# Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning

1 cha ikenai / ja ikenai ちゃいけない・じゃいけない must not do (spoken Japanese)

2 da / desu だ / です to be (am, is, are, were, used to)
3 dake だけ only; just; as much as ~
4 darou だろう I think; it seems; probably; right?
5 de で in; at; on; by; with; via ~
6 demo でも but; however; though ~
7 deshou でしょう I think; it seems; probably; right?
8 donna どんな what kind of; what sort of
9 doushite どうして why; for what reason; how
10 douyatte どうやって how; in what way; by what means
11 ga が subject marker; however; but ~
12 ga arimasu があります there is; is (non-living things)
13 ga hoshii がほしい to want something
14 ga imasu がいます there is; to be; is (living things)
15 hou ga ii ほうがいい had better; it'd be better to; should ~
16 i-adjectives い-adjectives i-adjectives
17 ichiban 一番（いちばん） the most; the best
18 issho ni 一緒に（いっしょに） together
19 itsumo いつも always; usually; habitually
20 janai / dewa nai じゃない・ではない to not be (am not; is not; are not)
21 ka か question particle
22 ka~ka か～か or
23 kara から because; since; from
24 kata 方（かた） the way of doing something; how to do ~
25 kedo けど but; however; although ~
26 keredo mo けれども but; however; although ~
27 mada まだ still; not yet
28 mada ~te imasen まだ～ていません have not yet ~
29 made まで until; as far as; to (an extent); even ~
30 mae ni 前に（まえに） before; in front of ~
31 masen ka ませんか would you; do you want to; shall we ~
32 mashou ましょう let's ~; shall we ~
33 mashouka ましょうか shall I ~; used to offer help to the listener
34 mo も too; also; as well
35 mou もう already; anymore; again; other
36 na-adjectives な-adjectives na-adjectives
37 naa なあ sentence ending particle; confirmation; admiration, etc
38 naide ないで without doing ~; to do [B] without doing [A]
39 naide kudasai ないでください please don't do ~
40 naito ikenai ないといけない must do; have an obligation to do ~
Grammar
Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
41 naku temo ii なくてもいい don't have to
42 nakucha なくちゃ must do; need to; gotta
43 nakute wa ikenai なくてはいけない must do; need to do
44 nakute wa naranai なくてはならない must do; need to do ~
45 naru なる to become
46 ndesu んです to explain something; sh
emphasis
47 ne ね isn't it? right? eh?
48 ni に destination particle; in;
49 ni iku に行く（にいく） go to do ~
50 ni suru にする to decide on
51 ni/e に/へ to (indicates direction /
destination)
52 no の possessive particle
53 no desu のです to explain something; sh
emphasis
54 no ga heta のが下手（のがへた） to be bad at doing some
55 no ga jouzu のが上手（のがじょうず） to be good at
56 no ga suki のが好き（のがすき） to like doing something
57 no naka de [A] ga の中で[A]が一番（のなかで[A]がいち out of this group, [A] is
ichiban ばん）
58 node ので because of; given that; s
59 o / go お/ご polite marker; honorific
particle
60 o / wo を object marker particle
61 o kudasai をください please give me ~
62 shikashi しかし but; however ~
63 sore kara それから and; and then; after that
then
64 soshite そして and; and then; thus; and
65 sugiru すぎる too much
66 ta koto ga aru たことがある to have done something
67 tai たい want to do something
68 tari~tari たり～たり do such things as A and
69 te aru てある is/has been done (result
70 te iru ている ongoing action or curre
71 te kara てから after doing ~
72 te kudasai てください please do
73 te wa ikenai てはいけない must not; may not; cann
74 temo ii desu てもいいです is OK to ~; is alright to
~?
 Grammar
Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
75 to と and; with; as; connectin
76 toki とき when; at this time
77 totemo とても very; awfully; exceedin
78 tsumori つもり plan to ~; intend to ~
79 wa - topic marker は topic marker
80 wa ~yori... desu は〜より・・・です [Noun-1] is more ~ than

# Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning

81 wa dou desu ka はどうですか how about; how is
82 ya や and; or; connecting particle
83 yo よ you know; emphasis (ending particle)
84 yori ~hou ga より～ほうが [2] is more than [1]
# Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
1 aida 間（あいだ） while; during; between ~
2 aida ni 間に（あいだに） while; during~ something happened
3 amari~nai あまり～ない not very, not much ~
4 ato de 後で（あとで） after~; later
5 ba ば conditional form; If [A] then [B]
6 baai wa 場合は（ばあいは） in the event of; in the case that ~
7 bakari ばかり only; nothing but ~
8 dake de だけで just by; just by doing
9 dasu 出す（だす） to begin to; to start to; to burst into; ... out (e.g. t
out, to carry out)
10 de gozaimasu でございます to be (honorific)
11 demo でも ... or something; how about~
12 dewa nai ka ではないか right?; isn't it?
13 ga hitsuyou が必要（がひつよう） need; necessary
14 ga suru がする to smell; hear; taste
15 gari がり personality (someone tends to; has a tendency to
sensitivity to ~)
16 garu / gatteiru がる / がっている to show signs of; to appear; to feel, to think ~
17 gozaimasu ございます to be, to exist (the polite form of いる/ある)
18 hajimeru 始める（はじめる） to start; to begin to ~
19 hazu da はずだ it must be; it should be (expectation)
20 hazu ga nai はずがない cannot be (impossible)
21 hitsuyou ga aru 必要がある（ひつようがあ need to; it is necessary to
る）
22 ikou kei - volitional 意向形 （いこうけい） volitional form; let's do ~
form
23 irassharu いらっしゃる to be; to come; to go (polite version)
24 itashimasu いたします to do (polite form of する)
25 janai ka じゃないか right? isn't it? let's~; confirmation
26 ka dou ka かどうか whether or not ~
27 ka shira かしら I wonder (feminine)
28 kai かい turns a sentence into a yes/no question
29 kamo shirenai かもしれない might; perhaps; indicates possibility
30 kana かな I wonder; should I?
31 kara tsukuru から作る（からつくる） made from; made with
32 kitto きっと surely; undoubtedly; almost certainly; most likel
33 koro / goro 頃（ころ / ごろ） around; about; when
34 koto こと Verb nominalizer
35 koto ga aru ことがある there are times when
36 koto ga dekiru ことができる can; able to
37 koto ni naru ことになる It has been decided that..; it turns out that..
 # Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
38 koto ni suru ことにする to decide on
39 ku suru くする to make something ~
40 kyuu ni 急に（きゅうに） quickly; immediately; hastily; suddenly; abruptly
unexpectedly ~
# Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
41 made ni までに by; by the time; indicates time limit
42 mama まま as it is; current state; without changing
43 matawa または both; or; otherwise; choice between [A] or [B]
44 mitai da みたいだ like; similar to; resembling ~
45 mitai na みたいな like, similar to ~
46 mitai ni みたいに like; similar to ~
47 mo も as many as; as much as; up to; nearly ~
48 na な don’t ~ (order somebody to not do something)
49 nado など such as; things like ~
50 nagara ながら while; during; as; simultaneously
51 nakanaka~nai なかなか～ない not easy to; struggling to; not able to ~
52 nakereba ikenai なければいけない must do something; have to do something
53 nakereba naranai なければならない must do something; have to do something
54 nara なら if; in the case that ~
55 nasai なさい do this (soft/firm command)
56 nasaru なさる to do (honorific)
57 ni ki ga tsuku に気がつく（にきがつく） to notice; to realize
58 ni mieru に見える（にみえる） to look; to seem; to appear
59 ni suru にする to make something ~
60 nikui にくい difficult to do ~
61 no naka de の中で（のなかで） in; among ~
62 noni のに although, in spite of, even though ~
63 noni のに to (do something); in order to ~
64 nowa~da のは〜だ [A] is [B]; the reason for [A] is [B]
65 o~kudasai お～ください please do ~ (honorific)
66 o~ni naru お～になる to do (honorific)
67 oki ni おきに repeated at intervals, every ~
68 owaru 終わる（おわる） to finish; to end~
69 rareru られる potential form; ability or inability to do somethin
70 rashii らしい it seems like; I heard; apparently ~
71 sa さ -ness ; nominalizer for adjective
72 sakki さっき some time ago; just now
73 saserareru させられる causative-passive; to be made to do something
74 saseru させる causative form; to make/let somebody do someth
75 sasete kudasai させてください please let me do
76 sasuga さすが as one would expect; as is to be expected; even ~
77 shi し and; and what’s more ~ (emphasis)
 # Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
78 sonna ni そんなに so much; so; like that
79 sore demo それでも but still; and yet; even so ~
80 sore ni それに besides; in addition; also; moreover ~
# Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
81 sou da [1] そうだ I heard that; it is said that ~
82 sou da [2] そうだ looks like; appears like; seeming ~
83 sou ni / sou na そうに / そうな seems like; looks like ~
84 ta bakari たばかり just finished; something just occurred
85 ta tokoro たところ just finished doing, was just doing
86 tadoushi & jidoushi 他動詞 & 自動詞（たどうし Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
& じどうし）
87 tagaru たがる wants to do ~ (third person)
88 tara たら if; after; when ~
89 tara dou たらどう why don't you; how about ~ (used to give advice
90 tara ii desu ka たらいいですか what should I do?; speaker seeking instructions f
listener
91 te / de て/で conjunctive particle; so; because of [A], [B]...
92 te ageru てあげる to do for; to do a favor
93 te hoshii てほしい I want you to; need you to ~
94 te iku ていく to start; to continue; to go on
95 te ita ていた was doing something (past continuous)
96 te itadakemasen ka ていただけませんか could you please ~
97 te kureru てくれる to do a favor; do something for someone
98 te kuru てくる to do… and come back; to become; to continue;
99 te miru てみる try doing
100 te morau てもらう to get somebody to do something
101 te oku ておく to do something in advance
102 te shimau / chau てしまう / ちゃう to do something by accident, to finish completel
103 te sumimasen てすみません I’m sorry for
104 te yaru てやる to do for; to do a favor (casual)
105 te yokatta てよかった I’m glad that ~
106 teiru tokoro ているところ in the process of doing
107 temo ても even; even if; even though ~
108 to と whenever [A] happens, [B] also happens
109 to ittemo ii と言ってもいい（といって you could say; one might say; I'd say ~
もいい）
110 to iu という called; named; that ~
111 to iu koto ということ convert phrase into noun
112 to iwarete iru と言われている（といわれ it is said that ~
ている）
113 to kiita と聞いた（ときいた） I heard...
114 to omou と思う（とおもう） to think…; I think…; you think…
115 toka~toka とか～とか among other things; such as; like ~
 # Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
116 tokoro ところ just about to; on the verge of doing something
117 tsuzukeru 続ける（つづける） continue to; keen on ~
118 tte って named; called ~
119 ukemi kei 受身形（うけみけい） passive form; passive voice
120 wa~ga... wa は〜が… は [A] but [B]; however; comparison
121 yasui やすい easy to; likely to; prone to; have a tendency to ~
122 yatto やっと at last; finally; barely; narrowly ~
123 yori より than; rather than; more than ~
124 yotei da 予定だ（よていだ） plan to, intend to
125 you da ようだ appears; seems; looks as if ~
126 you ni / you na ように / ような like; as; similar to ~
127 you ni naru ようになる to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn
128 you ni suru ようにする to try to; to make sure that ~
129 you to omou ようと思う（ようとおも thinking of doing; planning to ~
う）
130 zehi ぜひ by all means; certainly; definitely ~
131 zenzen~nai 全然～ない（ぜんぜん～な (not) at all
い）
132 zurai づらい difficult to do ~
 # Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
1 ageru 上げる（あげる） to finish doing ~
2 amari あまり so much… that
3 amari ni mo あまりにも too much; so much… that; excessively ~
4 au 合う（あう） do something together
5 ba ii ばいい should; can; it’d be good if ~
6 ba yokatta ばよかった should have; would have been better if ~
7 ba~hodo ば～ほど the more… the more ~
8 ba~noni ば～のに would have; should have; if only ~
9 bakari de ばかりで only; just ~ (negative description)
10 bakari denaku ばかりでなく not only.. but also; as well as ~
11 beki da べきだ should do; must do ~
12 beki dewa nai べきではない should not do; must not do ~
13 betsu ni~nai 別に～ない（べつに～な not really, not particularly
い）
14 buri ni ぶりに for the first time in (period of time)
15 chuu / juu 中（ちゅう） currently; during; at some point; throughout; be
end of ~
16 dake だけ as much as ~
17 dake de naku だけでなく not only… but also ~
18 dakedo だけど but; however; although; regarding ~
19 darake だらけ full of; covered with; a lot of (something undes
20 donna ni~temo どんなに～ても no matter how (much)
21 doushitemo どうしても no matter what; at any cost; after all ~
22 furi o suru ふりをする to pretend; to act as if ~
23 futo ふと suddenly; accidentally; unexpectedly; unintenti
24 gachi がち tend to; tendency to; frequently; often; to do so
easily
25 gatai がたい very difficult to; hard to ~
26 gimi 気味（ぎみ） -like; -looking; -looked; tending to ~
27 goto ni ごとに each; every; at intervals of ~
28 hodo ほど degree; extent; bounds; upper limit
29 hodo~nai ほど～ない is not as… as ~
30 ichido ni 一度に（いちどに） all at once
31 ikura~temo いくら～ても no matter how ~
32 ippou da 一方だ（いっぽうだ） more and more; continue to ~
33 ittai 一体（いったい） emphasis; what on earth; what in the world
34 janai じゃない maybe; most likely; confirmation of informatio
surprise towards listener
35 ka nani ka か何か（かなにか） or something ~
36 kakeru かける half-; not yet finished; in the middle of~
37 kara~ni kakete から〜にかけて through; from [A] to [B]
 # Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
38 kawari ni 代わりに（かわりに） instead of; as a substitute for; in exchange for;
for
39 kekka 結果（けっか） as a result of; after ~
40 kekkyoku 結局（けっきょく） after all; eventually; in the end ~
41 kesshite~nai 決して～ない（けっして～ never; by no means ~
ない）
42 kirenai 切れない（きれない） unable to do; too much to finish/complete
43 kiri きり only; just; since; after ~
44 kiru 切る（きる） to do something completely to the end
45 kke っけ a casual suffix to confirm something you are tr
remember
46 komu 込む（こむ） to do something for a long time or to move som
inside
47 koso こそ for sure (emphasize preceding word); precisely
definitely ~
48 koto こと (must) do
49 koto kara ことから from the fact that ~
50 koto ni natteiru ことになっている expresses a standard, rule or expectation
51 koto wa nai ことはない there is no need to; (something) never happens
no possibility that ~
52 koto wa~ga ことは～が although; but ~
53 kurai / gurai くらい / ぐらい approximately; about; around; to the extent ~
54 kuse ni くせに and yet; though; in spite of; despite ~
55 maru de まるで as if; as though; just like ~
56 masaka まさか there's no way; that's impossible; you must be j
57 metta ni~nai めったに～ない hardly; rarely; seldom
58 mo~ba~mo も～ば～も and; also; as well; either/or; neither/nor
59 moshika shitara もしかしたら perhaps; maybe; perchance; by any chance ~
60 moshimo~tara もしも〜たら if; in the case; supposing ~
61 muke 向け（むけ） intended for; aimed at ~
62 muki 向き（むき） suitable for ~
63 mushiro むしろ rather; instead; better ~
64 nagara mo ながらも but; although; despite ~
65 nai koto wa nai ないことはない can do; is not impossible to ~
66 naito ないと must do; unless/if you don't ~
67 nakanaka なかなか very; quite; pretty; rather; just not ~
68 nanka / nante / nado なんか / なんて / など give examples; show modesty; make light of ~
69 naosu 直す（なおす） to do something again; to do over
70 naru beku なるべく as much as possible
71 nazenara なぜなら because; the reason is; if you want to know wh
72 ndatte んだって I hear that; heard that ~
73 ni chigai nai に違いない（にちがいな I’m sure/ certain; no doubt that ~
い）
74 ni hanshite に反して（にはんして） against; contrary to; in contrast to ~
 # Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
75 ni kakete にかけて over (a period); through; concerning; regarding
76 ni kan suru / ni kan shite に関する / に関して（にか about; regarding; related to ~
んする / にかんして）
77 ni kawatte / ni kawari にかわって / にかわり instead of; replacing; on behalf of ~
78 ni kurabete に比べて（にくらべて） compared to; in comparison to ~
79 ni nareru に慣れる（になれる） to be used to something
80 ni oite / ni okeru において / における in; at (place); regarding; as for; in relation to ~
81 ni shitagatte にしたがって as; therefore; in accordance with; according to;
consequently ~
82 ni shite mo にしても even if; even though; regardless of ~
83 ni shite wa にしては for; considering it’s (something or someone)
84 ni taishite に対して（にたいして） towards; against; regarding; in contrast with ~
85 ni totte にとって to; for; concerning; as far as ... is concerned; re
86 ni tsuite について concerning; regarding; about; on ~
87 ni tsurete につれて as; in proportion to; with; as… then ~
88 ni wa には for the purpose of; in order to ~
89 ni yoru to/ni yoreba によると /によれば according to ~
90 ni yotte / ni yoru によって / による by means of; due to; owing to; because of ~
91 no deshou ka のでしょうか ask a question in a polite way
92 o chuushin ni を中心に（をちゅうしん focused on; centered on
に）
93 o hajime をはじめ for example; starting with ~
94 o komete を込めて（をこめて） filled with; full of
95 o tsuujite / o tooshite を通じて / を通して（をつ through; via; throughout; by ~
うじて / をとおして）
96 okage de おかげで thanks to; owing to; because of ~
97 ppanashi っぱなし leaving (something) on; leaving (something) st
98 ppoi っぽい seems like; somewhat; -ish; easily does; often d
99 sae さえ even; so much as; not even
100 sae~ba さえ～ば if only; as long as ~
101 sai ni 際に（さいに） when; at the time of; in the case of ~
102 saichuu ni 最中に（さいちゅうに） while; during; in the middle of ~
103 sara ni さらに furthermore; again; more and more ~
104 sate さて conjunction: well; now; then ~
105 sei de せいで because of; due to; as a result of ~
106 seizei せいぜい at the most; at best; to the utmost
107 shibaraku しばらく for a moment; for a while; for the time being
108 shikanai しかない have no choice but ~
109 sono tame ni そのために hence; for that reason; because of ~
110 soretomo それとも or; or else ~
111 sou mo nai /sou ni nai そうもない /そうにない very unlikely to; showing no signs of ~
112 sude ni すでに something has already been done/taken place; i
the case
 # Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
113 sunawachi すなわち in other words; namely ~
114 suuryou + wa 数量 + は（すうりょう + at least ~
は）
115 ta mono da たものだ used to do; would often do
116 ta totan たとたん as soon as; just as ~
117 tabi ni たびに whenever; every time ~
118 tame ni ために for; in order to; for the benefit of; because of; a
of ~
119 tashika ni 確かに（たしかに） surely, certainly ~
120 tate たて just done; freshly done; newly done
121 tatoe~temo たとえ～ても even if… is the case
122 tatoeba 例えば（たとえば） for example; for instance ~
123 tatte たって even if; even though; no matter how ~
124 te bakari iru てばかりいる only; nothing but ~
125 te goran てごらん (please) try to; (please) look
126 te hajimete てはじめて not until; only after [x] did I
127 te kara de nai to てからでないと must first do; cannot do without first doing ~
128 te shou ga nai/te shikata ga てしょうがない・てしかた can't help but; very; extremely ~
nai がない
129 te sumu て済む（てすむ） sufficient by; no problem to; resolve by ~
130 te wa ikenai kara てはいけないから in order to not~; to prevent a negative situation
131 teiru baai janai ている場合じゃない（てい this is no time to be doing ~
るばあいじゃない）
132 teki 的（てき） change noun into na-adjective or adverb
133 temo hajimaranai ても始まらない（てもはじ even if you... it’s no use; there is no point to ~
まらない）
134 temo kamawanai ても構わない（てもかまわ it doesn't matter if ~
ない）
135 temo shou ga nai / temo てもしょうがない / てもし there's no point to~; it's no use to~; it cannot be
shikata ga nai かたがない
136 to ieba と言えば（といえば） speaking of; when you talk of; when you say; i
the case that ~
137 to ii / tara ii といい / たらいい it would be nice if; should; I hope ~
138 to ittemo といっても although I say; although one might say ~
139 to iu koto da ということだ I heard; it means that; in other words ~
140 to iu nowa というのは this means; the meaning of … is; because; that
141 to iu to と言うと（というと） speaking of; when you talk of; when you say ~
142 to iu yori というより rather than ~
143 to mieru / to miete とみえる / とみえて it seems that ~
144 to sureba / to shitara / to とすれば・としたら・とす in the case of~; assuming~; if A then B
suru to ると
145 to tomo ni と共に（とともに） together with; at the same time as; as well as ~
146 tochuu de / tochuu ni 途中で/途中に（とちゅうで on the way; in the middle of ~
/とちゅうに）
 # Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
147 tokoro de ところで by the way ~
148 tokoro ga ところが even so; however; even though ~
149 toori ni とおりに in the same way as; in the way; as ~
150 toosu 通す（とおす） to do until the end; to continually do; through ~
151 toshite として as; in the role of ~
152 totemo~nai とても～ない cannot possibly be; hardly ~
153 towa kagiranai とは限らない（とはかぎら not necessarily so; is not always true
ない）
154 tsui つい accidentally; unintentionally; by mistake
155 tsui ni ついに finally; at last; in the end ~
156 tsuide ni ついでに while, incidentally, at the same time, on the wa
157 tsumari つまり in other words; in summary; in short ~
158 tsumori datta つもりだった I thought I~; I believe I~; was planning to~; wa
intending to ~
159 tsumori de つもりで with the intention of doing ~
160 uchi ni うちに while; before ~

161 ue de 上で（うえで） upon; after; when; for; in order to

162 ue ni 上に（うえに） as well; besides; in addition to; not only… but also ~
163 wa betsu toshite は別として（はべつとし aside from; apart from; except for; whether or not ~
て）
164 wa mochiron はもちろん not to mention; not only ... but also ~
165 wa~de yuumei は～で有名（は～でゆう famous for ~
めい）
166 wake da わけだ for that reason; no wonder; as you’d expect; the fact is; so
mean ~
167 wake dewa nai わけではない it doesn’t mean that; it is not the case that; I don’t mean t
not true that ~
168 wake ga nai わけがない there is no way that; it is impossible to ~
169 wake niwa わけにはいかない must not; cannot afford to; must, have no choice but to ~
ikanai
170 wari ni 割に（わりに） considering ~; for ~; despite ~
171 wazato わざと on purpose; intentionally ~
172 wazawaza わざわざ to go to the trouble of; to go out of one's way to ~
173 yorimo よりも in comparison to; rather than; more than ~
174 you ga nai ようがない there is no way to; it’s impossible to ~
175 you na ki ga suru ような気がする（ような have a feeling that; feels like; seems like; think that ~
きがする）
176 you ni ように in order to, so that ~
177 you ni mieru ように見える（ようにみ to look; to seem; to appear ~
える）
178 you to shinai ようとしない not try to; not make an effort to ~
179 you to suru ようとする try to; attempt to; be about to ~
180 zuni ずに without doing ~
181 zuni wa irarenai ずにはいられない can’t help but feel; can’t help but do; must do ~
182 zutsu ずつ apiece; each; at a time