the point, even though it is
not absolutely necessary.
Sections three to five should be entirely adequate for routine work. In section three, liquid
pressure drop charts are given for various viscosities. Each chart covers the range from 10
to 100,000 gallons a minute, and from 0.1 to 10 psi for one hundred feet of pipe. Section
four provides similar charts for vapour flow, covering the ranges 0.01 to 10,000 pounds an
hour and 0.0001 to 10 psi/100 feet. For situations that fall outside these ranges, it is
recommended that the methods in section two be used.
All the data that are required for normal design work are included in this Standard. For
consistency, it is strongly recommended that this standard be used in preference to other
sources. For estimating pressure drop for single phase lines, the charts contained in this
standard can be used. Alternatively, the FW Reading BALED spreadsheets for liquid or
vapour line sizing can be used. The FW line sizing programme P1072 is not recommended.
Where appropriate, conversion factors and equivalent versions of certain equations are
given to allow the use of metric units. Data is also given in both main units and in metric
units.
Any corrections, suggestions for additions, ideas for improvements, etc. should be brought
to the attention of the Group Manager for correction and inclusion in future revisions.
The procedures given herein for straight pipes and fittings are adequate for sizing most
lines encountered in Process Design. However, they are not precise enough for certain
systems where pressure drop is critical (for example, transfer lines under vacuum, slurry
lines, etc.) For these critical type services, other methods are presented in the appropriate
design manuals, and should be the basis for design.
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
2.0 PRESSURE DROP CALCULATIONS
2.1 Straight Pipes
The basic equation used to calculate friction losses in straight pipes is the Darcy-Weisbach
equation:
hf = 0.01554 fD(L/D) V2 (2.1)
where:
hf = Head loss in feet of liquid
fD = Darcy friction factor, dimensionless
L = Pipe length, feet
V = Velocity of fluid in the pipe, feet/second
D = Pipe inside diameter, feet
For engineering work, the Darcy-Wiesbach equation can be expressed in other forms that
use more convenient units. For liquids:
$ P = 1.348 fD Q2SG/d5 (2.1A)
where:
$P = Friction loss in one hundred feet of pipe, pounds per square inch (psi)
Q = Flowrate, hot US gallons per minute
d = Internal pipe diameter, inches
SG = Liquid specific gravity (hot)
For gases, the Darcy-Wiesbach equation becomes
$ P = 3.36 x 10-4 fDW2/(#d5) (2.1B)

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
where:
W = Flowrate, pounds per hour (lbs/hr)
# = Gas density, pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3 ) at flowing conditions
Thus, with the exception of fD, all the parameters needed to calculate frictional losses in
straight pipes are readily available. Table 7 gives the inside diameters for commonly used
steel pipes.
Note that in using these expressions, it is essential that the reduction in I.D. caused by high
pipe schedules on internal diameter has been correctly accounted for.
In metric units, equations (2.1), (2.1A) and (2.1B) become:
Head loss
hf = 0.051 fD (L/D) V2 (2.1C)
Frictional pressure loss / 100 metre of pipe (liquids)
$P=0.812 fD Q2SG/D5 (2.1D)
Frictional pressure loss/100 metre of pipe (gas)
$P = 8.11 x 10.4 fD W2/ # D5 (2.1E)
where:
hf = Head loss in metres of liquid
L = Pipe length, metres
D = Internal pipe diameter, metres
V = Pipe fluid velocity, m/s
Q = Flowrate m3/s
W = Mass flowrate kg/s
# = Fluid density (kg/m3)
$ P = Frictional pressure loss in bar/100m

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
The Darcy friction factor, fD, is a dimensionless number that depends on the condition of the
pipe (roughness of the interior surface) and on the Reynold’s number. The Reynold’s
number is also dimensionless and is defined by the equation:
Re = VD (2.2)
%
Where " is the kinematic viscosity in square feet per second. A more convenient form of
the equation for Reynold’s number is:
Re = 6.31W/d! (2.2A)
Where ! = absolute viscosity, in centipoise.
In metric form, equation 2.2 is identical, with V measured in m/s, D in metres and % in m2/s.
Equation 2.2A becomes:
Re = 1.273W/D! (2.2B)
Here ! is measured in Ns/m2.
Once the Reynold’s number is known, a value of fD can be obtained from a graph
developed by L. F. Moody (ASME 1944), and shown in Figure 1. This graph is a plot of
friction factor versus Reynold’s number as a function of “relative roughness”. This is defined
as “absolute roughness” (a measure of pipe finish or condition) divided by the pipe internal
diameter. Table 2 gives values of relative roughness for clean commercial steel pipes of
various schedules. Figure 2 shows relative roughness for pipes of other materials. The
absolute roughness of the pipe material is also given in Figure 2, labelled above each
curve.
As can be seen in Figure 1, the Darcy Friction Factor is not a unique function of Reynolds
number and relative roughness. At Reynolds numbers below 2000 the flow is said to be
“laminar”, and the friction factor is a simple linear function of Reynolds number (roughness
has no effect):
fD = 64/Re (2.3)
At Reynolds numbers above 4000, both the Reynolds numbers and the pipe’s roughness
have an effect. In this region, the flow is said to be “turbulent”, and the relationship between
friction factor, Reynold’s number, and pipe roughness as expressed by Von Karman was
modified by C. F. Colebrook (1939) to:
1/ f D = -2 log10[( /3.7D) + (2.51/Re f D )] (2.4)

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
For any given value of relative roughness, above a certain Reynold’s number the friction
factor becomes a constant. The Reynold’s number above which the friction factor is
constant is given by Pigott’s equation:
Re = 400D/ (2.5)
The two equations given above are identical when expressed in metric form. Both absolute
roughness and pipe internal diameter are in metres.
Above this Re, the flow is called “completely turbulent” and the friction factor for any given
pipe can be calculated easily with the equation:
fD = 0.25 [log10(0.308d/ )]-2 (2.6)
In metric units, or with both D and  in feet, this equation becomes
fD = 0.25 [log10(3.696D/ )]-2
Values of fD in the completely turbulent region, for steel pipes of several schedules and =
0.00015 (=0.000046m) are given in Table 1.
The region between Reynolds numbers of 2000 to 4000 is called the “critical zone”. In this
region, the flow changes from laminar to turbulent and at present there is no precise way to
predict values of fD. For engineering work, it is suggested that the “turbulent” curves be
extrapolated to Re = 2000 in Figure 1. This procedure will yield apparently conservative
values of friction loss, since it will result in higher Darcy friction factors than would be
obtained by extrapolating the “laminar” line.
All line-sizing calculations should be documented with a completed calculation. This

procedure will facilitate hydraulics review at the end of a job.
An alternative to the Darcy-Weisbach equation for large bore water lines is the Hazen and
Williams formula.
$P=0.00254Q1.85C-1.85D-4.865 (2.7)
Where:
D = Pipe diameter in feet
$P = Pressure drop in psi/100ft of pipe
Q = Flowrate in USGPM
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
C = Constant which takes the following values:
C = 140 for new steel pipe

C = 130 for new cast iron pipe
C = 110 for riveted pipe
C = 100 for water
In metric units, equation 2.7 becomes:
$P = 104.5 Q1.85C-1.85D-4.865 (2.8)
Here, the pressure gradient is measured in bar/100m of pipe, with the diameter in metres
and the flowrate in m3/second.
Note that the constants given in these two versions of the Hazen and Williams formula are
calculated so as to be consistent with the system of units used in this process standard.
Other reference works, such as Crane, use different systems of units therefore these
constants have different values. (Note that the value of the constant given in the 1977
metric version of Crane is incorrect. The correct value is given in the 1988 edition and is
equal to 0.000754)
The methods given in this Process Standard allow calculations of pressure gradients. In
addition to this, it is essential that the process engineer determines the pressure profile for
the whole system under consideration to ensure that the total pressure drop is acceptable.
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
SINGLE PHASE FLUID FLOW FRICTION LOSS CALCULATION (AMERICAN UNITS)
1. DESCRIPTION OF LINE: ________________ ALLOWABLE $P / 100FT: ________________
2. TYPE OF FLUID: ________________ ALLOWABLE VELOCITY, V: ________________
TEMPERATURE, &F ________________ PRESSURE, PSIG ________________
LIQUID, lb/hr (w) ________________ VAPOR, lb/hr (W) ________________
LIQUID HOT Sp. Gr. (SG) ________________ VAPOR DENSITY, lb/ft3 ( # ) ________________
3
LIQUID HOT USGM (Q) ________________ VAPOR VOL. FLOW ft /sec ________________
LIQUID &API ________________ VAPOR MOL. WT. (MW) ________________
LIQUID VISCOSITY, cP( ! ) ________________ VAPOR VISCOSITY, cP( ! ) ________________
LIQUID ‘WATSON K’ ________________ VAPOR COMPRESSIBILITY (Z) ________________
3. LINE SIZING CALCULATION TRIAL 1 2 3 4
PIPE SIZE (Sch) ________ ________ ________ ________
ID (d, in) (D, ft) (TABLE 7) ________ ________ ________ ________
RELATIVE ROUGHNESS, 12 / d (FIGURE 2) ________ ________ ________ ________
Re = 6.31 wd/ ! ________ ________ ________ ________
Re = 400 d/12 = 400D/ ________ ________ ________ ________
fD = 64/Re (Re ' 2000) ________ ________ ________ ________
fD = FIGURE1 (2000 ( Re ( 400 D/ ) ________ ________ ________ ________

1
fD = TABLE OR Eqn 2.6 (Re > 400 D/ ) ________ ________ ________ ________
$ P/100ft. = FIGURE 5 & 6 OR = 3.36 x 10 fD W / # d (VAP) ________ ________ ________ ________

-4 2 5
$ P/100ft. = FIGURE 3 & 4 OR 2 5

= 1.348 fD Q SG/d (LIQ.) ________ ________ ________ ________
K METHOD – GOOD FOR ALL FLOW (MUST BE USED IF Re < 400 D/ )
STRAIGHT PIPE LENGTH (L)(ft) ________ ________ ________ ________
STRAIGHT PIPE K = fD (12L/d) ________ ________ ________ ________
FITTINGS TOTAL K = TABLE 3 ________ ________ ________ ________
VALVES TOTAL K = TABLE 3 ________ ________ ________ ________
TOTAL K ________ ________ ________ ________

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
$ Ptot, psi = 2.8 x 10 KW / # d ________ ________ ________ ________

-7 2 4
(VAP)
psi = 1.12 x 10-3 KQ2 SG/d4 (LIQ) ________ ________ ________ ________
EQUIVALENT LENGTH METHOD – VALID ONLY IF Re > 400 D/
FITTINGS TOTAL Eq. L (TABLE 4) (ft.)(1) ________ ________ ________ ________
VALVES TOTAL Eq. L (TABLE 4) (ft.)(1) ________ ________ ________ ________
STRAIGHT PIPE L (ft.) ________ ________ ________ ________
TOTAL Eq. L (ft.) ________ ________ ________ ________
$ Ptot, psi = ( $ P/100ft.) (Eq. L/100) ________ ________ ________ ________
A= ) d2/576 (ft.)2 ________ ________ ________ ________
V = W/(3600 # A), ft./sec. ________ ________ ________ ________
(1) Use Equation 2.10 if not SCH 40

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
SINGLE PHASE FLUID FLOW FRICTION LOSS CALCULATION (METRIC UNITS)
1. DESCRIPTION OF LINE: ________________ ALLOWABLE $P bar/100m ________________
2. TYPE OF FLUID: ________________ ALLOWABLE VELOCITY, v (m/s): ________________
TEMPERATURE, K ________________ PRESSURE, bar ________________
LIQUID, kg/s ________________ VAPOR, kg/s (W) ________________
LIQUID HOT Sp. Gr. (SG) ________________ VAPOR DENSITY, kg/m3 ( # ) ________________
3 3
LIQUID HOT m /S (Q) ________________ VAPOR VOL. FLOW m /S ________________
LIQUID &API ________________ VAPOR MOL. WT. (MW) ________________
LIQUID VISCOSITY, Ns/m ( ! ) VAPOR VISCOSITY, Ns/m3( ! )

2
________________ ________________
LIQUID ‘WATSON K’ ________________ VAPOR COMPRESSIBILITY (Z) ________________
3. LINE SIZING CALCULATION TRIAL 1 2 3 4
PIPE SIZE (Sch) ________ ________ ________ ________
ID (D, m) (TABLE 7) ________ ________ ________ ________
RELATIVE ROUGHNESS, / D (FIGURE 2) ________ ________ ________ ________
Re = 1.273 W/D ! ________ ________ ________ ________
Re = 400D/ ________ ________ ________ ________
fD = 64/Re (Re ' 2000) ________ ________ ________ ________
1
fD = FIGURE (2000 ( Re ( 400 D/ ) ________ ________ ________ ________
fD = TABLE1 OR Eqn 2.6 (Re > 400 D/ ) ________ ________ ________ ________
$P bar/100m=FIG. 5 & 6 OR = 8.11x10 fD W / # D (VAP)

-4 2 5
________ ________ ________ ________
2 5
$P bar/100m= FIG. 3 & 4 OR = 0.812 fD Q SG/D (LIQ.) ________ ________ ________ ________
K METHOD – GOOD FOR ALL FLOW (MUST BE USED IF Re < 400 D/ )
STRAIGHT PIPE LENGTH (L)(m) ________ ________ ________ ________
STRAIGHT PIPE K = fD (L/D) ________ ________ ________ ________
FITTINGS TOTAL K = TABLE 3 ________ ________ ________ ________
VALVES TOTAL K = TABLE 3 ________ ________ ________ ________
TOTAL K ________ ________ ________ ________

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
$ Ptot, bar = 8.11x10 KW / # D ________ ________ ________ ________

-6 2 4
(VAP)
$ Ptot, 2
bar = 0.0081 KQ SG/D
4
(LIQ) ________ ________ ________ ________
EQUIVALENT LENGTH METHOD – (VALID ONLY IF Re > 400 D/ )
(1)
FITTINGS TOTAL Eq. L (TABLE 4) (m) ________ ________ ________ ________
(1)
VALVES TOTAL Eq. L (TABLE 4) (m) ________ ________ ________ ________
STRAIGHT PIPE L (m) ________ ________ ________ ________
TOTAL Eq. L (m) ________ ________ ________ ________
$ Ptot, bar = ( $ P/100metre) (Eq. L/100) ________ ________ ________ ________
A= ) D2/4 (m)
2
________ ________ ________ ________
V = W/ (3600 # A), m/sec. ________ ________ ________ ________
(1) Use Equation 2.10 if not SCH. 40

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 1
VALUES OF fD FOR COMPLETELY TURBULENT FLOW IN NEW STEEL PIPE
Nominal
Pipe Size, Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule
Inches 20 40 80 120 160
1 - 0.0225 0.0230 - 0.0241
2 - 0.0190 0.0193 - 0.0200
3 - 0.0173 0.0175 - 0.0180
4 - 0.0163 0.0165 0.0167 0.0169
6 - 0.0149 0.0151 0.0152 0.0154
8 0.0140 0.0141 0.0142 0.0144 0.0145
10 0.0133 0.0134 0.0136 0.0137 0.0139
12 0.0129 0.0130 0.0131 0.0132 0.0134
14 0.0127 0.0127 0.0129 0.0130 0.0131
16 0.0123 0.0124 0.0125 0.0127 0.0128
18 0.0121 0.0121 0.0122 0.0124 0.0125
20 0.0118 0.0119 0.0120 0.0121 0.0122
24 0.0114 0.0115 0.0116 0.0117 0.0118
30 0.0110 - - - -
36 0.0106 0.0106 - - -
Notes: (1) Applies to steel pipes with an absolute roughness of 0.00015 feet. Use
equation 2.6 for other roughness values.
(2) Check that Re ( 400 D/ before using this chart.

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 1 FRICTION FACTORS FOR ANY TYPE OF COMMERCIAL PIPE – DARCY

FRICTION FACTOR vs. REYNOLDS NUMBER
Notes:
(1) To convert values of Vd in ft inches/second to m2/second, multiply by 0.0074

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 2
RELATIVE ROUGHNESS FOR NEW, CLEAN, STEEL PIPES
Relative Roughness, /D x 105 ( = 0.00015 ft)
Nominal
Pipe Size, Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule
Inches 20 40 80 120 160
1 - 172 188 - 221
2 - 87 93 - 107
3 - 59 62 - 69
4 - 45 47 50 52
6 - 30 31 33 35
8 22 23 24 25 26
10 18 18 19 20 21
12 15 15 16 17 18
14 14 14 14 15 16
16 12 12 13 13 14
18 10 11 11 12 12
20 9 10 10 11 11
24 8 8 8 9 9
30 6 - - - -
36 5 5 - - -
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 2 RELATIVE ROUGHNESS OF NEW PIPES
LEGEND:
1. BRASS, LEAD, GLASS,

CENTRIFUGALLY
SPUN CEMENT AND BITUMINOUS
LININGS, TRANSITE ETC.
2. COMMERCIAL STEEL OR WROUGHT

IRON.
3. CAST-IRON – ASPHALT DIPPED
4. GALVANIZED IRON
5. CAST IRON UNCOATED
6. WOOD STAVE
7. CONCRETE
8. RIVETED STEEL
NOTES: (1) To convert pipe diameter in feet to metres, multiply by 0.3048

(2) To convert pipe diameter in inches to metres, multiply by 0.0254
(3) To convert roughness in feet to metres, multiply by 0.3048
(4) A roughness value of 0.0016 ft (0.0005m) should be used for cement lined pipe, unless otherwise instructed by the
client.
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
2.2 Valves and Fittings
The pressure drop due to friction is only one part of the total pressure drop in a piping
system. In addition to friction, other factors that cause pressure drop in pipes are:
1) Changes in the direction of flow (bends, elbows, tees, etc.)

2) Changes in the cross-sectional area (diameter change)
3) Other obstructions (valves, orifices, etc.)
Flow through a pipe, valve, or fitting, is obtained at the expense of static head:
hL = 0.01554V2 (2.9)
“hL” is defined as a “velocity head”, representing the kinetic energy term for a liquid relative
to a particular reference point. It is equivalent to the vertical distance the mass of liquid
would have to fall in a perfect vacuum to acquire the velocity ‘V’. The reduction in static
head through a valve or fitting can then be expressed:
$hL = 0.01554KV2 (2.10)
The resistance coefficient K is defined therefore as the number of velocity heads that are
required for a fluid to flow through a valve or fitting. Since head loss for a valve or fitting
due to friction in a length of pipe is a very minor part of the total loss, the resistance
coefficient can be considered to be independent of friction factor or Reynold’s number, and
may be treated as a constant for any given resistance. It is this approximation that makes
K a useful tool in calculating pressure drop.
Re-arranging equation (2.10) to use more convenient units yields:
$Pf = 2.8 x 10-7 KW2/ # d4 (2.11A)

where:
$Pf = pressure drop through valve or fitting, psi
d = diameter of fitting for which resistance coefficient K was established. (In this
standard, K values are given for internal diameters of schedule 40 pipe, see Table 3). To
adjust these K values for other schedule pipe, see equation 2.12 below).
For liquid-flow calculations, equation 2.11A can be written as:
$ Pf = 1.222 x 10-3 KQ2SG/d4 (2.11B)
Where Q is the flowrate in US gallons per minute (hot) and SG is the hot liquid specific
gravity. The diameter d is given in inches.
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
In metric units, equations (2.9) (2.10) (2.11A) and (2.11B) become:
Static head
hL = 0.051V2 (2.11C)
Static head loss
hL = 0.051KV2 (2.11D)
Pressure loss (gases)
$ Pf = 8.11 x 10-6 KW2/ # D4 (2.11E)
Pressure loss (liquids)
$Pf = 0.0081KQ2SG/D4 (2.11F)
where:
hL = Head loss in metres of fluid
V = Pipe fluid velocity (m/s)
$ Pf = Pressure loss (bar)
W = Mass flowrate (Kg/s)
# = Fluid density (Kg/m3)
D = Pipe internal diameter (m)
Q = Volume flowrate (m3/s)
Whenever equations 2.11A, 2.11B, 2.11E and 2.11 F are used to calculate pressure drop
through a valve or fitting, the internal diameter used must be that for which the resistance
coefficient was established. Table 3 gives values of K for a number of fittings and valves
that were established based on schedule 40 pipe. To compensate for connecting pipe of
different diameter or schedule the K may be adjusted by the equation:
Ka = Kb (da/db)4 (2.12)
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
where:
Ka = Resistance coefficient for desired pipe
Kb = Resistance coefficient for schedule pipe
da = Diameter of desired pipe
db = Schedule 40 pipe diameter

(K given in Table 2 are based on sch 40 pipe diameter)
When performing calculations for a system that includes several valves and/or fittings, it is
sometimes convenient to calculate a K value for the entire system by adding the K for
individual items. To do this addition for systems of more than one diameter, it is necessary
to put all the K’s in terms of one “reference diameter”. This can also be accomplished by
using equation 2.12.
Thus, to calculate the pressure drops of valves and fittings in a piping system, the basic
steps are:
1) Count and classify all the valves and fittings in the system (Caution: do not include
control valves)
2) Obtain the appropriate K coefficients from Table 3.
3) Calculate K’s based on a reference diameter using equation 2.12.
4) Add the “reference” K’s.
5) Use the total K in equations 2.11A, 2.11B, 2.11E or 2.11F to calculate the total
pressure drop for fittings and valves.
A simple comparison of equations 2.1 and 2.10 shows that for straight pipes the following is
true:
K = fD (L/D) (2.13)
An interpretation of the above equation is that the ratio L/D represents the “equivalent
length”, expressed as a number of pipe diameters, that would cause a pressure drop
through a valve or fitting with the given “K”. Since the resistance coefficient can be
considered to be a constant for all conditions of flow, equation (2.13) shows that the
“equivalent length” of a valve or fitting must vary inversely with friction factor. As can be
seen from the Moody chart, page 2.0-6, when the flow is completely turbulent, the friction
factor is a constant, and the relationship between K and L/D is unique. Under those
conditions, L/D values can be used instead of resistance coefficients to calculate pressure
dop through fittings. The procedure is to use the equations in Section 2.1 to calculate a
pressure drop per unit length and then express all the fittings and valves in the system in
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
terms of additional length of straight pipe, using L/D values. Table 3 on pages 2.0-13 to
2.0-17 also provides L/D information for fittings and valves. Table 4 on page 2.0-18 gives
the length of straight pipe directly, although not all types of valves and fittings are covered.
It is acceptable to interpolate between the schedule 40 values listed in Table 4 if the pipe is
of another schedule.
A special case for calculating pressure drop through a fitting exists for flow through
variously oriented tee’s, Y’s, and elbows. The pressure drop through these pipe fittings
varies with the proportion of flow that runs in a straight line (line flow) and in a 90o path
(branch flow). Since the most common fitting to be found in piping systems are the elbow
and 90o tee, equations correlating pressure drop for them are necessary should a rigorous
hydraulic check be required. Equations 2.14A to 2.14H have been developed by Zenz to
calculate the pressure loss through tee’s and elbows resulting in converging and diverging
flow. The formula accounts for both the pressure drop due to changes in kinetic energy,
and that caused by frictional losses. A safety factor of 1.25, suggested in order to account
for turbulence due to entrance and exit losses when the lengths of inlet leading lines are
relatively short, is already incorporated in equations 2.14A to 2.14H
ELBOWS
1 ( $ P)1-2 = 1.35 x 10-4 # (1.2 V22) psi 2.14A
( $ P)1-2 = 7.5x10-6 # V22 bar
1 ( $ P)1-2 = 1.35 x 10-4 # (1.8 V22 – 0.368V1V2) psi 2.14B
( $ P)1-2 = 6.25x10-6 # (1.8 V22 – 0.368V1V2 ) bar

2
SPLITTING TEES
( $ P)1-2 = (1.35 x 10-4) # (1.36 V22 – 0.64V12 -0.72 V1V2) 2.14C

1 2
psi
( $ P)1-2 = (6.25x10-6 # (1.36 V22 – 0.64V12 -0.72V1V2 )

3 bar
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
( $ P)1-3 = (1.35 x 10-4) # (1.8 V32 – 0.368V1V3 ) 2.14D

1 2
psi
( $ P)1-3 = (6.25x10-6 # (1.8 V32 – 0.368V1V3 )

3
bar
1 2 ( $ P)3-1 = (1.35 x 10-4) # (1.8 V12 – 0.368V1V3 ) psi 2.14E
( $ P)3-1 = (6.25x10-6 # (1.8 V12 – 0.368V1V3 ) (metric) bar
JOINING TEES
( $ P)1-2 = (1.35 x 10-4) # [2V22 – 0.05V12 – 2V2
Q3 Q 2.14F
1 2 (0.205V3 + V1 1 )] psi
Q2 Q2
Q3
( $ P)1-2 = 6.25x10-6 # [2V22 – 0.05V12 – 2V2 (0.205V3 +
3 Q2
Q1
V1 )] bar
Q2
Q1
( $ P)1-3 = 1.35 x 10-4) # [2V32 – 0.4V12 – 0.41V3 (V1 + 2.14G
Q3
1 2 Q2
V2 )] psi
Q3
Q1
( $ P)1-3 = 6.25x10-6 # [2V32 – 0.4V12 – 0.41V3 (V1 +
Q3
3
Q2
V2 )] (metric) bar
Q3
Q3
( $ P)3-1 = 1.35 x 10-4) # [2V12 – 0.4V32 – 2V1 (0.205V3 + 2.14H
Q1
1 2 Q2
V2 )] psi
Q1
Q3
( $ P)3-1 = 6.25x10-6 # [2V12 – 0.4V32 – 2V1 (0.205V3 +
3 Q1
Q2
V2 )] (metric) bar
Q1
*See note on page 24 regarding these expressions

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
For equations for Ys, and manifold pressure drop, refer to the article ‘Minimize Manifold
Pressure Drop’ by Frederick A. Zenz, HYDROCARBON PROCESSING AND PETROLEUM
REFINER, December 1962, Vol. 41, No. 12, Pages 125-130.
Note on Equation 2.14H
Use the larger of the values calculated by 2.14H and by 2.14B. The latter may be
controlling when flow through branch #2 is low.
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 3
RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS

(COURTESY INGERSOLL-RAND COMPANY)
Note: Fittings are standard with full openings
Nominal Pipe Size

Fitting L/D • • • • 1 1• • 1• • 2 2• -•3 4 6 8-10 12-16 18-24
K Value
Gate Valves 8 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10
Globe Valves 340 9.2 8.5 7.8 7.5 7.1 6.5 6.1 5.8 5.1 4.8 4.4 4.1
Angle Valves 55 1.48 1.38 1.27 1.21 1.16 1.05 0.99 0.94 0.83 0.77 0.72 0.66
Angle Valves 150 4.05 3.75 3.45 3.30 3.15 2.85 2.70 2.55 2.25 2.10 1.95 1.80
Ball Valves 3 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04
Butterfly Valves 0.86 0.81 0.77 0.68 0.63 0.35 0.30
Plug Valve 18 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.22
straightway
Plug Valve 3-way 30 0.81 0.75 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.36
thru flow
Plug Valve 90 2.43 2.25 2.07 1.98 1.89 1.71 1.62 1.53 1.35 1.26 1.17 1.08
branch-flow
Standard Elbow 90& 30 0.81 0.75 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.36
45
0 16 0.43 0.40 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.18
long 16 0.43 0.40 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.19
radius
90&
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 3 (Continued)

Note: Fittings are standard with full openings.
Minimum velocity for full Nominal pipe size

disc lift
Fitting General Water ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½ 2 2½- 4 6 8-10 12- 18-
Stop-check L/D Ft/sec Ft/sec 3 16 24
Valves † K Value*
400 55 V 6.96 10.8 10 9.2 8.8 8.4 7.5 7.2 6.8 6.0 5.6 5.2 4.8
200 75 V 9.49 5.4 5 4.6 4.4 4.2 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4
350 60 V 7.59 9.5 8.8 8.1 7.7 7.4 6.7 6.3 6.0 5.3 4.9 4.6 4.2
300 60 V 7.59 8.1 7.5 6.9 6.6 6.3 5.7 5.4 5.1 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.6
55 17.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.94 0.83 0.77 0.72 0.66
140 V
Swing Check Valve
100 4.43 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2
35 V
50 6.08 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 .75 .70 .65 .6
48 V
Lift Check Valve
600 5.06 16.2 15 13.8 13.2 12.6 11.4 10.8 10.2 9.0 8.4 7.8 7.2
40 V
55 17.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 .94 .83 .77 .72 .66
140 V
Tilting Disc Check Valve
5o 10.13 .76 .72 .66 .60 .56 .39 .24
80 V
15o 1.90 11.3 10.5 9.7 9.3 8.8 8.0 7.6 7.1 6.3 5.9 5.5 5.0
15 V
Foot
Valve 420 1.90 11.3 10.5 9.7 9.3 8.8 8.0 7.6 7.1 6.3 5.9 5.5 5.0
with 35 V
Strainer
Poppet
Disk
Foot
Valve 75 35 V 4.43 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.90
with
Strainer
Hinged
Disk
† 3
V = Specific volume (ft /lb) * = K values for flow giving full disk lift. K values are higher for low flows with partial lift
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS (COURTESY

INGERSOLL-RAND COMPANY)
Note: Fittings are standard with full openings.
Nominal pipe size

½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½ 2 2½- 4 6 8-10 12- 18.2
Fitting Type of 3 16 4
Bend
L/D K value
Close Return Bend 50 1.35 1.25 1.15 1.10 1.05 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60
Standard Tee * thru flow 20 0.54 0.50 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24
thru branch 60 1.62 1.50 1.38 1.32 1.26 1.14 1.08 1.02 0.90 0.84 0.78 0.72
r/d = 1 20 0.54 0.50 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24
90o bends. Pipe bends, r/d = 2 12 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.14
flanged elbows, butt welded r/d = 3 12 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.14
elbows r/d = 4 14 0.38 0.35 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.17
r/d = 6 17 0.46 0.43 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.20
r/d = 8 24 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.53 0.50 0.46 0.43 0.41 0.36 0.34 0.31 0.29
r/d = 10 30 0.81 0.75 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.36
r/d = 12 34 0.92 0.85 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.65 0.61 0.58 0.51 0.48 0.44 0.41
r/d = 14 38 1.03 0.95 0.87 0.84 0.80 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.46
r/d = 16 42 1.13 1.05 0.97 0.92 0.88 0.80 0.76 0.71 0.63 0.59 0.55 0.50
r/d = 18 46 1.24 1.15 1.06 1.01 0.97 0.87 0.83 0.78 0.69 0.64 0.60 0.55
R/d = 20 50 1.35 1.25 1.15 1.10 1.05 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60
Mitre Bends * = 0o 2 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02
* = 15o 4 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05
* = 30o 8 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10
* = 45o 15 0.41 0.38 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.18
* = 60o 25 0.68 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.38 0.35 0.33 0.30
* = 75o 40 1.09 1.00 0.92 0.88 0.84 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.60 0.56 0.52 0.48
* = 90o 60 1.62 1.50 1.38 1.32 1.26 1.14 1.08 1.02 0.90 0.64 0.78 0.72
*See page 2.0-11 for detailed calculation
Fitting Description All pipe sizes

K value
Pipe exit Projecting sharp edged rounded 1.0
Pipe entrance Inward projecting 0.78
Pipe entrance flush Sharp edged 0.5

r/d = 0.02 0.28
r/d = 0.04 0.24
r/d = 0.06 0.15
r/d = 0.10 0.09
r/d = 0.15 & up 0.04
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 3 (Continued)

Friction Loss due to change in Pipe Size - Head loss in feet of liquid (K values are for
velocity in the small pipe).
Gradual Contraction (Based on velocity in small pipe)
4 0 d2 - 0 d2 - 4
4 3 450 K 2 0.81sin ..1 1 12 ++ 450 3 4 3 1800 K 2 0.5..1 1 12 ++ sin
2 / d2 , / d2 , 2
Gradual Enlargement (Based on velocity in small pipe)
2 2
40 d2 - 0 d2 -
4 3 45 K 2 2.61sin ..1 1 12 ++ 45 3 4 3 180
0 0
K 2 ..1 1 12 ++
2 / d2 , / d2 ,
V2
Substitute above values of K in formula h f 2 K . If desired, areas can be used instead of
2g
diameters in which case substitute:
2 4
a1 d12 0 a1 - 0d -
for and .. ++ for .. 1 ++
a2 d 22 / a2 , / d2 ,
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 3 (Continued)

Friction Loss Due to Change in Pipe Size – Feet of Liquid
Loss of head in ft of liquid Based on velocity in smaller pipe
Sudden Enlargements Sudden Contractions
Velocity d1 d 2 d1 d 2 Velocity
of d, fps of d, fps
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
2 .00 .01 .02 .03 .03 .04 .05 .06 .06 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .03 .03 .03 .03 2
3 .01 .02 .04 .06 .08 .10 .12 .13 .14 .01 .03 .03 .04 .05 .06 .06 .07 .07 3
4 .01 .03 .06 .10 .14 .17 .21 .23 .24 .02 .04 .06 .08 .09 .10 .11 .12 .12 4
5 .01 .05 .10 .16 .22 .27 .32 .36 .38 .04 .07 .10 .12 .15 .16 .18 .19 .19 5
6 .02 .07 .15 .23 .31 .39 .46 .51 .55 .05 .10 .14 .18 .21 .23 .26 .27 .28 6
7 .03 .10 .20 .31 .43 .53 .63 .70 .75 .07 .14 .19 .24 .29 .32 .35 .37 .37 7
8 .04 .13 .26 .41 .56 .70 .83 .92 .97 .09 .18 .25 .32 .38 .42 .46 .48 .50 8
9 .05 .16 .33 .52 .70 .88 1.04 1.16 1.23 .12 .23 .31 .40 .48 .53 .56 .60 .63 9
10 .06 .20 .40 .64 .87 1.09 1.29 1.43 1.52 .15 .28 .38 .50 .59 .65 .71 .75 .77 10
12 .08 .29 .58 .92 1.25 1.57 1.86 2.06 2.19 .21 .40 .56 .72 .85 .94 1.03 1.07 1.12 12
15 .13 .45 .91 1.43 1.96 2.45 2.90 3.22 3.43 .33 .63 .87 1.12 1.33 1.47 1.61 1.68 1.75 15
20 .22 .80 1.62 2.55 3.48 4.35 5.16 5.72 6.09 .59 1.12 1.55 1.99 2.36 2.61 2.86 2.98 3.10 20
25 .35 1.26 2.53 3.98 5.44 6.80 8.06 8.94 9.52 .92 1.75 2.43 3.11 3.69 4.08 4.47 4.66 4.86 25
30 .50 1.82 3.64 5.73 7.83 9.79 11.6 12.9 13.7 1.32 2.52 3.50 4.48 5.31 5.87 6.43 6.71 6.99 30
40 .90 3.23 6.46 10.2 13.9 17.4 20.6 22.9 24.4 2.36 4.48 6.22 7.96 9.45 10.4 11.4 11.9 12.4 40
K value .036 0.13 0.26 0.41 0.56 0.70 0.83 0.92 0.98 .095 0.18 0.25 0.32 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.48 0.50 K value
2
V2 0 d12 -
Calculated from formula h f 2 K . For sudden enlargements K 2 ..1 1 2 ++ . For sudden
2g / d2 ,
2
0 d12 -
contractions K 2 0.5..1 1 2 ++ .
/ d2 ,
The K factors in the table below are given for use in making estimates of friction loss for fittings not
Covered in the preceding pages
Type of fitting K value
Disk or wobble meter 3.4 to 10
Rotary meter (star or cog-wheel piston) 10
Reciprocating piston meter 15
Turbine wheel (double-flow) meter 5 to 7.5
Bends having corrugated inner radius 1.3 to 1.6 times value for smooth bend
Notes: 1. To convert inches to metres, multiply by 0.0254

2. To convert feet/second to metres/second, multiply by 0.3048
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 4
EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF VALUES AND FITTINGS

Friction loss in pipe fittings in terms of equivalent length – (L) – feet of straight pipe
Nominal Actual Friction Gate 90& Long * * Close Swing Angle Globe Butterfly 90 Welding Mitre bend
pipe size inside factor valve elbow radius Std tee Std tee return check valve full valve full valve elbow
diameter F Full 90& or thru flow branch bend valve full open open R/d = 1 R/d = 2
inches Open 45& std flow open
d elbow
• • .622 .027 .41 1.55 .83 1.04 3.11 .59 5.18 7.78 17.6
• • .824 .025 .55 2.06 1.10 1.37 4.12 3.43 6.86 10.3 23.3
1 1.049 .023 .70 2.62 1.40 1.75 5025 4.37 8.74 13.1 29.7
1• • 1.380 .022 .92 3.45 1.84 2.30 6.90 5.75 11.5 17.3 39.1
1• • 1.610 .021 1.07 4.03 2.15 2.68 8.05 6.71 13.4 20.1 45.6
2 2.067 .019 1.38 5.17 2.76 3.45 10.3 8.61 17.2 25.8 58.6 7.75 3.45 2.07 2.58 10.3
2• • 2.469 .018 1.65 6.17 3.29 4.12 12.3 10.3 20.6 30.9 70.0 9.26 4.12 2.47 3.08 12.3
3 3.068 .018 2.04 7.67 4.09 5.11 15.3 12.8 25.5 38.4 86.9 11.5 5.11 3.07 3.84 15.3
4 4.026 .017 2.68 10.1 5.37 6.71 20.1 16.8 33.6 50.3 114 15.1 6.71 4.03 5.03 20.1
5 5.047 .016 3.36 12.6 6.73 8.41 25.2 21.0 42.4 63.1 143 18.9 8.41 5.05 6.31 25.2
6 6.065 .015 4.04 15.2 8.09 10.1 30.3 25.3 50.5 75.8 172 22.7 10.1 6.07 7.58 30.3
8 7.981 .014 5.32 20.0 10.6 13.3 39.9 33.3 33.3 99.8 226 29.9 13.3 7.98 9.98 39.9
10 10.02 .014 6.68 25.1 13.4 16.7 50.1 41.8 41.8 125 284 29.2 16.7 10.0 12.5 50.1
12 11.938 .013 7.96 29.8 15.9 19.9 59.7 9.7 49.7 149 338 34.8 19.9 11.9 14.9 59.7
14 13.124 .013 8.75 32.8 17.5 21.8 65.6 5.7 54.7 164 372 38.3 21.8 13.1 16.4 65.6
16 15.0 0.013 10.0 37.5 20.0 25.0 75.0 62. 62.5 188 425 31.3 25.0 15.0 18.8 75.0
18 16.876 .012 16.9 42.2 22.5 28.1 84.4 70.3 70.3 210 478 35.2 28.1 16.9 21.1 84.4
20 18.814 .012 12.5 47.0 25.1 31.4 94.1 78.4 78.4 235 533 39.2 31.4 18.8 23.5 9401
24 22.628 .012 15.1 56.6 30.2 37.7 113 94.3 94.3 283 641 47.1 37.7 22.6 28.3 113
30 28 .011 18.7 70 37.3 46.7 140 117 46.7 28 35 140
36 34 .011 22.7 85 45.3 56.7 170 142 56.7 34 43 170
42 40 .010 26.7 100 53.3 66.7 200 167 66.7 40 50 200
48 46 .010 30.7 115 61.3 76.7 230 192 76.7 46 58 230
L/D 8 30 16 20 60 50 • •to 6 150 340 20 12 15 60

= 100
24 to
48 =
5-
L KD KD
Calculated from data in Crane Co – Technical Paper 410. K2 f ; f 2 ;L2 where D is inside pipe diameter in feet.
D L f
Note:
(1) To convert inches to metres, multiply by 0.0254.
(2) To convert feet to metres, multiply by 0.3048.
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
3.0 LIQUID FLOW
3.1 Guidelines
The guidelines given in Table 5 should be used to size process piping for liquids. The
guidelines cover most normal situations for systems within unit battery limits, but they may
not be applicable for all cases. For critical services and long headers, the engineer must
check the total pressure drop in the system, and make sure that the system meets the
design pressure balance, whether or not individual process lines meet the pressure drop
and velocity criteria given here. For critical services, such as slurry lines or high pressure
piping, etc., refer to the appropriate unit design manuals.
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 5 GUIDELINES FOR SIZING LIQUID LINES
‘Recommended’ High Limits

Item $P/100 Feet $P bar/100m Velocity ft/Sec Velocity m/sec
PSI
A. Pump Suction Lines (1) (5)

- Bubble point fluids (<8”) 0.5 0.11 6.0 1.8
- Bubble point fluids (>8”) 0.5 0.11 6.0 1.8
- Subcooled liquids (<8”) 2.0 0.45 8.0 2.4
- Subcooled liquids (>8”) 2.0 0.45 12.0 3.7
B. Pump Discharge Lines (CS) 4.0 0.91 20.0 6.1
Pump Discharge lines (Alloy/SS) 4.0 0.91 25.0 7.62
C. Liquid Transfer Lines 1.5 (2) 0.34 12.0 (2) 3.7
D. Cooling Water Lines 1.5 0.34 12.0 3.7
E. Steam Condensate Lines (2) (liquid) - - 2.0 0.61
F. Reboiler Trapout Lines (3) 0.3 0.07 5.0 1.5
G. Reboiler Return Lines 0.3 0.07 - -
Notes:
(1) Pump suction line diameters should normally not be more than two (2)
standard line sizes larger than the pump suction nozzle. Exceptions to this
rule should be approved by the respective chief engineer.
(2) Or as required by system pressure balance. Sour water line maximum velocity
may be lower depending upon temperature and metallurgy.
(3) See standard 103, Section 3.0, for tower draw-offs.
(4) If the liquid velocity is too high, swaged-up meter runs may be required.
Velocities for lines containing orifice plates should be limited to the following
values:
2” (0.05m) and up < 11.1 ft/sec (3.4 m/s)
except
14” (0.356m) and up sch. 80 < 10.2 ft/sec (3.1m/s)
If it is considered essential to use higher velocities, Instrument Group should

be consulted.
(5) Critical pump suction pressures should be checked using isometrics at the
earliest opportunity.
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
3.2 Pressure Drop Charts
The pressure drop charts given on the following pages were prepared by using P1072,
Foster Wheeler’s line-sizing program. The results agree very well with the equations
developed in Section 2.0.
The charts can be used for all routine line-sizing work. They show pressure drops for pipes
of schedule 40, 80, 120, and 160; and kinematic viscosities of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 10.0, 500.0, and
1,000.0 centistokes. For other viscosities, interpolate between the charts, or simply use the
chart that corresponds most closely to the given viscosity.
To convert kinematic viscosities in centistokes to ft2/second, multiply by 1.0764 x 10-5. To

convert to m2/second multiply by 10-6.
All the charts assume a liquid with a specific gravity of 1.000. For other specific gravities,
simply multiply the pressure drop from the chart by the given specific gravity:
True $ P = Chart $ P x Hot Liquid SG
In all cases, correct the chart pressure drop for the actual hot liquid specific gravity.
The pressure drop charts do not include any safety factor. If one is desired, it should be
added by hand according to the particular requirements of the system. All charts are for
clean, commercial steel pipes with an absolute roughness of 0.00015 feet (0.0000457m)
and include no safety factors.
Charts are provided for the standard pipe sizes of 1, 1½, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20,
24, 30 and 36 inches. Should the pipe size not be included in these charts, the methods
outlined in Section 2.0 should be used.
If the pipe schedule is not available from the project engineer assigned to the job, the
following guidelines apply:
For Nominal Pipe Side of: Use Inside diameter for:
D ' 2” Schedule 80 pipe

2 < D ' 14 Schedule 40 pipe
D > 14 Standard pipe, designated ‘STD’
For lines larger than 14”, the pressure drop corresponding to schedule 40 pipe is adequate
for sizing purposes. Should the standard pipe $ P for the line be desired, the $ P obtained
from the schedule 40 chart should be adjusted by the ratio of the inside diameters raised to
the fifth power.
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
5
0d -
$Pstd 2 $Psch10 5 .. 40 ++
/ d std ,
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 3
PRESSURE DROP FOR LIQUID FLOW, SCHEDULES 40 AND 80 PIPE
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
Ft/second Metres/second 0.3048
3 -5
USGPM m /second 6.309 x 10
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 3 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 3 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 3 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 3 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 3 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 3 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 3 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 3 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 3 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 3 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 3 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 3 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
USGPM m3/second 6.309 x 10-5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 3 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 3 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 3 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 4
PRESSURE DROP for LIQUID FLOW, SCHEDULES 120 and 160 PIPE
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 4 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 4 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 4 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 4 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 4 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 4 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 4 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 4 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 4 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 4 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 4 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 4 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 4 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 4 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 4 (cont’d)
Conversion factors:

Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.024
3 -5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
4.0 VAPOUR FLOW
4.1 Guidelines for sizing vapour lines
The guidelines on Table 6 should be used to size vapour lines inside unit battery limits.
The guidelines cover most normal situations, but may not be applicable to all cases. For
critical services and long headers, the total pressure drop in the line must be checked to
make sure that the circuit meets the design pressure balance, regardless of the pressure
drop and velocity criteria given here. For long vapour lines, such as flare headers or
vacuum transfer lines, when the $ P>10%P, the compressible flow calculation procedure
outlined in Process Standard 603, Section 2.3.2, should be followed.
The maximum velocity constraints are based upon API14E restrictions for avoiding erosion
– corrosion damage. For intermittent service, these limits can be increased by 25%.
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 6
GUIDELINES FOR SIZING VAPOR LINES
Maximum Maximum Maximum *Maximum

Item $P/100 Feet $P/100m Velocity, Velocity,
PSI bar feet/second Metres/Second
A. HYDROCARBON LINES
- 1.0 psia (0.07 bara) or 0.06 0.014 1 1

less (28” vacuum) 100/( # ) 2
122/( # ) 2
0.034
- 7.0 psia (0.48 bara) or 0.15 See note below on
less (15” vacuum) 0.11 density
- 0 to 50 psig (0 – 3.45 0.5 0.34

5 2
barg– 4.461 x 10 N/m )
0.68
- 50 to 100 psig (3.45 –10.3 1.5
barg) 1.13
- 150 to 500 psig (10.3 – 3.0

34.5 barg)
- Over 500 psig (34.5 barg) 5.0
B. STEAM LINES (not exceeding

300ft (91.4m) in length)
- 1.0 psia (0.07 bara) or 0.06 0.014 -

less
0.20 0.034
- 7.0 psia (0.48 bara) -
0.5 0.11
- 0 to 50 psig (0 – 3.45 -
barg)
- 50 to 150 psig (3.45 – 1.5 0.34

10.3 barg) -
- 150 to 500 psig (10.3 – 3.0 0.68

34.5 barg) -
- Over 500 psig (34.5 barg) 5.0 1.13

-
* # measured in kg/m3
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
C. PSV LINES
- Size in accordance with API RP520 and 521
1
- Discharge lines velocities are not to exceed 200/( # ) 2
ft/sec, or 80% of sonic velocity, whichever is lower:
1
2
V(sonic) = 223 (KT/MW) ; or
1
V(sonic) = 68.1 (KP/ # ) 2
where:
K = ratio of specific heats (Cp/Cv)

T = temperature, &R
P = pressure, psia
# = gas density, lb/ft3
MW = molecular weight
1
In metric units, the corresponding velocities are 244/( # ) 2
m/sec and 80% sonic velocity given by:
1
2
V(sonic) = 91.19(KT/MW) ; or
1
V(sonic) = (KP/ # ) 2
Where:
T = temperature (K)
2
P = pressure (N/m )
# =
3
gas density (kg/m )
Vapour lines with orifice plates
If the vapour velocity is too high, swaged-up meter runs may be required. Velocities for
steam lines containing orifice plates should be limited to the following values dependent on
steam pressure:
Steam pressure Steam pressure Maximum velocity Maximum velocity

(psia) (Bara) (ft/second) (m/second)
200 13.8 328 100
100 6.9 269 82
50 3.45 223 68
25 1.7 124 37.8
If it is considered essential to use higher velocities, Instrument Group should be consulted.
Normally, there is no problem with gases or vapours other than steam.

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
4.2 Pressure Drop Charts – HC
The following charts give pressure drop per one hundred feet for gases having a density of
1.0 lb/ft3 and a viscosity of 0.015 centipoises. The charts apply to gas flow in clean
commercial steel pipes with an absolute roughness of 0.00010 ft.
For gases of densities other than 1.0 lb/ft3 , the pressure drop given by the charts should be
divided by the gas density in lb/ft3.
True $ P = Chart $ P/gas density
Even though the charts were constructed for a gas with a viscosity of 0.015 centipoises,
they apply reasonably well for gases whose viscosity is between 0.075 and 0.025
centipoises, which should cover most of the gases found in refineries and chemical plants.
The charts do not include a safety factor. If one is desired, it should be added by hand. For
steam, use the charts In Section 4.3.
In metric units, and after application of the appropriate conversion factors, the pressure
drop is given in bar/100m for gases having a density of 16.02kg/m3 and a viscosity of
15Ns/m2. The appropriate roughness is 3 x 10-5m.
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 5 PRESSURE DROP FOR GAS FLOW IN NEW PIPE (LOW RANGE)
Conversion factors:

1000’s lb/hr Kg/sec 0.126
Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
Inches Metres 0.0254
ft/second M/second 0.3048
3 3
lb /ft Kg/m 16.019
2
cP Ns/m 0.001
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 5 (cont’d) PRESSURE DROP FOR GAS FLOW IN NEW PIPE (HIGH RANGE)
Conversion factors:

1000’s lb/hr Kg/sec 0.126
Psi/100ft Bar/100m 0.2262
ft/second M/second 0.3048
3 3
lb /ft Kg/m 16.019
2
cP Ns/m 0.001
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
4.3 Pressure Drop Charts – Steam
The charts on the following pages give pressure drop per one hundred feet of pipe for
steam, at various conditions. The pressure drop values apply to clean commercial steel
pipes with an absolute roughness of 0.00010 ft.
The steam conditions given are the following:
Figure No. Steam Conditions
11 15 psig, saturated (1.03 barg)

15 150 psig, 440oF (10.3 barg, 227oC)
17 200 psig, 500oF (13.8 barg, 260oC)
18 300 psig, 500oF (20.7 barg, 260oC)
19 400 psig, 600oF (27.6 barg, 260oC)
20 600 psig, 750oF (41.4 barg, 400oC)
For steam at other conditions, merely use the chart nearest to the steam conditions of
pressure and temperature, and multiply the readings by the ratio of actual steam specific
volume divided by the chart specific volume:
True $ P = Chart $ P x Steam Specific Volume

Chart Specific Volume
The steam charts do not include a safety factor of any kind. If one is desired, it should be
added by hand.
In metric units, and after application of the appropriate conversion factors, the pressure
drop is given in bar per 100 metre of pipe at an absolute roughness of 3 x 10-5m.
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 6 PRESSURE DROP FOR STEAM FLOW IN NEW PIPE
Conversion factors:

Ib/hr Kg/s 0.000126
Inches Metres 0.254
2
Psi/100 ft N/m /m 226.21
Feet Meters 0.3048
Ft/second Meters/second 0.3048
PSIA N/m2 6895
3 3
Ft /lb m /kg 0.0624
2
cP Ns/m 0.001
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
FIGURE 6 (cont’d) PRESSURE DROP FOR STEAM FLOW IN NEW PIPE
Conversion factors:

Ib/hr Kg/s 0.000126
Inches Metres 0.254
Psi/100 ft N/m2/m 226.21
Feet Meters 0.3048
2
PSIA N/m 6895
3 3
Ft /lb m /kg 0.0624
2
cP Ns/m 0.001
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
Conversion factors:

Ib/hr Kg/s 0.000126
Inches Metres 0.254
2
Psi/100 ft N/m /m 226.21
Feet Meters 0.3048
PSIA N/m2 6895
3 3
Ft /lb m /kg 0.0624
2
cP Ns/m 0.001
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
Conversion factors:

Ib/hr Kg/s 0.000126
Inches Metres 0.254
2
Psi/100 ft N/m /m 226.21
Feet Meters 0.3048
2
PSIA N/m 6895
3 3
Ft /lb m /kg 0.0624
2
cP Ns/m 0.001
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
Conversion factors:

Ib/hr Kg/s 0.000126
Inches Metres 0.254
2
Psi/100 ft N/m /m 226.21
Feet Meters 0.3048
PSIA N/m2 6895
3 3
Ft /lb m /kg 0.0624
2
cP Ns/m 0.001
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
Conversion factors:

Ib/hr Kg/s 0.000126
Inches Metres 0.254
2
Psi/100 ft N/m /m 226.21
Feet Meters 0.3048
2
PSIA N/m 6895
3 3
Ft /lb m /kg 0.0624
2
cP Ns/m 0.001
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
Conversion factors:

Ib/hr Kg/s 0.000126
Inches Metres 0.254
2
Psi/100 ft N/m /m 226.21
Feet Meters 0.3048
2
PSIA N/m 6895
Ft3/lb m3/kg 0.0624
2
cP Ns/m 0.001
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
Conversion factors:

Ib/hr Kg/s 0.000126
Inches Metres 0.254
2
Psi/100 ft N/m /m 226.21
Feet Meters 0.3048
2
PSIA N/m 6895
Ft3/lb m3/kg 0.0624
2
cP Ns/m 0.001
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
Conversion factors:

Ib/hr Kg/s 0.000126
Inches Metres 0.254
Psi/100 ft N/m2/m 226.21
Feet Meters 0.3048
2
PSIA N/m 6895
3 3
Ft /lb m /kg 0.0624
2
cP Ns/m 0.001
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
Conversion factors:

Ib/hr Kg/s 0.000126
Inches Metres 0.254
2
Psi/100 ft N/m /m 226.21
Feet Meters 0.3048
2
PSIA N/m 6895
3 3
Ft /lb m /kg 0.0624
2
cP Ns/m 0.001
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
5. 0 GRAVITY FLOW LINE SIZING
5.1 Introduction
Gas or vapour entrained in liquid flowing by gravity from a vessel can reduce the capacity of
the outlet pipe and cause cyclical surging of the flow. This can be avoided by designing for
either "liquid full" or "self venting" flow.
It is recommended that the "liquid full" approach is adopted if vapour entrainment from the
first vessel to the second is of no consequence. The installation of a vortex breaker in the
liquid outlet nozzle should be considered if the liquid level could fall below that predicted for
gas/vapour entrainment. Otherwise the more expensive "self-venting" design should be
used.
This section of the Process Standard covers the following:
6 drain-down line sizing – liquid full

6 drain-down line sizing – self venting
6 drain-down times for emptying vessels
5.2 Drain-down line sizing – Liquid Full
The sketch below shows the system under consideration.
P0 T0
D-101
Assume isothermal transfer
P1 T1
D-102
P2 T2
h0 h1 h2
Datum
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
The basic equation for line sizing is as follows:
0.25
0 fL -
D 2 W .1.78 9
0.5
+ 7150.6 # 0.5
X 0.25 8 5.1
/ D,
X 2 (h0 1 h2 ) 9 144
7P0 1 P2 8 5.2
#
h is measured in feet, and P is measured in pounds per square inch.
D= Pipe diameter (ft)

W= Liquid flowrate (lb/hr)
f= Friction factor
L= Piping equivalent length excluding entrance and exit losses (ft)
#= Liquid density (lb/ft3)
X= Gravity flow driving head (ft)
In metric units, this becomes:
0.25
0 fL -
D 2 W 0.5 .1.78 9 + 7111.9 # 0.5
X 0.25 8 5.3
/ D,
X 2 (h0 1 h2 ) 9
7P0 1 P2 8 5.4
#
h is measured in metres, and P is measured in Newtons per square metre.
D= Pipe diameter (m)

W= Liquid flowrate (Kg/hr)
f= Friction factor
L= Piping equivalent length excluding entrance and exit losses (m)
#= Liquid density (Kg/m3)
X= Gravity flow driving head (m)
The calculation is an iterative one based on an assumed line size; iteration continues until
the assumed and calculated line sizes are the same.
5.3 Drain-down Line Sizing – Self Venting
If the liquid in D-101 is irrotational, and if the liquid level is less than a certain critical depth,
vapour will be entrained into the liquid flow.
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
The critical depth is determined from the following equation:
hcrit 2 0.6248DFr 0.4 5.5

~
hcrit is the critical depth below which vapour will be entrained, D is the pipe diameter and Fr
is the Froude number defined as:
V
Fr 2 5.6
gD
V is the pipework fluid velocity in ft/sec, g is the acceleration due to gravity (32.174 ft/sec2)
and D is the pipe diameter in feet.
Both expressions are the same in metric units, but with hcrit and D in metres, V in m/sec
and g equal to 9.81m/sec2.
For a Froude Number of less than 0.31, any entrained vapour will be vented back into the
vessel and will not be carried through with the liquid.
For a Froude Number greater than 0.31, any entrained vapour will be entrained in the liquid,
with flow pulsations possible
The basis for self-venting gravity flow piping sizing is, therefore, a Froude Numbre of less
than 0.31.
If the liquid in D-1 is potentially rotational (possible causes include tangential outlet nozzle
or downstream centrifugal pump) then a vortex breaker should be installed.
The line size should be based on the maximum expected flow rate.
5.4 Gravity flow example calculations
Referring back to the sketch, then:
Flow from D-101 to D102 = 278550 lb/hr
Fluid density =56.8 lb/ft3
h0 –h2 = 5.5ft
P0 –P2 = 1.28psi
Equivalent length of piping = 300ft

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
For full liquid flow line sizing:
For the purpose of this example, assume that the friction factor f is 0.015.
Estimate D=0.67 ft
From equation 5.2 :
X = 5.5+144 x 1.28/56.8
X = 8.745
The correct value for D must now be iterated using equation 5.1
For an estimated value of D of 0.67 ft, equation 5.1 gives:
D = 2788500.5 x (1.78 + 0.015 x 300/0/67)0.25 /(150.6 x 56.80.5 x 8.7450.25)
D = 0.4616
The calculated value of 0.4616 is considerably different to the estimated value of 0.67.
Therefore the process has to be repeated with the new vale of D used as an estimate, until
the calculation converges. In this case, D converges on a value of 0.4917. Therefore a 6”
pipe would be chosen.
In this example, a friction factor of 0.015 was assumed. In practice, the value of f would
have to be updated at each successive iteration using the methods outlined in this process
standard.
For self venting line sizing
For a self venting design, the following approach is recommended:
Using equation 5.6, the Froude number can be calculated for a range of potential pipe
diameters. This is shown below for the current example:
Pipe size (inches) Fluid velocity (ft/sec) Froude number

6 6.18 1.496
8 3.60 0.76
10 2.30 0.435
12 1.63 0.283
To avoid vapour entrainment, the Froude number must be less than 0.31, therefore a 12
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
inch pipe would be chosen in this case. The required liquid depth in D-101 is calculated
from equation 5.5 as:
hcrit = 0.6248 x 1 x 0.2830.4
hcrit = 0.377 ft
5.5 Drain down time for vessel emptying
The following simple procedure is recommended for estimating drainage times for a range
of vessel types. These types are shown in the sketch below:
D D
h
h 4
Vertical cylinder Conical vessel
h
h
D D
Horizontal cylinder Sphere

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
Expressions for calculating the drainage times for these types of vessel are given below:
Vertical cylinder
1.1107 D 2 h
t2 5.7
Cd An g
Conical vessel
5
0.8886 tan 2 4 h 2
t2 5.8
Cd An g
Horizontal cylinder
0.9428L0. D 2 1 7D 1 h 8 2 -+
3 3
t2 / , 5.9
Cd An g
Sphere
1.481h 2 7D 1 0.6h 8
3
t2 5.10
Cd An g
In these expressions, t is the drainage time in seconds, An is the outlet orifice cross-
sectional area in ft2, g is the acceleration due to gravity ((32.174 ft/sec2) and h, D and L are
linear dimensions in ft. Cd is the outlet discharge coefficient, and is determined as follows:
For sharp edged orifices Cd = 0.61
For a short, flush mounted tube Cd = 0.80
For a rounded orifice Cd = 0.98

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
Example tank drainage time calculation
A 10ft diameter sphere is filled to a height of 8ft. How long will it to drain through a 2”
diameter tube?
Cd = 0.8
An = : x 2 x 2/4/144
An = 0.02182 ft2
Therefore, from equation 5.10
t = 1.481 x 81.5 x (10-0.6 x 8)/0.8/0.02182/32.1740.5
t = 1760 seconds
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
6. 0 PIPING DATA
This section includes general piping data which might be useful in design work. The data
have been taken from articles, catalogues and ASME publications.
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 7 PIPE DATA
Carbon and Alloy Steel – Stainless Steel

(COURTESY THE CRANE COMPANY)
Nominal Out- Identification Stain- Wall Inside Area Transverse Mom- Weight Weight Exter- Section
Pipe side Steel Less Thick- Diam- Of Internal Area ent Pipe Water nal Modulu
Size Diam. Steel ness eter Metal of Surface s
Sched. (t) (d) Inertia Pounds Pounds
No. Square (I) Per Per foot Sq. Ft.
Inches Inches Iron Sched. Inches Inches Inches (a) (A) foot of pipe Per foot 2/OD)
Pipe No. Square Square Inches
4
of pipe
Size Inches Feet
… … 10S .049 .307 .0548 .0740 .00051 .00088 .19 .032 .106 .00437
1/8 0.405 STD 40 40S .068 .269 .0720 .0568 .00040 .00106 .24 .025 .106 .00523
XS 80 80S .095 .215 .0925 .0364 .00025 .00122 .31 .016 .106 .00602
… … 10S .065 .410 .0970 .1320 .00091 .00279 .33 .057 .141 .01032
1/4 0.540 STD 40 40S .088 .364 .1250 .1041 .00072 .00331 .42 .045 .141 .01227
XS 80 80S .119 .302 .1574 .0716 .00050 .00377 .54 .031 .141 .01395
… … 10S .065 .545 .1246 .2333 .00162 .00586 .42 .101 .178 .01736
3/8 0.675 STD 40 40S .091 .493 .1670 .1910 .00133 .00729 .57 .083 .178 .02160
XS 80 80S .126 .423 .2173 .1405 .00098 .00862 .74 .061 .178 .02554
… … 5S .065 .710 .1583 .3959 .00275 .01197 .54 .172 .220 .02849
1/2 0.840 ! ! 10S .083 .674 .1974 .3568 .00248 .01431 .67 .155 .220 .03407
STD 40 40S .109 .622 .2503 .3040 .00211 .01709 .85 .132 .220 .04069
XS 80 80S .147 .546 .3200 .2340 .00163 .02008 1.09 .102 .220 .04780
! 160 … .187 .466 .3836 .1706 .00118 02212 1.31 .074 .220 .05267
XXS ! … 294 .252 .5043 .050 .00035 .02424 1.71 .022 .220 .05772
… … 5S .065 .920 .2011 .6648 .00462 .02450 .69 .288 .275 .04667
3/4 1.050 ! ! 10S .083 .884 .2521 .6138 .00426 .02969 .86 .266 .275 .05655
STDX 40 40S .113 .824 .3326 .5330 .00371 .03704 1.13 .231 .275 .07055
S 80 80S .154 .742 .4335 .4330 .00300 .04479 1.47 .188 .275 .08531
… 160 … .219 .612 .5698 .2961 .00206 .05269 1.94 .128 .275 .10036
XXS … … .308 .434 .7180 .148 .00103 .05792 2.44 .064 .275 .11032
… … 5S .065 1.185 .2553 1.1029 .00766 .04999 .87 .478 .344 .07603
1 1.315 ! … 10S .109 1.097 .4130 .9452 .00656 .07569 1.40 .409 .344 .11512
STD 40 40S .133 1.049 .4939 .8640 .00600 .08734 1.68 .375 .344 .1328
XS 80 80S .179 .957 .6388 .7190 .00499 .1056 2.17 .312 .344 .1606
… 160 … .250 .815 .8365 .5217 .00362 .1251 2.84 .230 .344 .1903
XXS … … .358 .599 1.0760 .282 .00196 .1405 3.66 .122 .344 .2136
… … 5S .065 1.530 .3257 1.839 .01277 .1038 1.11 .797 .435 .1250
1.660 ! … 10S .109 1.442 .4717 1.633 .01134 .1605 1.81 .708 .435 .1934
1¼ STD 40 40S .140 1.380 .6685 1.495 .01040 .1947 2.27 .649 .435 .2346
XS 80 80S .191 1.278 .8815 1.283 .00891 .2418 3.00 .555 .435 .2913
… 160 … .250 1.160 1.1070 1.057 .00734 .2839 3,76 .458 .435 .3421
XXS … … .382 .896 1.534 .630 .00438 .3411 5.21 .273 .435 .4110
… … 5S .065 1.770 .3747 2.461 .01709 .1579 1.28 1.066 .497 .1662
1½ 1.900 ! ! 10S .109 1.682 .6133 2.222 .01543 .2468 2.09 .963 .497 .2598
STD 40 40S .145 1.610 .7995 2.036 .01414 .3099 2.72 .882 .497 .3262
XS 80 80S .200 1.500 1.068 1.767 .01225 .3912 3.63 .765 .497 .4118
… 160 … .281 1.338 1.429 1.406 .00976 .4824 4.86 .608 .497 .5078
XXS … … .400 1.100 1.885 .950 .00660 .5678 6.41 .42 .497 .5977
… … 5S .065 2.245 .4717 3.958 .02749 .3149 1.61 1.72 .622 .2652
2 2.375 … … 10S .109 2.157 .7760 3.654 .02538 .4992 2.64 1.58 .622 .4204
STD 40 40S .154 2.067 1.075 3.355 .02330 .6657 3.65 1.45 .622 .5606
XS 80 80S .218 1.939 1.477 2.953 .02050 .8679 5.02 1.28 .622 .7309
… 160 … .344 1.687 2.190 2.241 .01556 1.162 7.46 .97 .622 .979
XXS … … .436 1.503 2.656 1.774 .01232 1.311 9.03 .77 .622 1.104
… … 5S .083 2.709 .7280 5.764 .04002 .7100 2.48 2.50 .753 .4939
2½ 2.875 … … 10S .120 2.635 1.039 5.453 .03787 .9873 3.53 2.36 .753 .6868
STD 40 40S .203 2.469 1.704 4.788 .03322 1.530 5.79 2.07 .753 1.064
XS 80 80S .276 2.323 2.254 4.238 .02942 1.924 7.66 1.87 .753 1.339
! 160 … .375 2.125 2.945 3.546 .02463 2.353 10.01 1.54 .753 1.638
XXS … … .552 1.771 4.028 2.464 .01710 2.871 13.69 1.07 .753 1.997
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 7 PIPE DATA (Continued)

Nom- Out- Identification Wall Inside Area Transverse Mom- Weight Weight Exter- Section
inal side Steel Thick- Diam- Of Internal Area ent Pipe Water nal Modulu
Pipe Diam. Stain- ness eter Metal of Surface s
Size Less (t) (d) Inertia Pounds Pounds
Steel Square (I) Per Per foot Sq. Ft.
Inches Inches Iron Sched. Sched. Inches Inches Inches (a) (A) foot of pipe Per foot 2/OD"
Pipe No. No. Square Square Inches
4
of pipe
Size Inches Feet
… … 5S .083 3.334 .8910 8.730 .06063 1.301 3.03 3.78 .916 .7435
3 3.500 … … 10S .120 3.260 1.274 8.347 .05796 1.822 4.33 3.62 .916 1.041
STD 40 40S .216 3.068 2.228 7.393 .05130 3.017 7.58 3.20 .916 1.724
XS 80 80S .300 2.900 3.016 6.605 ,04587 3.894 10.25 2.86 .916 2.225
… 160 … .438 2.624 4.205 5.408 .03755 5.032 14.32 2.35 .916 2.876
XXS … … .600 2.300 5.466 4.155 .02885 5.993 18.58 1.80 .916 3.424
… … 5S .083 3.834 1.021 11.545 .08017 1.960 3.48 5.00 1.047 .9799
3½ 4.000 … … 10S .120 3.760 1.463 11.104 .07711 2.755 4.97 4.81 1.047 1.378
STD 40 40S .226 3.548 2.680 9.886 .06870 4.788 9.11 4.29 1.047 2.394
XS 80 80S .318 3.364 3.678 8.888 .06170 6.280 12.50 3.84 1.047 3.140
… … 5S .083 4.334 1.152 14.75 .10245 2.810 3.92 6.39 1.178 1.249
4 4.500 10S .120 4.260 1.651 14.25 .09898 3.963 5.61 6.18 1.178 1.761
STD 40 40S .237 4.026 3.174 12.73 .08840 7.233 10.79 5.50 1.178 3.214
XS 80 80S .337 3.826 4.407 11.50 .07986 9.610 14.98 4.98 1.178 4.271
… 120 … .438 3.624 5.595 10.31 .0716 11.65 19.00 4.47 1.178 5.178
… 160 … .531 3.438 6.621 9.28 .0645 13.27 22.51 4.02 1.178 5.898
… .674 3.152 8.101 7.80 .0542 15.28 27.54 3.38 1.178 6.791
… … 5S .109 5.345 1.868 22.44 .1558 6.947 6.36 9.72 1.456 2.498
5 5.563 … … 10S .134 5.295 2.285 22.02 .1529 8.425 7.77 9.54 1.456 3.029
STD 40 40S .258 5.047 4.300 20.01 .1390 15.16 14.62 8.67 1.456 5.451
XS 80 80S .375 4.813 6.112 18.19 .1263 20.67 20.78 7.88 1.456 7.431
… 120 … .500 4.563 7.953 16.35 .1136 25.73 27.04 7.09 1.456 9.250
… 160 … .625 4.313 9.696 14.61 .1015 30.03 32.96 6.33 1.456 10.796
XXS … … .750 4.063 11.340 12.97 .0901 33.63 38.55 5.61 1.456 12.090
… … 5S .109 6.407 2.231 32.24 .2239 11.85 7.60 13.97 1.734 3.576
6 6.625 … … 10S .134 6.357 2.733 31.74 .2204 14.40 9.29 13.75 1.734 4.346
STD 40 40S .280 6.065 5.581 28.89 .2006 28.14 18.97 12.51 1.734 8.496
XS 80 80S .432 5.761 8.405 26.07 .1810 40.49 28.57 11.29 1.734 12.22
… 120 … .562 5.501 10.70 23.77 .1650 49.61 36.39 10.30 1.734 14.98
… 160 … .719 5.187 13.32 21.15 .1469 58.97 45.35 9.16 1.734 17.81
XXS … … .864 4.897 15.64 18.84 .1308 66.33 53.16 8.16 1.734 20.02
… … 5S .109 8.407 2.916 55.51 .3855 26.44 9.93 24.06 2.258 6.131
… … 10S .148 8.329 3.941 54.48 .3784 35.41 13.40 23.61 2.258 8.212
… 20 … .250 8.125 6.57 51.85 .3601 57.72 22.36 22.47 2.258 13.39
… 30 … .277 8.071 7.26 51.16 .3553 63.35 24.70 22.17 2.258 14.69
8 8.625 STD 40 40S .322 7.981 8.40 50.03 .3474 72.49 28.55 21.70 2.258 16.81
… 60 … .406 7.813 10.48 47.94 .3329 88.73 35.64 20.77 2.258 20.58
XS 80 80S .500 7.625 12.76 45.66 .3171 105.7 43.39 19.78 2.258 24.51
… 100 … .594 7.437 14.96 43.46 .3018 121.3 50.95 18.83 2.258 28.14
… 120 … .719 7.187 17.84 40.59 .2819 140.5 60.71 17.59 2.258 32.58
… 140 … .812 7.001 19.93 38.50 .2673 153.7 67.76 16.68 2.258 35.65
XXS … … .875 6.875 21.30 37.12 .2578 162.0 72.42 16.10 2.258 37.56
… 160 … .906 6.813 21.97 36.46 .2532 165.9 74.69 15.80 2.258 38.48
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004

inal side Thick- Diam- Of ent Pipe Water nal Modulu
Pipe Diam. Steel Stain- ness eter Metal Internal Area of Surface s
Inches Inches Iron Sched. Sched. Inches Inches Inches (a) (A) foot of pipe Per foot 2/OD"
4
of pipe
Size Inches Feet
… … 5S .134 10.482 4.36 86.29 .5992 63.0 15.19 37.39 2.814 11.71
… … 10S .165 10.420 5.49 85.28 .5922 76.9 18.65 36.95 2.814 14.30
… 20 … .250 10.250 8.24 82.52 .5731 113.7 28.04 35.76 2.814 21.15
10 10.750 … 30 … .307 10.136 10.07 80.69 .5603 137.4 34.24 34.96 2.814 25.57
STD 40 40S .365 10.020 11.90 78.86 .5475 160.7 40.48 34.20 2.814 29.90
XS 60 80S .500 9.750 16.10 74.66 .5185 212.0 54.74 32.35 2.814 39.43
… 80 … .594 9.562 18.92 71.84 .4989 244.8 64.43 31.13 2.814 45.54
… 100 … .719 9.312 22.63 68.13 .4732 286.1 77.03 29.53 2.814 53.22
… 120 … .844 9.062 26.24 64.53 .4481 324.2 89.29 27.96 2.814 60.32
XXS 140 … 1.000 8.750 30.63 60.13 .4176 367.8 104.13 26.06 2.814 68.43
… 160 … 1.125 8.500 34.02 56.75 .3941 399.3 115.64 24.59 2.814 74.29
… … 5S .156 12.438 6.17 121.50 .8438 122.4 20.98 52.65 3.338 19.2
… … 10S .180 12.390 7.11 120.57 .8373 140.4 24.17 52.25 3.338 22.0
… 20 … .250 12.250 9.82 117.86 .8185 191.8 33.38 51.07 3.338 30.2
12 12.75 … 30 … .330 12.090 12.87 114.80 .7972 248.4 43.77 49.74 3.338 39.0
STD … 40S .375 12.000 14.58 113.10 .7854 279.3 49.56 49.00 3.338 43.8
… 40 … .406 11.938 15.77 111.93 .7773 300.3 53.52 48.50 3.338 47.1
XS … 80S .500 11.750 19.24 108.43 .7528 361.5 65.42 46.92 3.338 56.7
… 60 … .562 11.626 21.52 106.16 .7372 400.4 73.15 46.00 3.338 62.8
… 80 … .688 11.374 26.03 101.64 .7058 475.1 88.63 44.04 3.338 74.6
… 100 … .844 11.062 31.53 96.14 .6677 561.6 107.32 41.66 3.338 88.1
XXS 120 … 1.000 10.750 36.91 90.76 .6303 641.6 125.49 39.33 3.338 100.7
… 140 … 1.125 10.500 41.08 86.59 .6013 700.5 139.67 37.52 3.338 109.9
… 160 … 1.312 10.126 47.14 80.53 .5592 781.1 160.27 34.89 3.338 122.6
… … 5S .156 13.688 6.78 147.15 1.0219 162.6 23.07 63.77 3.665 23.2
… … 10S .188 13.624 8.16 145.78 1.0124 194.6 27.73 63.17 3.665 27.8
… 10 … .250 13.500 10.80 143.14 .9940 255.3 36.71 62.03 3.665 36.6
… 20 … .312 13.376 13.42 140.52 .9758 314.4 45.61 60.89 3.665 45.0
14 14.00 STD… 30 … .375 13.250 16.05 137.88 .9575 372.8 54.57 59.75 3.665 53.2
XS 40 … .438 13.124 18.66 135.28 .9394 429.1 63.44 58.64 3.665 61.3
… … … .500 13.000 21.21 132.73 .9217 483.8 72.09 57.46 3.665 69.1
… 60 … .594 12.812 24.98 128.96 .8956 562.3 85.05 55.86 3.665 80.3
… 80 … .750 12.500 31.22 122.72 .8522 678.3 106.13 53.18 3.665 98.2
… 100 … .938 12.124 38.45 115.49 .8020 824.4 130.85 50.04 3.665 117.8
… 120 … 1.094 11.812 44.32 109.62 .7612 929.6 150.79 47.45 3.665 132.8
… 140 … 1.250 11.500 50.07 103.87 .7213 1027.0 170.28 45.01 3.665 146.8
160 … 1.406 11.188 55.63 98.31 .6827 1117.0 1893.5 42.60 3.665 159.6
… … 5S .165 15.670 8.21 192.85 1.3393 257.3 27.90 83.57 4.189 32.2
… … 10S .188 15.624 9.34 191.72 1.3314 291.9 31.75 83.08 4.189 36.5
… 10 … .250 15.500 12.37 188.69 1.3103 383.7 42.05 81.74 4.189 48.0
16 16.00 … 20 … .312 15.376 15.38 185.69 1.2895 473.2 52.27 80.50 4.189 59.2
STD 30 … .375 15.250 18.41 182.65 1.2684 562.1 62.58 79.12 4.189 70.3
XS 40 … .500 15.000 24.35 176.72 1.2272 731.9 82.77 76.58 4.189 91.5
… 60 … .656 14.688 31.62 169.44 1.1766 932.4 107.50 73.42 4.189 116.6
… 80 … .844 14.312 40.14 160.92 1.1175 1155.8 136.61 69.73 4.189 144.5
… 100 … 1.031 13.938 48.48 152.58 1.0596 1364.5 164.82 66.12 4.189 170.5
… 120 … 1.219 13.562 56.56 144.50 1.0035 1555.8 192.43 62.62 4.189 194.5
… 140 … 1.438 13.124 65.78 135.28 .9394 1760.3 223.64 58.64 4.189 220.0
… 160 … 1.594 12.812 72.10 128.96 .8956 1893.5 245.25 55.83 4.189 236.7
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004

inal side Steel Thick- Diam- Of ent Pipe Water nal Modulu
Pipe Diam. Stain- ness eter Metal Internal Area of Surface s
Inches Inche Iron Sched. Sched. Inches Inches Inches (a) (A) foot of pipe Per foot 2/OD"
s Pipe No. No. Square Square Inches
4
of pipe
Size Inches Feet
… … 5S .165 17.670 9.25 245.22 1.7029 367.6 31.43 106.26 4.712 40.8
… … 10S .188 17.624 10.52 243.95 1.6941 417.3 35.76 105.71 4.712 46.4
… 10 … .250 17.500 13.94 240.53 1.6703 549.1 47.39 104.21 4.712 61.1
… 20 … .312 17.376 17.34 237.13 1.6467 678.2 58.94 102.77 4.712 75.5
18 18.00 STD … … .375 17.250 20.76 233.71 1.6230 806.7 70.59 101.18 4.712 89.6
… 30 … .438 17.124 24.17 230.30 1.5990 930.3 82.15 99.84 4.712 103.4
XS … … .500 17.000 27.49 226.98 1.5763 1053.2 93.45 98.27 4.712 117.0
… 40 … .562 16.876 30.79 223.68 1.5533 1171.5 104.67 96.93 4.712 130.1
… 60 … .750 16.500 40.64 213.83 1.4849 1514.7 138.17 92.57 4.712 168.3
… 80 … .938 16.124 50.23 204.24 1.4183 1833.0 170.92 88.50 4.712 203.8
… 100 … 1.156 15.688 61.17 193.30 1.3423 2180.0 207.96 83.76 4.712 242.3
… 120 … 1.375 15.250 71.81 182.66 1.2684 2498.1 244.14 79.07 4.712 277.6
… 140 … 1.562 14.876 80.06 173.80 1.2070 2749.0 274.22 75.32 4.712 305.5
… 160 … 1.781 14.438 90.75 163.72 1.1369 3020.0 308.50 70.88 4.712 335.6
… … 5S .188 19.624 11.70 302.46 2.1004 574.2 39.78 131.06 5.236 57.4
… … 10S .218 19.564 13.55 300.61 2.0876 662.8 46.06 130.27 5.236 66.3
… 10 … .250 19.500 15.51 298.65 2.0740 765.4 52.73 129.42 5.236 75.6
20 20.00 STD 20 … .375 19.250 23.12 290.04 2.0142 1113.0 78.60 125.67 5.236 111.3
XS 30 … .500 19.000 30.63 283.53 1.9690 1457.0 104.13 122.87 5.236 145.7
! 40 … .594 18.812 36.15 278.00 1.9305 1703.0 123.11 120.46 5.236 170.4
… 60 … .812 18.376 48.95 265.21 1.8417 2257.0 166.40 114.92 5.236 225.7
… 80 … 1.031 17.938 61.44 252.72 1.7550 2772.0 208.87 109.51 5.236 277.1
… 100 … 1.281 17.438 75.33 238.83 1.6585 3315.2 256.10 103.39 5.236 331.5
… 120 … 1.500 17.000 87.18 226.98 1.5762 3754.0 296.37 98.35 5.236 375.5
… 140 … 1.750 16.500 100.33 213.82 1.4849 4216.0 341.09 92.66 5.236 421.7
160 … 1.969 16.062 111.49 202.67 1.4074 4585.5 379.17 87.74 5.236 458.5
… … 5S .188 21.624 12.88 367.25 2.5503 766.2 43.80 159.14 5.760 69.7
… … 10S .218 21.564 14.92 365.21 2.5362 884.8 50.71 158.26 5.760 80.4
… 10 … .250 21.500 17.08 363.05 2.5212 1010.3 58.07 157.32 5.760 91.8
STD 20 … .375 21.250 25.48 354.66 2.4629 1489.7 86.61 153.68 5.760 135.4
22 22.00 XS 30 … .500 21.000 33.77 346.36 2.4053 1952.5 114.81 150.09 5.760 117.5
… 60 … .875 20.250 58.07 322.06 2.2365 3244.9 197.41 139.56 5.760 295.0
! 80 … 1.125 19.75 73.78 306.35 2.1275 4030.4 250.81 132.76 5.760 366.4
… 100 … 1.375 19.25 89.09 291.04 2.0211 4758.5 302.88 126.12 5.760 432.6
… 120 … 1.625 18.75 104.02 276.12 1.9175 5432.0 353.61 119.65 5.760 493.8
… 140 … 1.875 18.25 118.55 261.59 1.8166 6053.7 403.00 113.36 5.760 550.3
… 160 … 2.125 17.75 132.68 247.45 1.7184 6626.4 451.06 107.23 5.760 602.4
… … 5S .218 23.564 16.29 436.10 3.0285 1151.6 55.37 188.98 6.283 96.0
… 10 10S .250 23.500 18.65 433.74 3.0121 1315.4 63.41 187.95 6.283 109.6
STD 20 … .375 23.250 27.83 424.56 2.9483 1942.0 94.62 183.95 6.283 161.9
24 24.00 XS … … .500 23.000 36.91 415.48 2.8853 2549.5 125.49 179.87 6.283 212.5
… 30 … .562 22.876 41.39 411.00 2.8542 2843.0 140.68 178.09 6.283 237.0
… 40 … .688 22.624 50.31 402.07 2.7921 3421.3 171.29 174.23 6.283 285.1
… 60 … .969 22.062 70.04 382.35 2.6552 4652.8 238.35 165.52 6.283 387.7
… 80 … 1.219 21.562 87.17 365.22 2.5362 5672.0 296.58 158.26 6.283 472.8
… 100 … 1.531 20.938 108.07 344.32 2.3911 6849.9 367.39 149.06 6.283 570.8
… 120 … 1.812 20.376 126.31 326.08 2.2645 7825.0 429.39 141.17 6.283 652.1
… 140 … 2.062 19.876 142.11 310.28 2.1547 8625.0 483.12 134.45 6.283 718.9
… 160 … 2.344 19.312 159.41 292.98 2.0346 9455.9 542.13 126.84 6.283 787.9
… 10 … .312 25.376 25.18 505.75 3.5122 2077.2 85.60 219.16 6.806 159.8
STD … … .375 25.250 30.19 500.74 3.4774 2478.4 102.63 216.99 6.806 190.6
26 26.00 XS 20 … .500 25.000 40.06 490.87 3.4088 3257.0 136.17 212.71 6.806 250.5
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
Nominal Out- Identification Wall Inside Area Transverse Mom- Weight Weight Exter- Section
Pipe side Steel Thick- Diam- Of Internal Area ent Pipe Water nal Modulu
Size Diam. Stain- ness eter Metal of Surface s
Less (t) (d) Inertia Pounds Pounds
Inches Steel Square (I) Per Per foot Sq. Ft.
Inches Iron Sched. Sched. Inches Inches Inches (a) (A) foot of pipe Per foot 2/OD"
4
of pipe
Size Inches Feet
… 10 … .312 27.376 27.14 588.61 4.0876 2601.0 92.26 255.07 7.330 185.8
28 28.00 STD … … .375 27.250 32.54 583.21 4.0501 3105.1 110.64 252.73 7.330 221.8
XS 20 … .500 27.000 43.20 572.56 3.9761 4084.8 146.85 248.11 7.330 291.8
… 30 … .625 26.750 53.75 562.00 3.9028 5037.7 182.73 243.53 7.330 359.8
… … 5S .250 29.500 23.37 683.49 4.7465 2585.2 79.43 296.18 7.854 172.3
30 30.00 … 10 10S .312 29.376 29.10 677.76 4.7067 3206.3 98.93 293.70 7.854 213.8
STD … … .375 29.250 34.90 671.96 4.6664 3829.4 118.65 291.18 7.854 255.3
XS 20 … .500 29.000 46.34 660.52 4.5869 5042.2 157.53 286.22 7.854 336.1
… 30 … .625 28.750 57.68 649.18 4.5082 6224.0 196.08 281.31 7.854 414.9
… 10 … .312 31.376 31.06 773.19 5.3694 3898.9 105.59 335.05 8.378 243.7
32 32.00 STD … … .375 31.250 37.26 766.99 5.3263 4658.5 126.66 332.36 8.378 291.2
XS 20 … .500 31.000 49.48 754.77 5.2414 6138.6 168.21 327.06 8.378 383.7
… 30 … .625 30.750 61.60 742.64 5.1572 7583.4 209.43 321.81 8.378 474.0
… 40 … .688 30.624 67.68 736.57 5.1151 8298.3 230.08 319.18 8.378 518.6
… 10 … .344 33.312 36.37 871.55 6.0524 5150.5 123.65 377.67 8.901 303.0
34 34.00 STD … … .375 33.250 39.61 868.31 6.0299 5599.3 134.67 376.27 8.901 329.4
XS 20 … .500 33.000 52.62 855.30 5.9396 7383.5 178.89 370.63 8.901 434.3
30 … .625 32.750 65.53 842.39 5.8499 9127.6 222.78 365.03 8.901 536.9
40 … .688 32.624 72.00 855.92 5.8050 9991.6 244.77 362.23 8.901 587.7
… 10 … .312 35.376 34.98 982.90 6.8257 5569.5 118.92 425.92 9.425 309.4
36 36.00 STD … … .375 35.250 41.97 975.91 6.7771 6658.9 142.68 422.89 9.425 369.9
XS 20 … .500 35.000 55.76 962.11 6.6813 87.86.2 189.57 416.91 9.425 488.1
… 30 … .625 34.750 69.46 948.42 6.5862 10868. 236.13 417.22 9.425 603.8
… 40 … .750 34.500 83.06 934.82 6.4918 4 282.35 405.09 9.425 717.0
12906.
1
Conversion factors for Table 7:

Square inches Square metres 6.45x10-4
Square feet Square metres 0.0929
4 4
Inches Metres 4.16x10-7
Lb/ft Kg/m 1.488
Square feet/foot Square metres/metre 0.3048
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 8 STANDARD WELDED FITTING SIZES
Nom. Pipe WALL THICKNESS

Pipe O.D. Light SCH SCH SCH SCH X SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH XX
Size (In.) Wall 20 30 STD 40 60 STG 80 100 120 140 160 STG
½ 0.84 .109 .109 .147 .147 .188 .294
3
/4 1.05 .113 .113 .154 .154 .219 .308
1 1.32 .133 .133 .179 .179 .250 .358
1¼ 1.66 .140 .140 .191 .191 .250 .382
1½ 1.90 .145 .145 .200 .200 .281 .400
2 2.38 .154 .154 .218 .218 .344 .436
2½ 2.88 .203 .203 .276 .276 .375 .552
3 3.50 .188 .216 .216 .300 .300 .438 .600
3½ 4.00 .226 .226 .318 .318
4 4.50 .188 .237 .237 .337 .337 .438 .531 .674
5 5.56 .258 .258 .375 .375 .500 .625 .750
6 6.62 .219 .250 .277 .280 .280 .432 .432 .562 .719 .864
8 8.62 .219 .250 .307 .322 .322 .406 .500 .500 .594 .719 .812 .906 .875
10 10.75 .219 .250 .330 .365 .365 .500 .500 .594 .719 .844 1.000 1.125 1.000
12 12.75 .250 .312 .375 .375 .406 .562 .500 .688 .844 1.000 1.125 1.312 1.000
14 14.00 .250 .312 .375 .375 .438 .594 .500 .750 9.38 1.094 1.250 1.406
16 16.00 .250 .312 .438 .375 .500 .656 .500 .844 1.031 1.219 1.438 1.594
18 18.00 .250 .375 .500 .375 .562 .750 .500 .938 1.156 1.375 1.562 1.781
20 20.00 .250 .375 .562 .375 .594 .812 .500 1.031 1.281 1.500 1.750 1.969
24 24.00 .250 .500 .625 .375 .688 .969 .500 1.219 1.531 1.812 2.062 2.344
30 30.00 .312 .500 .625 .375 .500
36 36.00 .312 .375 .500
42 42.00 .375 .750 .500
48 48.00 .375 .500
Table Continued…
Notes:
(1) To convert inches to metres, multiply by 0.0254

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 8 STANDARD WELDED FITTING SIZES(Continued)
Nom. Pipe A B D E F G O K S V X Y
Pipe O.D. ANSI MSS
Size (In.)
½ 0.84 1.50 .62 1.00 3.00 2.00 1.38 3.00 1.88
3
/4 1.05 1.12 .44 1.00 3.00 2.00 1.69 2.25 1.69
1 1.32 1.50 .88 1.00 1.50 4.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 2.19 2.00 162
1¼ 1.66 1.88 1.00 1.25 1.50 4.00 2.00 2.50 3.75 2.75 2.50 2.06
1½ 1.90 2.25 1.12 1.50 1.50 4.00 2.00 2.88 4.50 3.25 3.00 2.44
2 2.38 3.00 1.38 2.00 1.50 6.00 2.50 3.62 6.00 4.19 4.00 3.19 6.00 2.50
2½ 2.88 3.75 1.75 2.50 1.50 6.00 2.50 4.12 7.50 5.19 5.00 3.94
3 3.50 4.50 2.00 3.00 2.00 6.00 2.50 5.00 9.00 6.25 6.00 4.75 9.00 3.75
3½ 4.00 5.25 2.25 3.50 2.50 6.00 2.50 5.50 10.50 7.25 7.00 5.50
4 4.50 6.00 2.50 4.00 2.50 6.00 3.00 6.19 12.00 8.25 8.00 6.25 12.00 5.00
5 5.56 7.50 3.12 5.00 3.00 8.00 3.00 7.31 15.00 10.31 10.00 7.75
6 6.62 9.00 3.75 6.00 3.50 8.00 3.50 8.50 18.00 12.31 12.00 9.31 18.00 7.50
8 8.62 12.00 5.00 8.00 4.00 8.00 4.00 10.62 24.00 16.31 16.00 12.31 24.00 10.00
10 10.75 15.00 6.25 10.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 12.75 30.00 20.38 20.00 15.38 30.00 12.50
12 12.75 18.00 7.50 12.00 6.00 15.00 6.00 15.00 36 24.38 24.00 18.38 36.00 15.00
14 14.00 21.00 8.75 14.00 6.50 12.00 6.00 16.25 42.00 28.00 28.00 21.00 42.00 17.50
16 16.00 24.00 10.00 16.00 7.00 12.00 6.00 18.50 48.00 32.00 32.00 24.00 48.00 19.88
18 18.00 27.00 11.25 18.00 8.00 12.00 6.00 21.00 54.00 36.00 36.00 27.00 54.00 22.38
20 20.00 30.00 12.50 20.00 9.00 12.00 6.00 23.00 60.00 40.00 40.00 30.00 60.00 24.88
24 24.00 36.00 15.00 24.00 10.50 12.00 6.00 27.25 72.00 48.00 48.00 36.00 72.00 29.81
30 30.00 45.00 18.50 30.00 10.50 90.00 60.00 60.00 45.00 90.00 37.25
36 36.00 54.00 22.25 36.00 10.50 72.00 54.00 106.00 44.75
42 42.00 63.00 26.00 42.00 12.00 126.00 52.19
48 48.00 72.00 29.88 48.00 13.50 144.00 59.69
Notes:
(1) To convert inches to metres, multiply by 0.0254

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
Nom Pipe Nom Pipe C M H

C M H Size
Size
Run Outlet Run Outlet
¾ ¾ 1.12 3½ 3.75
½ 1.12 1.12 1.50 3½ 3 3.75 3.62 4.00
1 1.50 2½ 3.75 3.50 4.00
1 ¾ 1.50 1.50 2.00 2 3.75 3.25 4.00
½ 1.50 1.50 2.00 1½ 3.75 3.12 4.00
1¼ 1.88 4 4.12
1¼ 1 1.88 1.88 2.00 4 3½ 4.12 4.00 4.00
¾ 1.88 1.88 2.00 3 4.12 3.88 4.00
½ 1.88 1.88 2.00 2½ 4.12 3.75 4.00
1½ 2.25 2 4.12 3.50 4.00
1½ 1¼ 2.25 2.25 2.50 1½ 4.12 3.38 4.00
1 2.25 2.25 2.50 5 4.88
¾ 2.25 2.25 2.50 5 4 4.88 4.62 5.00
½ 2.25 2.25 2.50 3½ 4.88 4.50 5.00
2 2.50 3 4.88 4.38 5.00
2 1½ 2.50 2.38 3.00 2½ 4.88 4.25 5.00
1¼ 2.50 2.25 3.00 2 4.88 4.12 5.00
1 2.50 2.00 3.00 6 5.62
¾ 2.50 1.75 3.00 6 5 5.62 5.38 5.50
2½ 3.00 4 5.62 5.12 5.50
2½ 2 3.00 2.75 3.50 3½ 5.62 5.00 5.50
1½ 3.00 2.62 3.50 3 5.62 4.88 5.50
1¼ 3.00 2.50 3.50 2½ 5.62 4.75 5.50
1 3.00 2.25 3.50 8 7.00
2 3.38 8 6 7.00 6.62 6.00
3 2½ 3.38 3.25 3.50 5 7.00 6.38 6.00
2 3.38 3.00 3.50 4 7.00 6.12 6.00
1½ 3.38 2.88 3.50 3½ 7.00 6.00 6.00
1¼ 3.38 2.75 3.50 10 8.50
10 8 8.50 8.00 7.00
NOTES: Fittings are to ASTM A234 WPB with 6 8.50 7.62 7.00
dimensions to ANSI 816.9 except that short radius 5 8.50 7.50 7.00
elbows and returns are to ANSI 816.28 and 3R
elbows are to MSS-SP75. Other types, sizes and 4 8.50 7.25 7.00
thicknesses of fittings on application.
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
Nom. Pipe C M H Nom. Pipe

Size C M H
Size
Run Outlet Run Outlet
12 10.00 24 17.00
10 10.00 9.50 8.00 22 17.00 17.00 20.00
12 8 10.00 9.00 8.00 20 17.00 17.00 20.00
6 10.00 8.62 8.00 18 17.00 16.50 20.00
5 10.00 8.50 8.00 24 16 17.00 16.00 20.00
14 11.00 11.00 14 17.00 16.00
12 11.00 10.62 13.00 12 17.00 15.62
14 10 11.00 10.12 13.00 10 17.00 15.12
8 11.00 9.75 13.00 30 22.00
6 11.00 9.38 13.00 24 22.00 21.00 24.00
16 12.00 20 22.00 20.00 24.00
14 12.00 12.00 14.00 30 18 22.00 19.50
16 12 12.00 11.62 14.00 16 22.00 19.00
10 12.00 11.12 14.00 14 22.00 19.00
8 12.00 10.75 14.00 36 26.50
18 12.00 10.38 30 26.50 25.00 24.00
16 13.50 36 24 26.50 24.00 24.00
16 13.50 13.00 15.00 20 26.50 23.00
18 14 13.50 13.00 15.00 16 26.50 22.50
12 13.50 12.62 15.00 16 26.50 22.00
10 13.50 12.12 15.00 42 30.00
8 13.50 11.75 36 30.00 28.00 24.00
20 15.00 42 30 30.00 28.00 24.00
18 15.00 14.50 20.00 24 30.00 26.00
16 15.00 14.00 20.00 20 30.00 26.00
20 14 15.00 14.00 20.00 48 35.00
12 15.00 13.62 20.00 42 35.00 32.00 28.00
10 15.00 13.12 48 36 35.00 31.00
6 15.00 12.75 30 35.00 30.00
NOTES: Fittings are to ASTM A234 WPB with
24 35.00 29.00
dimensions to ANSI 816.9 except that short radius
elbows and returns are to ANSI 816.28 and 3R elbows
are to MSS-SP75. Other types, sizes and thicknesses of
fittings on application.
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 9
FLANGE PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE RATINGS

Pressure-temperature ratings for steel flanges and flanged fittings
Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Normal A105, A181-11, A216-WCB, A515-70
Carbon A516-70
Temp #F Steel A350-LF2, A537-C1.1
Pressures are in pounds per square inch. gage (psig)
-20 to 100 285 740 990 1480 2220 3705 6170

200 260 675 900 1350 2025 3375 5625
300 230 655 875 1315 1970 3280 2470
400 200 635 845 1270 1900 3170 5280
500 170 600 800 1200 1795 2995 4990
600 140 550 730 1095 1640 2735 4560
650 125 535 715 1075 1610 2685 4475
700 110 535 710 1065 1600 2665 4440
750 95 505 670 1010 1510 2520 4200
800 80 410 550 825 1235 2060 3430
850 65 270 355 535 805 1340 2230
900 50 170 230 345 815 860 1430
950 35 105 140 205 310 515 860
1000 20 50 70 105 155 260 430
A182-F304, A182-F304H
Type 304 A240-304, A351-CF8
A351-CF3 Not to be used over 800#F
-20 to 100 275 720 960 1440 2160 3600 6000
200 235 600 800 1200 1800 3000 5000
300 205 530 705 1055 1585 2640 4400
400 180 470 630 940 1410 2350 3920
500 170 435 585 875 1310 2185 3640
600 140 415 555 830 1245 2075 3460
700 110 405 540 805 1210 2015 3360
800 80 395 525 790 1180 1970 3280
850 65 390 520 780 1165 1945 3240
900 50 385 510 770 1150 1920 3200
950 35 375 500 750 1125 1870 3120
1000 20 325 430 645 965 1610 2685
1050 310 410 620 925 1545 2570
1100 260 345 515 770 1285 2145
1150 195 260 390 585 980 1630
1200 155 205 310 465 770 1285
1250 110 145 220 330 550 915
1300 85 110 165 245 410 685
1350 60 85 125 185 310 515
1400 50 65 90 145 240 400
1450 35 45 70 105 170 285
1500 25 30 50 70 120 200
Grades A105, A181-11, A216-WCB, A515-70: Permissible but not Grade A516-70: Permissible but not recommended for prolonged use
recommended for prolonged use above 800#F; not to be used over above 800#F; not to be used over 850#F.
1000#F. Grades A350-LF2, A537-C1.1: not to be used over 650#F.
Notes:
(1) To convert #F to #C, subtract 32 and then multiply by 0.555. Add a further 273 to convert to Kelvin.
(2) To convert psig to N/m2, add 14.696 and then multiply by 6894.8.
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 10
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURES FOR SELECTED PIPE (LIQUID)
Design properties and allowable working pressures for piping
ASTM A106, grade B seamless pipe – petroleum refinery piping code for pressure piping ANSI B31.3-1976 – Corrosion
allowance = 0.05
Allowable working pressures for temperatures (in #F) not to exceed

Nom Sch Weight O D in Wall I D (d) d5 Flow -20 to 200 300 400 500 600 700
pipe No of pipe thk in in area 100
size lb/ft sq ft
in
• • S40 .851 .840 .109 .622 .0931 .00211 2258 2258 2258 2258 2134 1953 1863
• • S40 1.131 1.050 .113 .824 .3799 .00371 1933 1933 1933 1933 1827 1672 1595
1.474 .154 .742 .2249 .00300 3451 3451 3451 3451 3261 2985 2847
1 S40 1.679 1.315 .133 1.049 1.2700 .00600 2103 2103 2103 2103 1988 1819 1735
X80 2.172 .179 .957 .8027 .00499 3468 3468 3468 3468 3277 3000 2861
160 2.844 .250 .815 .3596 .00362 5720 5720 5720 5720 5405 4948 4719
XX 3.659 .358 .599 .0771 .00196 9534 9534 9534 9534 9010 8247 4866
1• • S40 2.718 1.900 .145 1.610 10.820 .01414 1672 1672 1672 1672 1580 1446 1379
X80 3.632 .200 1.500 7.594 .01225 2777 2777 2777 2777 2624 2402 2291
160 4.866 .281 1.338 4.288 .00976 4494 4494 4494 4494 4247 3887 3707
XX 6.409 .400 1.100 1.611 .00660 7228 7228 7228 7228 6831 6253 5963
2 S40 3.653 2.375 .154 2.067 37.72 .02330 1469 1469 1469 1469 1388 1270 1212
X80 5.022 .218 1.939 27.41 .02050 2488 2488 2488 2488 2351 2152 2053
160 7.445 .343 1.687 13.74 .01556 4617 4617 4617 4617 4363 3994 3809
XX 9.030 .436 1.503 7.67 .01232 6284 6284 6284 6284 5939 5436 5185
3 S40 7.58 3.500 .216 3.068 271.80 .05130 1640 1640 1640 1640 1550 1419 1353
X80 10.25 .300 2.900 205.10 .04587 2552 2552 2552 2552 2412 2207 2105
160 14.33 .438 2.624 124.40 .03755 4122 4122 4122 4122 3895 3566 3401
XX 18.58 .600 2.300 64.36 .02885 6089 6089 6089 6089 5754 5267 5024
4 S40 10.79 4.500 .237 4.026 1058.0 .08840 1439 1439 1439 1439 1359 1244 1187
X80 14.99 .337 3.826 819.8 .07986 2275 2275 2275 2275 2150 1968 1877
160 22.51 .531 3.438 480.3 .06447 3978 3978 3978 3978 3760 3441 3282
XX 27.54 .674 3.152 311.1 .05419 5307 5307 5307 5307 5015 4590 4378
6 S40 19.98 6.625 .280 6.065 8206. .2006 1205 1205 1205 1205 1139 1042 994
X80 28.58 .432 5.761 6346. .1810 2062 2062 2062 2062 1948 1783 1701
160 45.30 .718 5.187 3762. .1469 3759 3759 3759 3759 3552 3251 3101
XX 53.17 .864 4.897 2816. .1308 4659 4659 4659 4659 4403 4030 3844
8 S40 28.56 8.625 .322 7.981 32380. .3474 1098 1098 1098 1098 1037 950 906
X80 43.4 .500 7.625 25775. .3171 1864 1864 1864 1864 1761 1612 1537
160 72.4 .875 6.875 15360. .2578 3554 3554 3554 3554 3359 3074 2932
XX 74.7 .906 6.813 14679. .2532 3699 3699 3699 3699 3496 3200 3052
10 S40 40.5 10.750 .365 10.020 101000. .5475 1022 1022 1022 1022 966 884 843
X60 54.7 .500 9.750 88110. .5185 1484 1484 1484 1484 1403 1284 1224
160 115.7 1.125 8.500 44371. .3941 3736 3736 3736 3736 3531 3232 3082
12 S 49.6 12.750 .375 12.000 248800 .7854 976 976 976 976 922 844 805
X 65.4 .500 11.750 223970 .7528 1245 1245 1245 1245 1177 1077 1027
160 160.3 1.312 10.126 106461 .5592 3113 3113 3113 3113 2942 2693 2568
14 10 36.7 14.000 .250 13.500 448400 .9940 486 486 486 486 460 421 401
S0 54.6 .375 13.250 408394 .9575 807 807 807 807 763 698 666
X 72.1 .500 13.000 371290 .9211 1132 1132 1132 1132 1069 979 934
16 10 42.1 16.000 .250 15.500 894660 1.310 425 425 425 435 402 368 351
S30 62.6 .375 15.250 824801 1.268 705 705 705 705 666 609 581
S40 82.8 .500 15.000 759375 1.227 987 987 987 987 933 854 815
18 10 47.4 18.000 .250 17.500 1641309 1.670 377 377 377 377 357 326 311
S 70.6 .375 17.250 1527400 1.622 625 625 625 625 591 541 516
X 93.5 .500 17.000 1419900 1.575 876 876 876 876 823 757 722
20 10 52.7 20.000 .250 19.500 2819500 2.074 339 339 339 339 321 293 280
S20 78.6 .375 19.250 2643352 2.021 562 562 562 562 531 486 464
X30 104.1 .500 19.000 2476099 1.969 787 787 787 787 743 680 649
24 10 63.4 24.000 .250 23.500 7167030 3.012 282 282 282 282 267 244 233
S20 94.6 .375 23.250 6793832 2.948 468 467 467 467 442 404 386
X 125.5 .500 23.000 6436300 2.883 660 654 654 654 618 565 539
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 10 (Cont’d)
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURES FOR SELECTED PIPE (VAPOUR)
Gas Transmission and distribution piping

Code for pressure piping ANSI B31.8-1975
Carbon steel and high yield strength pipe
Values apply to A106, API5L and API5LX pipe having the same specified minimum yield strength as shown
PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
TABLE 10 (Cont’d)
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURES FOR SELECTED PIPE (VAPOUR)
Gas Transmission and distribution piping (Cont’d)

PROCESS STD 201
Date 05/05/2004
Conversion factors for Table 10

5 5 -8
Inches Metres 1.06 x 10
Square feet Square metres 0.0929
lb/ft kg/m 1.488
To convert from #F to #C, subtract 32 and then multiply by 0.555. Add a further 273 to
convert to Kelvin.
To convert psig to N/m2 add 14.696 and then multiply by 6894.8.

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PROCESS STD 201

FOSTER WHEELER FLUID FLOW Page 1 of 105

2.0 PRESSURE DROP CALCULATIONS

2.1 Straight Pipes 6

3.0 LIQUID FLOW

3.1 Guidelines for Sizing Liquid Lines 31

4.0 VAPOUR FLOW

4.1 Guidelines for Sizing Vapour Lines 67

5.0 GRAVITY FLOW LINE SIZING 84

6.0 PIPE DATA 91

FIGURE NUMBER DESCRIPTION PAGE

1 Darcy Friction Factor vs. Reynolds No. 17

2 Relative Roughness of New Pipes 19

3 Pressure Drop for Liquid Flow Schedules 35 - 50

4 Pressure Drop for Liquid Flow Schedules 51 - 60

5 Pressure Drop for Gas Flow in New Pipe 71 - 72

6 Pressure Drop for Steam Flow in New Pipe 74 - 83

TABLE NUMBER DESCRIPTION PAGE

1 Values for fD for completely turbulent flow 16

2 Relative roughness for new, clean steel pipes 18

3 Resistance coefficients for valves and fittings 26

4 Equivalent lengths of valves and fittings 31

5 Guidelines for sizing liquid lines 33

6 Guidelines for sizing vapour lines 68

8 Standard welded fitting sizes 97

9 Flange pressure/temperature ratings 101

10 Maximum allowable working pressures 102

A = Pipe cross-sectional area, square feet

D = Internal pipe diameter, feet or metres

d = Internal pipe diameter, inches.

d = Internal diameter of pipe for which resistance coefficient, K, is desired.

fD = Darcy friction factor, dimensionless. Equal to 4* Fanning Friction factor

hL = Velocity head, feet of liquid.

hf = Head loss, feet of liquid.

K = Resistance coefficient, dimensionless.

Ka = Desired resistance coefficient for pipe of different diameter or schedule.

Kb = Resistance coefficient given in Table 3 and established for schedule 40

L = Length of pipe, feet.

Q = Flowrate, hot US gallons per minute,

Re = Reynold’s number, dimensionless.

SG = Liquid specific gravity, dimensionless.

V = Velocity, feet per second.

W = Mass flowrate, pounds per hour.

z = Vapour compressibility, dimensionless.

= Absolute roughness, feet.

! = Absolute viscosity, centipoise.

" = Kinematic viscosity, ft2/sec.

# = Density, pounds per cubic foot, lb/ft3.

$P = Friction loss in one hundred feet of pipe, psi.

$ Pf = Friction loss through a valve or fitting, psi.

LIST OF CONVERSION FACTORS

To convert from To Multiply by

2.0 PRESSURE DROP CALCULATIONS

2.1 Straight Pipes

hf = 0.01554 fD(L/D) V2 (2.1)

hf = Head loss in feet of liquid

fD = Darcy friction factor, dimensionless

L = Pipe length, feet

1. DESCRIPTION OF LINE: ALLOWABLE $P / 100FT:

2. TYPE OF FLUID: ALLOWABLE VELOCITY, V:

TEMPERATURE, &F PRESSURE, PSIG

LIQUID, lb/hr (w) VAPOR, lb/hr (W)

LIQUID &API VAPOR MOL. WT. (MW)

LIQUID VISCOSITY, cP( ! ) VAPOR VISCOSITY, cP( ! )

LIQUID ‘WATSON K’ VAPOR COMPRESSIBILITY (Z)

PIPE SIZE (Sch)

ID (d, in) (D, ft) (TABLE 7)

RELATIVE ROUGHNESS, 12 / d (FIGURE 2)

Re = 6.31 wd/ !

Re = 400 d/12 = 400D/

fD = 64/Re (Re ' 2000)

fD = FIGURE1 (2000 ( Re ( 400 D/ )

$ P/100ft. = FIGURE 5 & 6 OR = 3.36 x 10 fD W / # d (VAP)

STRAIGHT PIPE LENGTH (L)(ft)

STRAIGHT PIPE K = fD (12L/d)

FITTINGS TOTAL K = TABLE 3

VALVES TOTAL K = TABLE 3

TOTAL K

$ Ptot, psi = 2.8 x 10 KW / # d

FITTINGS TOTAL Eq. L (TABLE 4) (ft.)(1)

VALVES TOTAL Eq. L (TABLE 4) (ft.)(1)

STRAIGHT PIPE L (ft.)

TOTAL Eq. L (ft.)

$ Ptot, psi = ( $ P/100ft.) (Eq. L/100)

A= ) d2/576 (ft.)2

V = W/(3600 # A), ft./sec.