CSJMU Question Paper

Based on
NEP 2020
BA II SEM
SOCIETY IN
INDIA:
STRUCTURE,
ORGANIZATION
AND CHANGE
Dr. Sohini
KANPUR UNIVERSITY’S
QUESTION
BANK
 400+ MCQs
 Brief and Intensive Notes
B.A. 2nd Semester Society in India: Structure, Organization and Change/ A070201T
Syllabus
Units Topics
The structure and composition of Indian society: Village, Town, City, Rural
Unit 1 Urban linkages. Rural Urban linkages. Unity and diversity in Indian society
Indological, Historical, Structural and Functional Perspective to study

Unit 2
Indian Society.
Unit 3 Cultural and Ethnic diversity: Diversities in respect of language, caste, region
and religious beliefs and practices.
Tribal Communities in India: Geographical distribution, Problem of

Assimilation, Integration and Assertion, Backwardness and Under-
Unit 4
development in Tribe
Basic Institutions of Indian society: Caste, Marriage, Religion, Class and Joint
Unit 5 Family.
Social Classes in India: Agrarian- Rural, Industrial-Urban: The Middle Class;
Unit 6 Exclusion and Inclusion, Backward Classes, Dalits, Women.
Population: Structure and dynamics, Demographic analysis, Population

Unit 7 explosion, Demographic theories, Population growth and control
Change and Transformation in Indian Society; Factors affecting National

Unit 8 Integration: Casteism and Politics of caste in India, Communalism and
Politics of communalism, Naxalism
DR. SOHINI
Department of Sociology, Juhari Devi Girls’ P.G. College,
Kanpur (UP)
By. Dr. Sohini

Unit - 1
By. Dr. Sohini

The Structure and Composition of Indian Society

Indian society has a complex social system in its structure and for this reason it is also known
as a pluralistic society. It is characterized by different cultures, languages, ethnicities, caste
division and religion. This complex structure has a wide – ranging impact on the social
structure of India. The basic unit of structure of Indian society is the village community. Man
has undergone different stages of development. The earliest human communities were the
loosely organized aggregation of a few families involved in hunting and food gathering.
Gradually man acquired skill and knowledge in agriculture thus village communities were
created. Large population of India lives in villages and dependent on agriculture.
Village: Village means a small area with small population, (a small community in rural area)
which is mainly involve in agriculture activities. This agriculture is not only as an occupation
of village people but also their way of life. The main characteristics of village are as follows:
i) Joint family system

ii) Self-sufficiency and isolation
iii) Local Self Government
iv) Local tradition
V) Simple and calm living
Town: Town refers to a human settlement that is smaller than a city but bigger than a village.
The term ‘town’ comes from English word ‘tun’ which means field, farm or mansion. It is a
place which lies somewhere in between a village and a city. It is a populated area with fixed
boundaries and a local government. E. E. Bergel defined “town as an urban settlement which
dominates a rural area of considerable dimension.”
According to 2011 census towns are places where the population is 5,000 and more. The
density is not less than 400 sq.km and not less than 75% of the adult male population is engaged
in non -agricultural activities.
Cities: The definition and parameters for defining a city differs worldwide. In simple words, a
town of significant size with self – government is termed as a city. City is relatively of greater
size than a town or a village and a more organised centre of population. City cover a wider area
of land where the high population is mostly engaged in non-agricultural activities. Cities are
an important centre of commerce, economics and culture with its local laws and well-defined
transport, housing and sanitation. The number of cities with high population concentration has
tremendously increased over the years.
By. Dr. Sohini

Due to Industrialization, Urbanization, Commercialization, Educational and Medical facilities

etc the growth of cities was at high pace. But now we have seen that rural or urban areas are
not two extreme poles set apart but both has affected one another because of industrialization
the old concept of traditional of self-sufficiency of village has vanished now for certain mean
village has to depend on cities while for raw materials cities has also to depend on villages thus
the concept of urbanization has emerged. Now there has been very little difference emerging
between town and city areas so there is now a linkage between rural and urban society.
Difference between Cities and Towns

Size: Cities are typically larger in terms of population and physical size compared to towns.
Density: Cities tend to be more densely populated than towns, with higher concentrations of
people and buildings.
Services: Cities often offer a wider range of services, such as public transportation, cultural
amenities, and specialized healthcare facilities, compared to towns.
Infrastructure: Cities typically have more developed infrastructure, including extensive road
networks, utilities, and public services, whereas towns may have more limited infrastructure.
Economic Activities: Cities are usually centers of commerce, industry, and employment
opportunities, while towns may have a more rural or suburban character with fewer economic
activities.
Cultural Diversity: Cities tend to be more culturally diverse, with a mix of people from
different backgrounds and ethnicities, while towns may have a more homogeneous population.
Rural-Urban Linkages
Refers to the interconnectedness and interactions between rural and urban areas within a
society. These linkages are crucial for understanding the dynamics of social, economic, and
cultural processes in both rural and urban settings.
Essential factors for Developing Rural Urban Relation
Economic Interdependence: Rural and urban areas are economically interdependent. Rural
areas often provide raw materials, agricultural products, and labor to urban centers, while urban
areas offer markets for rural products, employment opportunities, and services such as
healthcare and education to rural residents. This economic exchange forms the basis of rural-
urban linkages.
By. Dr. Sohini

Migration: Migration is a key aspect of rural-urban linkages. People move from rural to urban
areas in search of better employment prospects, education, healthcare, and other amenities.
This migration influences the demographic composition, labor force dynamics, and social
structures of both rural and urban communities.
Cultural Exchange: Rural-urban linkages facilitate the exchange of cultural practices, values,
and lifestyles between rural and urban populations. Urbanization often leads to the adoption of
urban lifestyles and cultural norms by rural migrants, while urban areas may also be influenced
by rural traditions, festivals, and customs.
Social Networks: Social networks play a significant role in rural-urban linkages. People
maintain social connections across rural and urban areas through kinship ties, friendships, and
community networks. These connections facilitate the flow of information, resources, and
social support between rural and urban communities.
Infrastructure and Services: Rural-urban linkages are supported by infrastructure
development and the provision of essential services. Investments in transportation,
communication, and utilities enhance connectivity between rural and urban areas, enabling the
exchange of goods, services, and ideas.
Understanding rural-urban linkages is essential for addressing socio-economic disparities,
promoting sustainable development, and fostering inclusive growth. Sociologists study these
linkages to analyse patterns of social change, inequality, and development in both rural and
urban contexts, highlighting the interconnected nature of modern societies.
Meaning of Unity in Diversity

Unity in diversity in India is a sociological concept that highlights the coexistence of diverse
cultural, linguistic, religious, and ethnic groups within the nation while maintaining a sense of
national unity. This concept acknowledges the plurality of identities and traditions present in
Indian society and emphasizes the idea of unity despite these differences. Unity in diversity
in India can be understood through various dimensions:
1. Cultural Pluralism: India is home to a myriad of cultures, each with its own customs,
traditions, and practices. This cultural diversity is evident in festivals, rituals, languages,
cuisines, arts, and crafts across the country.
2. Linguistic Diversity: India is multilingual, with over 1,600 languages and dialects spoken
across its regions. Despite this linguistic diversity, there is a sense of unity through the
recognition of multiple languages in the Indian Constitution and the promotion of
multilingualism.
By. Dr. Sohini

3. Religious Harmony: India is characterized by the coexistence of major religions such as

Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism, among others. Religious
tolerance and respect for different faiths contribute to the country's unity.
4. Social Integration: Despite caste divisions and socioeconomic disparities, efforts have been
made to promote social cohesion and integration. Initiatives such as affirmative action policies
and social welfare programs aim to reduce inequalities and foster inclusivity.
5. Political Unity: India's democratic system provides a platform for diverse groups to
participate in the political process. Despite political differences, there is a shared commitment
to democratic principles and the integrity of the nation.
Overall, unity in diversity in India underscores the strength and resilience of a society that
celebrates its differences while recognizing the common bonds that unite its people. This
concept emphasizes the importance of tolerance, acceptance, and mutual respect among
individuals and communities, contributing to the social fabric of the nation.
Multiple Choice Question
1.Who wrote the book “Indian Village”.?

a) M.N. Shrinivas
b) S.C. Dubey
c) Rajbali Panday
d) All of the above
Answer: b) S.C. Dubey
2. Where does most of India’s population live?
a) In Villages
b) In cities
c) In Megapolis
d) None of the above
Answer: a) In Villages
3. Which is characterized by the predominance of primary relationships and their close
relationship with nature?
a) Urban
b) Village
c) Metropolis
d) Forest
Answer: b) Village
By. Dr. Sohini

4. Which of the following is a characteristic of a village?

a) Livelihood depends on nature
b) Joint family
c) Agriculture main occupation
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
5. How many bases did S.C. Dubey give for classification of villages?
a) Four
b) Six
c) Five
d) Three
Answer: b) Six
6. Which of the following is the form of a Village?
a) Abstract
b) Tangible
c) Invisible
d) Abstract and tangible
Answer: b) Tangible
7. Which is not a specialty of a Village?
a) Agricultural business
b) Nuclear family
c) Homogeneity
d) Conservatism
Answer: b) Nuclear family
8. Which scheme was started in 1952 for the development of rural life?
a) Community Development Program
b) Panchayati Raj Scheme
c) MANREGA
Answer: a) Community Development Program
9. Where are joint families mostly seen?
a) In cities
b) In Megapolis
c) In villages
By. Dr. Sohini


Answer: c) In Villages
10. Who is the author of the book “Social change in Modern India” ?
a) M.N. Shrinivas
b) S.C. Dubey
c) Rajbali Panday
d) All of the above
Answer: a) M. N. Srinivas
11. Among the following who has called the village “Mini Republic”?
a) Robert Redfield
b) Charles Metcalfe
c) S.C. Dubey
d) M.N. Srinivas
Answer: b) Charles Metcalfe
12. Who wrote “Village India”?
a) Brijraj Chauhan
b) S.C. Dudey
c) McKim Marriott
d) G.S. Ghurye
Answer: c) McKim Marriott
13. How many characteristics of a small community did Robert Redfield describe?
a) Three
b) Two
c) Four
d) Five
Answer: c) Four
14. Indian society is……….in nature—
a) Urban
b) Rural
c) Tribal
Answer: b) Rural
15. ……….has become an essential for modern democratic nation States to ensure a strong
By. Dr. Sohini

sense of identification whether the polity based on a commonsense of identity

a) Secularism
b) Communalism
c) Democratism
d) Fascism
Answer: a) Secularism
16. Traditional Hindu society was divided into……….Varna based on occupation of an
individual.
a) Two
b) Seven
c) Four
d) Six
Answer: c) Four
17. “Everyone knows “what a city is but no one has explained it satisfactorily” Who gave this
statement?
a) Somwart
b) Burgel
c) Luis Wirth
d) Mumford
Answer: b) Burgel
18. What kind of life does a person live in a village?
a) Individually
b) Collectively
c) Dividedly
d) All of the above
Answer: b) Collectivity
19. Which scholar said that “India is the prestigious land of Caste”.?
a) B.R. Chauhan
b) Andre Beteille
c) S. Coning
d) S.C. Dubey
Answer: c) S. Coning
20. Who gave the concept of “little tradition and Grate tradition”?
By. Dr. Sohini

a) Robert Redfield
b) Charles Metcalfe
c) McKim Marriott
d) Louis Dumont
Answer: a) Robert Redfield
21. Who wrote the book “The people of India”?
a) Hutton
b) Risley
c) Burgle
d) Dubey
Answer: b) Risley
22. Who among the following adopted the Indological approach in his study?
a) A.R. Desai
b) S.C. Dubey
c) Mukarjee
d) Louis Dumont
Answer: d) Louis Dumont
23. Who studied “Kishangarhi” village?
a) Louis Dumont
b) Charles Metcalfe
c) McKim Marriott
d) S.C. Dubey
Answer: c) McKim Marriott
24. Who is the author of “India’s changing village” ?
a) McKim Marriott
b) S.C. Dubey
c) M.N. Shrinivas
d) Charles Metcalfe
Answer: b) S.C. Dubey
25. “Urbanism is a way of life” who said this?
a) Charles Metcalfe
b) McKim Marriott
c) Burges
d) Louis Wirth
By. Dr. Sohini

Answer: d) Louis Wirth

26. Who among the following adopted the “Structural-functional” approach in his study?
a) Louis Dumont
b) M.N. Srinivas
c) S.C. Dubey
d) G.S. Ghurye
Answer: b) M. N. Srinivas
27. The ……. of country is its custom, religions, music and even dances.
Race
a) Unity
b) Climate
c) Culture
Answer: b) Unity
28. What is another name of Indological approach?
a) Textual perspective
b) Field view
c) Subaltern perspective
d) cultural approach
Answer: a) Textual Perspective
29. The 8th schedule of Indian constitution consist of how many languages?
a) 22 b) 24
c) 29 d) 12
Answer: a) 22
30. Indian freedom struggle is an example of
a) Unity in beliefs
b) Unity in Diversity
c) Unity in power
d) Unity in opinions
Answer: b) Unity in Diversity
31. Worker who work on land but do not possess any land is called?
a) Landless workers
b) Land full workers
c) Land sufficient workers
d) Landless owners
By. Dr. Sohini

Answer: a) Landless Workers

32. Which of the following is an approach which helps to understand the uniqueness or
specificity of Indian social realities with the help of ancient texts
a) Civilizational approach
b) Cultural approach
c) Indological approach
d) Dialectical approach
Answer: c) Indological approach
33. Which village did M.N. Srinivas studied?
a) Shripuram
b) Rampura
c) Shamirpet
d) Kishangarhi
Answer: b) Rampura
34. Robert Redfield describe the village as:
a) An institution
b) Little community
c) Wider entity
d) Herd
Answer: b) Little Community
35. When did the Panchayati raj system start?
a) 1955
b) 1922
c) 1959
d) 1969
Answer: c) 1959
36. By Which constitutional amendment was Panchayati raj system given constitutional status?
a) By 73rd constitutional amendment
b) By 63rd constitutional amendment
c) By 93rd constitutional amendment
Answer: a) By 73rd constitutional amendment
37. Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of a “little community”?
a) Smallness
By. Dr. Sohini

b) Homogeneity
c) Diversity
d) Self-sufficiency
Answer: c) Diversity
38. Which of the following books is written by M.N. Srinivas?
a) India’s village
b) Indian village
c) Rural profile
d) Mind and Society
Answer: a) India’s Village
39. Who introduced the concept of “rural-urban continuum”?
a) Robert Redfield
b) Charles Metcalfe
c) McKim Marriott
d) Louis Dumont
Answer: a) Robert Redfield
40. Who is the writer of the book “Culture change in India”?
a) Charles Metcalfe
b) McKim Marriott
c) Yogendra Singh
d) M.N. Srinivas
Answer: c) Yogendra Singh
41. Which process is promoted by the movement of people from rural areas to cities?
a) Urban tourism
b) Urbanization
c) New town
d) Industrialization
Answer: b) Urbanization
42. Sarva Dharma Sambhava is related to………
a) Cultural Diversity
b) Religious Diversity
c) Climate Diversity
d) Racial Diversity
Answer: a) Cultural Diversity
By. Dr. Sohini

43. The main reason for evolution of cities was:

a) Industrialization
b) Urbanization
c) Rurbanization
d) Climate change
Answer: a) Industrialization
44. “Modernization of Indian tradition”, who is the author of this book?
a) Charles Metcalfe
b) McKim Marriott
c) Yogendra Singh
d) M.N. Srinivas
Answer: c) Yogendra Singh
45. In the villages most people depend on:
a) Hunting
b) Agriculture
c) Business
d) Fruit growing
Answer: b) Agriculture
46. Who among the following is not related to Indological approach?
a) Louis Dumont
b) G.S. Ghurye
c) Radhakamal Mukherjee
d) M.N. Srinivas
Answer: d) M.N. Srinivas
47. Who wrote the book “Caste, Class and Occupation”?
a) Charles Metcalfe
b) McKim Marriott
c) G.S. Ghurye
d) Radhakamal Mukherjee
Answer: c) G.S. Ghurye
48. Which of the following is the basis of rural-urban integration?
a) Kinship
b) Marriage
c) Holy pilgrimage
By. Dr. Sohini

d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the Above
49. According to the 2011 census, how many cities in India have a population of ten lakhs?
a) 43
b) 50
c) 53
d) 56
Answer: c) 53
50. Rurbanization means:
a) Means of technological development
b) Urban-rural contact and mixture
c) Industrialization
Answer: b) Urban-Rural contact and mixture
By. Dr. Sohini

UNIT-2
By. Dr. Sohini

Indological perspective to study Indian society:

Indological sociology often involves the analysis of classical Indian texts, including religious
scriptures, philosophical treatises, epics, literature, and historical chronicles. It also examines
how textual interpretations and commentaries have shaped social attitudes and practices over
time.
The Indological perspective in sociology is an approach that examines Indian society

through the lens of its cultural, historical, religious, and philosophical traditions. The
Indological perspective acknowledges the unique characteristics of Indian society and seeks to
understand them within their cultural and historical context.
Main features of the Indological perspective in studying Indian society are as follows:
 Historical Analysis: Indological perspectives study Indian society with a historical
perspective, tracing the development of social institutions, caste systems, political
structures, and economic practices over time.
 Cultural Context: The Indological perspective emphasizes the importance of
understanding Indian society within its cultural context. They analyze how cultural
values, rituals, symbols, and practices shape social norms, identities, and relationships
in Indian society.
 Religious Influences: Indology highlights the significance of religion in Indian society
and its impact on various aspects of social life. It explores the interactions between
different religious communities and also the role of religious institutions, beliefs,
rituals, and ethical teachings.
 Philosophical Perspectives: The study of Indian society from an Indological
perspective involves engaging with classical Indian philosophical traditions such as
Vedanta, Nyaya, Samkhya, Yoga, and Mimamsa.
 Continuity and Change: Indological sociology investigate that how ancient cultural and
religious traditions have persisted and adapted to changing social, political, and
economic contexts, as well as the ways in which modern influences have reshaped
Indian cultural identities and practices.
Historical perspectives to study Indian society
Historical perspectives on Indian society involve studying the development, evolution, and
transformation of social structures, institutions, and practices over time. This approach
By. Dr. Sohini

emphasizes the significance of historical context in understanding contemporary social

phenomena and patterns in Indian society. Historical perspectives on Indian society provide
valuable insights into the complex processes of social change, continuity, and adaptation that
have characterized India's rich and diverse social fabric throughout its history.
Key aspects of historical perspectives to study Indian society

 Historical perspectives in studying Indian society analyze historical events,
movements, and transitions to trace the chronological development of social structures
and institutions.
 It focuses on identifying significant structural changes in Indian society over different
historical periods. This includes changes in social hierarchies, caste systems, family
structures, economic organization, and governance mechanisms.
 Historical perspectives highlight the impact of colonialism on social structures, cultural
practices, and identity formations. It analyzes that how colonial rule influenced power
dynamics, economic systems, religious beliefs, and social hierarchies, leading to
lasting legacies that continue to shape Indian society today.
 It pays attention to local and regional histories alongside national narratives. They
recognize the diverse social, cultural, and linguistic landscapes across different regions
of India.
Structural perspective to study Indian society
Structural perspectives offer an analytical framework to understand Indian society

by focusing on the underlying social structures, institutions, and patterns of
relationships that shape individuals' lives and behavior. These perspectives
emphasize the importance of social arrangements, hierarchies, and organizational
systems in influencing various aspects of society.
Features of Structural Perspectives

 Social Structure Analysis: Structural perspectives analyze the hierarchical
arrangement of social elements such as social classes, castes, gender roles,
and ethnic groups within Indian society.
 Caste System: In the context of Indian society, structural perspectives often
highlight the significance of the caste system. It examines how caste-based
social stratification impacts various aspects of life, including occupation,
By. Dr. Sohini

education, marriage, and social interactions.

 Institutional Analysis: This also focus on understanding the roles and
functions of social institutions such as family, religion, education, and
politics in Indian society. It also investigates how these institutions are
organized, how they interact with one another
 Power Dynamics: Structural perspectives highlight the distribution of power
and authority within Indian society. It examines how power relations are
structured along lines of class, caste, gender, and other social divisions.
 Globalization and Social Change: Structural perspectives also consider the
impact of globalization, modernization, and economic development on
Indian society. They explore the ways in which global forces interact with
local structures to produce complex social transformations.
Functional Perspectives to Study Indian Society:

Functionalism is a sociological perspective that views society as a complex system
made up of various interconnected parts, each serving a specific function to
maintain the stability and equilibrium of the whole. Functionalist highlight the
interconnectedness of its various institutions and structures, emphasizing their roles
in maintaining social order, stability, and equilibrium.
In the context of Indian society, functionalism can be applied to understand its
structure and dynamics such as:
 Caste System: Functionalists might view the caste system as a functional
component of Indian society that provides social order and stability by
assigning individuals to specific roles and responsibilities based on their
birth.
 Joint Family System: According to Functionalists the joint family system
in Indian society worked as a mechanism for fulfilling various functions
such as socialization, economic cooperation, and emotional support. They
argue that the joint family structure helps maintain social cohesion and
stability by promoting intergenerational ties and solidarity.
 Role of Religion: Functionalists would emphasize the role of religion in
Indian society as a cohesive force that provides moral guidance and social
integration.
 Division of Labor: Functionalists would analyze the division of labor in
By. Dr. Sohini

Indian society, highlighting how different occupational roles contribute to

the overall functioning of the society. They would emphasize how various
professions and occupations are interdependent, ensuring the smooth
functioning of the economy and society as a whole.
Multiple Choice Questions

1. Indological perspectives focus on the study of Indian society through:
a) Western lenses and methodologies
b) Indigenous sources and cultural frameworks
c) Comparative analysis with other Asian societies
d) Exclusively religious texts and scriptures
Answer: b) Indigenous sources and cultural frameworks
2. The Indological approach to studying Indian society often emphasizes:
a) Understanding Indian society in isolation from global influences
b) Analyzing Indian society solely through colonial perspectives
c) Engaging with ancient texts, scriptures, and classical languages
d) Ignoring regional and linguistic diversity within India
Answer: c) Engaging with ancient texts, scriptures, and classical languages
3. Which of the following scholars is considered a pioneer in Indology?
a) Karl Marx
b) Max Weber
c) Friedrich Nietzsche
d) Max Müller
Answer: d) Max Müller
4. Who is the author of the book titled “Homo Hierarchicus”?
a) Louis Dumont
b) G.S. Ghurye
c) Radhakamal Mukherjee
d) Yogendra Singh
Answer: a) Louis Dumont
5. M.N. Shrinivas has supported:
a) Indological approach
b) Field view
c) Textual approach
By. Dr. Sohini

d) None
Answer: b) Field View
6. Which of the following disciplines forms the foundation of Indological perspectives in
studying Indian society?
a) Anthropology
b) Sociology
c) History
d) Linguistics
Answer: c) History
7. Indological perspectives on Indian society often prioritize the study of:
a) Contemporary social issues and trends
b) Traditional caste hierarchies and religious practices
c) Modern economic structures and globalization effects
d) Political ideologies and governance systems
Answer: b) Traditional caste hierarchies and religious practices
8. Among the following who adopted historical perspective to study Indian society?
a) M. N. Srinivas
b) McKim Marriott
c) Yogendra Singh
d) Ketkar
Answer: d) Ketkar
9. Who is Known the father of Historical perspective?
a) G.S. Ghurye
b) K.R. Poper
c) William Viser
d) D.P. Mukherjee
Answer: b) K. R. Poper
10. Among the following who had not adopted historical perspective to study Indian society?
a) K.M. Kapadia
b) Altekar
c) G.S. Ghurye
d) Iravati Karve
11. The term "Indology" refers to the study of:
By. Dr. Sohini

a) Indian cuisine and culinary traditions

b) Indian cinema and popular culture
c) Indian languages, literature, and texts
d) Indian political history and governance structures
Answer: c) Indian languages, literature, and texts
12. Indological perspectives often emphasize the analysis of ancient texts such as:
a) Rigveda and Upanishads
b) Ramayana and Mahabharata
c) Arthashastra and Manusmriti
d) All of the above
13. Which historical period in Indian society is extensively studied through the lens of
Indological perspectives?
a) Colonial period
b) Gupta Empire
c) Mughal era
d) Vedic period
Answer: d) Vedic period
14. The study of Indian philosophy, including schools such as Vedanta, Nyaya, and Samkhya,
is integral to Indological perspectives because:
a) It provides insights into the cultural and intellectual heritage of India
b) It offers practical solutions to contemporary societal issues
c) It promotes religious dogma and orthodoxy
d) It serves as a critique of Western philosophical traditions
Answer: a) It provides insights into the cultural and intellectual heritage of India
15. Indological perspectives often explore the influence of Indian religious traditions such as
Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism on:
a) Economic development
b) Political governance
c) Social structure and cultural practices
d) Environmental conservation
Answer: c) Social structure and cultural practices
16. Which of the following statements best describes the methodology of Indological research?
a) It relies primarily on quantitative data and statistical analysis
By. Dr. Sohini

b) It integrates historical, linguistic, literary, and philosophical approaches

c) It emphasizes ideological critiques and poststructuralist theories
d) It focuses on oral traditions and ethnographic fieldwork
Answer: b) It integrates historical, linguistic, literary, and philosophical approaches
17. The study of Indian epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata from an Indological
perspective helps in understanding:
a) The development of early urban societies in India
b) The role of myth and legend in shaping cultural identity
c) The impact of globalization on contemporary Indian society
d) The evolution of parliamentary democracy in India
Answer: b) The role of myth and legend in shaping cultural identity
18. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Indological perspectives?
a) Focus on indigenous sources and cultural traditions
b) Emphasis on interdisciplinary approaches
c) Preference for Eurocentric interpretations
d) Engagement with classical languages such as Sanskrit and Pali
Answer: c) Preference for Eurocentric interpretations
19. The examination of ancient Indian legal texts such as the Manusmriti and Arthashastra from
an Indological perspective helps in understanding:
a) The role of law enforcement agencies in modern India
b) The development of legal systems and jurisprudence in ancient India
c) The impact of globalization on legal reforms in India
d) The prevalence of corruption and bribery in Indian bureaucracy
Answer: b) The development of legal systems and jurisprudence in ancient India
20. Who of the following is not related to structural- functional perspective?
a) M.N. Srinivas
b) S.C. Dubay
c) McKim Marriott
d) A.R. Desai
Answer: d) A.R. Desai
21. To which perspective do G.S. Ghurye belong?
a) Indological
b) Historical
c) Functional
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d) Structural-Functional
Answer: a) Indological
22. According to structural-functionalism, society is viewed as:
a) A battleground for competing interests
b) A system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability
c) A reflection of power struggles and conflicts
d) A product of historical materialism
Answer: b) A system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability
23. The structural-functional perspective emphasizes the importance of social institutions in:
a) Promoting social change
b) Maintaining social stability and cohesion
c) Reinforcing social inequalities
d) Challenging traditional norms and values
Answer: b) Maintaining social stability and cohesion
24. According to this perspective, what is the primary function of the family in Indian society?
a) Economic production
b) Socialization and transmitting cultural values
c) Political mobilization
d) Challenging authority structures
Answer: b) Socialization and transmitting cultural values
25. Structural-functionalism suggests that social stratification in Indian society serves to:
a) Ensure equality of opportunity for all individuals
b) Maintain social order by assigning roles and statuses based on merit
c) Create tension and conflict between different social classes
d) Preserve the stability of society by organizing individuals into hierarchical layers
26. In the context of the caste system, the structural-functional perspective would emphasize:
a) The oppressive nature of caste-based discrimination
b) The role of caste in promoting social mobility
c) The functional necessity of caste roles in maintaining social order
d) The arbitrary nature of caste distinctions
Answer: c) The functional necessity of caste roles in maintaining social order
27. According to this perspective, the role of religion in Indian society is primarily to:
a) Challenge traditional norms and values
b) Promote scientific inquiry and skepticism
By. Dr. Sohini

c) Reinforce shared beliefs and values, providing social cohesion

d) Create divisions and conflicts between different religious groups
Answer: c) Reinforce shared beliefs and values, providing social cohesion
28. Structural-functionalism would argue that social change in Indian society occurs:
a) Through revolutionary upheavals and class struggles
b) Gradually, as institutions adapt to new challenges while maintaining stability
c) Through individual actions and choices, independent of social structures
d) Through the imposition of external influences and ideologies
Answer: b) Gradually, as institutions adapt to new challenges while maintaining stability
29. According to this perspective, the role of the government in Indian society is to:
a) Enforce the interests of the ruling class
b) Provide welfare benefits to the underprivileged
c) Maintain social order and provide essential services
d) Challenge existing power structures and redistribute wealth
Answer: c) Maintain social order and provide essential services
30. Structural-functionalism emphasizes the importance of social cohesion in Indian society,
which refers to:
a) The persistence of social inequality
b) The presence of diverse cultural practices
c) The integration and harmony among members of society
d) The prevalence of social conflict and dissent
Answer: c) The integration and harmony among members of society
31. From a structural-functional perspective, social change in Indian society is seen as:
a) A disruptive force that threatens stability
b) A natural process of adaptation and adjustment
c) A result of revolutionary movements
d) A top-down process imposed by the ruling elite
Answer: b) A natural process of adaptation and adjustment
32. According to this perspective, the role of the caste system in Indian society is primarily to:
a) Promote social mobility and equality
b) Maintain social order and stability
c) Challenge traditional norms and values
d) Facilitate cultural exchange and integration
Answer: b) Maintain social order and stability
By. Dr. Sohini

34. According to structural-functionalism, the primary function of social institutions such as

marriage is to:
a) Challenge traditional gender roles
b) Reinforce social inequalities
c) Provide emotional support and stability
d) Undermine cultural norms and values
Answer: c) Provide emotional support and stability
35. According to this perspective, the primary role of religion in Indian society is to:
a) Promote scientific inquiry and skepticism
b) Foster social cohesion and unity
c) Challenge existing power structures
d) Create divisions and conflicts between different religious groups
Answer: b) Foster social cohesion and unity
36. What is the primary focus of the structural perspective in studying Indian society
a) Individual behaviors
b) Social institutions and structures
c) Cultural practices
d) Historical events
Answer: b) Social institutions and structures
37. Which of the following is NOT considered a social institution in Indian society?
a) Family
b) Caste system
c) Bollywood
d) Education system
Answer: c) Bollywood
38. What is the significance of kinship systems in the structural perspective of
Indian society?
a) They emphasize individualism
b) They reinforce community ties and obligations
c) They lead to social isolation
d) They are outdated concepts
Answer: b) They reinforce community ties and obligations
39. Which sociologist is associated with the concept of "Sanskritization"?
a) Louis Dumont
By. Dr. Sohini

b) Max Weber
c) Emile Durkheim
d) Karl Marx
Answer: a) Louis Dumont
40. How does the structural perspective analyze the relationship between religion
and society in India?
a) Religion is seen as a personal matter unrelated to social structure
b) Religion is a tool used by the elite to control the masses
c) Religion is intertwined with social structure and influences societal norms and
values
d) Religion has no impact on Indian society
Answer: c) Religion is intertwined with social structure and influences societal
norms and values
41. In the context of structural perspective, what is the role of the state in Indian
society?
a) It maintains neutrality in social matters
b) It actively shapes and is shaped by social structures
c) It has no influence on social structures
d) It solely serves the interests of the elite
Answer: b) It actively shapes and is shaped by social structures
42. Which of the following is a key concept in the structural perspective to
understand social inequality in India?
a) Cultural relativism
b) Social stratification
c) Individualism
d) Globalization
Answer: b) Social stratification
43. How does the structural perspective view the phenomenon of globalization in
Indian society?
a) As a threat to traditional social structures
b) As a force that reinforces existing social hierarchies
c) As a catalyst for social equality
d) As irrelevant to the study of Indian society
Answer: b) As a force that reinforces existing social hierarchies
By. Dr. Sohini

44. What is the primary focus of the functional perspective in studying Indian
society?
a) Individual agency
b) Social conflict
c) Social harmony and order
d) Economic factors
Answer: c) Social harmony and order
45. Which sociologist is associated with the functionalist theory of society?
a) Karl Marx
b) Max Weber
c) Emile Durkheim
d) Pierre Bourdieu
Answer: c) Emile Durkheim
46. How does the functional perspective view the caste system in Indian society?
a) As a source of social mobility
b) As a barrier to social progress
c) As a functional division of labor promoting social stability
d) As irrelevant in modern times
Answer: c) As a functional division of labor promoting social stability
47. What is the role of rituals and ceremonies in Indian society according to the
functional perspective?
a) They are meaningless traditions
b) They reinforce social hierarchy
c) They strengthen social bonds and cohesion
d) They are tools for political manipulation
Answer: c) They strengthen social bonds and cohesion
48. In the functional perspective, how does religion contribute to social order in
Indian society?
a) By promoting individualism
b) By fostering social conflict
c) By providing a moral framework and shared beliefs
d) By encouraging atheism
Answer: c) By providing a moral framework and shared beliefs
49. How does the functional perspective view social change in Indian society?
By. Dr. Sohini

a) As inevitable and necessary for progress

b) As disruptive and harmful to social stability
c) As irrelevant to the functioning of society
d) As controlled by external forces beyond human influence
Answer: a) As inevitable and necessary for progress
50. Which concept in the functional perspective refers to the idea that different parts
of society work together to maintain stability?
a) Social conflict
b) Social stratification
c) Social integration
d) Social mobility
Answer: c) Social integration
By. Dr. Sohini

Unit-3
By. Dr. Sohini

Cultural and Ethnic Diversity
Cultural and ethnic diversity refers to the presence of a variety of cultures,

ethnicities, languages, religions, traditions, and customs within a particular society
or geographic area. This diversity can manifest in various ways and is often
influenced by historical, geographical, political, and social factors.
Meaning of Cultural Diversity
Cultural diversity encompasses the range of cultural expressions and practices

within a society or community. This includes differences in language, cuisine, art,
music, literature, clothing, rituals, and celebrations. Cultural diversity can arise
from historical migrations, interactions between different groups, colonial legacies,
globalization, and internal cultural developments. It enriches societies by fostering
creativity, innovation, cross-cultural exchange, and mutual understanding.
Meaning of Ethnic Diversity
Ethnic diversity refers to the presence of multiple ethnic or racial groups within a
given population. Ethnic groups share common ancestry, history, language, and
cultural traits, which distinguish them from other groups. Ethnic diversity can lead
to vibrant multicultural societies but can also give rise to tensions, conflicts, and
inequalities, especially when accompanied by discrimination, prejudice, and
unequal access to resources and opportunities.
Importance of Diversity
Cultural and ethnic diversity is important for promoting social cohesion, tolerance,
and respect for human rights. It allows individuals to celebrate their unique
identities while fostering solidarity and cooperation across diverse communities.
Diversity also enhances creativity, problem-solving, and innovation by bringing
together different perspectives, knowledge systems, and experiences.
Challenges of Diversity
Despite its benefits, cultural and ethnic diversity can present challenges, including
language barriers, cultural misunderstandings, stereotypes, discrimination, and
social exclusion. Managing diversity requires efforts to promote intercultural
dialogue, address systemic inequalities, ensure inclusive policies and practices, and
build social cohesion based on principles of equality, justice, and human rights.
By. Dr. Sohini

Diversity in society manifests in various forms, including language, caste, region,

and religious beliefs and practices.
The different forms of Diversities
1. Language Diversity: Language diversity refers to the existence of multiple

languages spoken within a particular society or geographic area. In multilingual
societies like India, language diversity is significant, with hundreds of
languages and dialects spoken across the country.
2. Caste Diversity: Caste diversity refers to the stratification of society into
hierarchical social groups based on traditional occupation, birth, and social
status. Caste has been a fundamental feature of Indian society for centuries,
influencing social relations, marriage patterns, economic opportunities, and
political representation.
3. Regional Diversity: Regional diversity encompasses the differences in culture,
customs, traditions, cuisine, festivals, and geographical features across different
regions within a country. In India, for example, each state and union territory
exhibit unique regional identities shaped by historical, linguistic, ethnic, and
ecological factors.
4. Religious Diversity: Religious diversity refers to the coexistence of multiple
religions, beliefs, and spiritual practices within a society. India is one of the
most religiously diverse countries in the world, with Hinduism, Islam,
Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, and other faiths coexisting alongside
indigenous religions.
1. What does cultural diversity refer to?

a) The presence of multiple ethnic groups within a society
b) The variety of cultural practices and perspectives within a society
c) The dominance of one culture over others
d) The uniformity of beliefs and customs within a society
Answer: b) The variety of cultural practices and perspectives within a society
2. What is the term used to describe the blending of cultural elements from different ethnic
groups?
By. Dr. Sohini

a) Assimilation
b) Multiculturalism
c) Homogenization
d) Segregation
Answer: b) Multiculturalism
3. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of cultural relativism?
a) All cultures are equal and should be judged by the same standards.
b) Each culture should be understood and evaluated based on its own norms and values.
c) Cultural diversity leads to societal decay and should be minimized.
d) Cultural assimilation is necessary for social progress.
Answer: b) Each culture should be understood and evaluated based on its own norms and values
4. What is the term used to describe the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group or
culture?
b) Ethnocentrism
c) Multiculturalism
d) Pluralism
Answer: b) Ethnocentrism
5. How many main languages are mentioned in the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution
a) 14
b) 18
c) 20
d) 22
6. Which language has the largest number of speakers in India
a) Telugu
b) English
c) Bihari
d) Hindi
Answer: a) Hindi
7. Who coined the phrase unity in diversity
a) Mahatma Gandhi
b) Jawahar Lal Nehru
c) Rabindra Nath Tagore
By. Dr. Sohini

d) Sadar Vallabh Bhai Patel

Answer: b) Jawahar Lal Nehru
8. Who has written “caste and race in India”?
a) G. Harold
b) Ke
c) G.S. Ghurye
d) S. Freed
Answer: c) G.S.Ghurya
9. Caste is a closed class
a) G.S. Ghurye
b) M.N. Sriniwas
c) D.N. Majumdaar
d) Arvido Ghosh
Answer: c) D.N. Majumdar
10. Mentioned six characteristics of caste
a) D.N. Majumdar
b) G.S. Ghurye
c) M.N. Sriniwas
d) Irawati Karve
Answer: b) G. S. Ghurye
11. Which are the characteristics of caste?
a) Caste centre stability
b) Restrictions on food and intercourse
c) Hierarchy
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these
12. Which of the following is the largest minority group in India
a) Muslim
b) cJain
c) Christian
d) Buddhist
Answer: a) Muslim
13. According to the 2011 census what percentage of Hindus were in India`s total population
a) 85.8
By. Dr. Sohini

b) 82.8
c) 79.8
d) 75.8
Answer: c) 79.8
14. How many language families have been mentioned by Majumdar among the Indian tribes?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: c) 4
15. The factors for the development of regionalism in India are:
a) Linguistic attachment
b) Vested political interests
c) Religious narrow mindedness
d) All of the above
16. Who wrote the book “Social Change”
a) W.F. Ogburn
b) R. Beersted
c) M.F. Nimkoff
d) M.N. Sriniwas
Answer: a) W.F. Ogburn
17. The word caste is derived from which language
a) Portuguese language
b) Latin language
c) Greek language
d) English language
Answer: a) Portuguese language
18. As per ancient Indian philosophy, the pyracanthas do not include
a) Karma
b) Moksha
c) Artha
d) Yasha
Answer: d) Yasha
By. Dr. Sohini

19. Who is of the opinion that the notion of fundamental opposition between the pure and the
impure is the hallmark of caste system
a) M.N. Sriniwas
b) Louis Dumont
c) Surjit Sinha
d) B.R. Ambedkar
Answer: b)
20. Judging another culture based on one`s own cultural norms is called
a) Ethnocentrism
b) Ethnography
c) Ethnocentric
d) Ethnology
Answer: d) Ethnology
21. Irawati Karve divided the language of Indian society into how many families
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: c) 4
22. Odia was provided with classical language status in which year
a) 2011
b) 2012
c) 2013
d) 2014
Answer: d) 2014
23. Fire temple is the place of worship of which of the following religion
a) Parsi
b) Taoism
c) Judaism
d) Shintoism
Answer: a) Parsi
24. Which among the following not included in three-debts of Hinduism
a) Diva-Rina
b) Pitra-Rina
By. Dr. Sohini

c) Rishe- Rina
d) Aatithi-Rina
Answer: d) Aatithi- Rina
25. Who is the author of the book `cultural sociology`
a) Yogesh Atal
b) L.P. Vidyarthi
c) Park and burgess
d) Gillin and Gillin
Answer: d) Gillin and Gillin
26. The caste-system is a form of
a) Social stratification
b) Social unity
c) Social solidarity
d) Social class
Answer: a) Social Stratification
27. Who is the author of the book “caste and Indian politics”
a) Rajni Kothari
b) Dr. K.N. Sharma
c) Prof. Imtiaz Ahmad
d) S. l. Sharma
Answer: a) Rajni Kothari
28. Which of the following factors are obstacles to national integration
a) Casteism
b) Communalism
c) Naxalism
d) All of the above
29. Which of the following factors are obstacles to national integration
a) Casteism
b) Communalism
c) Naxalism
d) All of above
30. Social mobility is more rigid in
By. Dr. Sohini

a) Class system
b) Family system
c) Caste system
d) Social system
Answer: c) Caste system
31. On what does the unity and stability of Indian society depend
a) On culture
b) On ritual
c) On religion and caste
d) On discriminatory behaviour
Answer: c) On religion and caste
32. According to the 2011 census in India, what is the percentage of educated people in the
country
a) 72.12
b) 73.04
c) 74.04
d) 74.14
Answer: c) 74.04
33. Who is author of the book “Caste and Race in India”?
a) G. S. Ghurye
b) Max Weber
c) R.K. Mukerjee
d) Yogendra Singh
Answer: a) G.S. Ghurye
34. Who has written the book “Caste, Class and Tribe”?
a) K. l. Sharma
b) F. G. Bailey
c) K. Mannheim
d) G.S. Ghurye
Answer: a) K. I. Sharma
35. Caste is a status group, who gave this concept?
a) Max. Weber
b) Iravati Karve
c) K. M. Kapadia
By. Dr. Sohini

c) J. H. Hutton
Answer: a) Max. Weber
36. Culture is essentially a collection of rules
a) C. Kluckhohn
b) Karl. Marx
c) B. Malinowski
d) R. K. Mukerjee
Answer: a) C. Kluckhohn
37. Culture is the means by which a person fulfils his needs, who said this?
a) B. Malinowski
b) J. Frazer
c) Taylor
d) E. Durkheim
Answer: a) B. Malinowski
38. Who has written the book “A Scientific theory of Culture”?
a) R. K. Mukerjee
b) K. Mannheim
c) J. H. Hutton
d) B. Malinowski
Answer: d) B. Malinowski
39. Caste is a closed system: who gave this concept
a). Max. Weber
b) D. N. Majumdar
c) K.M. Kapadia
d) G. S. Ghurye
Answer: a) Max. Weber
40. Who wrote the book “Caste in India”?
a) D. N. Majumdar
b) F. G. Baily
c) J. H. Hutton
d) S. C. Dubey
Answer: c) J. H. Hutton
41. Who is the author of the book “Caste old and new”
a) Andre Beteille
By. Dr. Sohini

b) Ram Ahuja
c) Irawati Karve
d) M.N. Sriniwas
Answer: a) Andre. Beteille
42. Who has given four types of concepts of caste stratification
a) Yogendra Singh
b) K.M. Kapadia
c) S. C. Dubey
d) G.S. Ghurye
Answer: a) Yogendra Singh
43. A distinction is made between caste and sub-caste
a) Ghurye & Karve
b) Hutton & Ogburn
c) Yogendra. Singh & S.C. Dubey
d) Karve & Kapadia
Answer: a) Ghurye & Karve
44. Who is the author of the book “Annihilation of caste”?
a) Irawati Karve
b) B.R. Ambedkar
c) J.H. Hutton
d) G. S. Ghurye
Answer: b) B.R. Ambedkar
45. Who gave the concept of Sociology of religion?
a) Max Weber
b) E. Durkheim
c) R.K. Merton
d) B. Malinowski
Answer: a) Max Weber
46. Who has written the book “The dynamics of culture change”?
a) B. Malinowski
b) Ogburn
c) M.N. Sriniwas
d) S.C. Dubey
Answer: a) B. Malinowski
By. Dr. Sohini

47. Caste is a segmental division of a society, who gave this concept?

Irawati Karve
a) M.N. Sriniwas
b) G. S. Ghurye
c) S. C. Dubey
48. Which is the national language of India
a) Telugu
b) English
c) Bihari
d) Hindi
Answer: d) Hindi
49. Which of the following is an example of ethnic diversity?
a) Different languages spoken within a community
b) Various religious practices observed within a region
c) Different skin colours within a population
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the Above
50. What is the term used to describe the process through which individuals learn and adopt
the norms and values of their culture?
b) Assimilation
c) Acculturation
d) Ethnocentrism
Answer: c) Acculturation
By. Dr. Sohini

Unit-4
By. Dr. Sohini

Meaning and Definition of Tribe

Tribal communities in India, also known as Adivasis, Indigenous Peoples, or Scheduled Tribes,
comprise diverse ethnic, linguistic, and cultural groups that have distinct identities and
traditional ways of life.
A tribe is a social group typically characterized by shared ancestry, culture, language, and often
territory. Tribes are often smaller than ethnic groups or nations and may exhibit strong kinship
ties and communal living arrangements. They typically have their own social structures,
customs, traditions, and sometimes governance systems. Tribes historically have been found in
various parts of the world, often in less developed or remote regions, and their way of life can
vary widely depending on their specific context and history.
According to Majumdar and Madan a tribe as a social group characterized by several key
features:
Territorial Concentration: Tribes often inhabit specific geographical areas where they have
historically settled.
Common Descent: Members of a tribe typically share a belief in common ancestry or descent
from a common ancestor. This shared genealogy forms the basis of their social cohesion and
identity.
Endogamy: Tribes commonly practice endogamy, where individuals marry within the tribal
group. This reinforces social boundaries and maintains the purity of tribal lineage.
Language and Culture: Tribes usually have their own distinct language, cultural practices,
customs, and traditions that distinguish them from other social groups.
Economic and Political Organization: Tribes often have specific economic and political
systems tailored to their way of life. These systems may include traditional subsistence
practices, leadership structures, and decision-making processes.
Problem of Assimilation and Integration among the Tribes

Assimilation and integration among tribes can face several challenges, often stemming from
historical, social, economic, and political factors.
Loss of Cultural Identity: Assimilation processes may lead to the erosion of tribal cultural
practices, languages, and traditions. When tribes are pressured to adopt the dominant culture
of the surrounding society, they may lose their distinct identity, which can result in feelings of
alienation and marginalization.
Social Marginalization: Integration into mainstream society can sometimes lead to social
marginalization of tribal communities. Discrimination and prejudice based on ethnicity,
By. Dr. Sohini

language, or cultural differences may hinder the full participation of tribal members in social,
economic, and political spheres.
Land and Resource Conflicts: Integration processes may bring tribal communities into
conflict with mainstream society over land ownership, natural resources, and territorial rights.
Displacement from ancestral lands or encroachment on traditional territories can disrupt tribal
livelihoods and cultural practices.
Health and Well-being: Integration processes may also impact the health and well-being of
tribal populations. Disruption of traditional lifestyles, loss of access to traditional healing
practices, and exposure to new diseases and health risks can have negative consequences for
tribal health outcomes.
Resistance and Identity Preservation: Despite assimilation pressures, many tribal
communities actively resist efforts to assimilate into mainstream society. They may prioritize
the preservation of their cultural identity, languages, and traditions, which can create tensions
with dominant social norms and values.
Geographical distribution of major tribes in India

India is home to a diverse array of tribal communities, each with its own unique cultural
practices, languages, and traditions. The geographical distribution of major tribes in India
spread to various regions across the country.
Northern India: In the northern regions of India, states like Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh, and Uttarakhand are inhabited by tribes such as the Gujjars, Gaddis, and Bhotias.
The northeastern states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland are home to numerous
tribes including the Bodos, Khasis, Nagas, and Mizos.
Eastern India: The eastern states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Odisha have a
significant tribal population. Tribes like the Santhals, Oraons, Mundas, and Ho are prominent
in these regions. The states of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are also inhabited by tribes
such as the Gonds, Bhils, and Baigas.
Western India: Maharashtra and Gujarat have tribal communities like the Bhil, Warli, and
Dhodia. Rajasthan is home to tribes such as the Meena, Bhil, and Garasia.
Central India: The central Indian states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and parts of
Maharashtra are known for their diverse tribal populations, including the Gonds, Bhils, and
Baigas.
Southern India: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh have tribes like the
By. Dr. Sohini

Irulas, Kurumbas, and Todas. The hilly regions of Kerala are inhabited by tribes such as the
Kadar and Kurichiyas.
Islands: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are inhabited by indigenous tribes like the Jarawas,
Sentinelese, and Great Andamanese.

1. Which state in India has the largest population of Scheduled Tribes (STs)?
a) Madhya Pradesh
b) Odisha
c) Rajasthan
d) Maharashtra
Answer: a) Madhya Pradesh
2. The term "Adivasi" in India refers to:
a) Indigenous or tribal people
b) Upper caste Hindus
c) Muslim minority groups
d) Buddhist monks
Answer: a) Indigenous or tribal people
3. Which of the following tribes is known for their traditional practice of shifting cultivation?
a) Santhal
b) Bhil
c) Jat
d) Munda
Answer: a) Santhal
4. The Jarawa tribe is predominantly found in which Indian territory?
a) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
b) Lakshadweep
c) Daman and Diu
d) Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Answer: a) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
5. Which tribal community is famous for their unique honey-collecting skills?
a) Chenchus
b) Todas
c) Khasis
By. Dr. Sohini

d) Gonds
Answer: a) Chenchus
6. The Dongria Kondh tribe, known for their resistance against mining projects, resides in
which Indian state?
a) Odisha
b) Gujarat
c) Rajasthan
d) Chhattisgarh
Answer: a) Odisha
7. Which state has the highest percentage of its population belonging to Scheduled Tribes
(STs)?
a) Mizoram
b) Arunachal Pradesh
c) Meghalaya
d) Nagaland
Answer: c) Meghalaya
8. Which of the following tribes is known for their unique terracotta horsemen and figurines?
a) Bhils
b) Khasis
c) Naga
d) Gonds
Answer: d) Gonds
9. The Bonda tribe is primarily found in which state of India?
a) Odisha
b) Bihar
c) Jharkhand
d) West Bengal
Answer: a) Odisha
10. The "Santal Rebellion" of 1855-56 took place in which region of India?
a) Jharkhand
b) Assam
c) Himachal Pradesh
d) Gujarat
Answer: a) Jharkhand
By. Dr. Sohini

11. The Birhor tribe is primarily found in which state?

a) Jharkhand
b) Madhya Pradesh
c) Uttar Pradesh
d) Rajasthan
12. Which tribal dance form is associated with the Bihu festival of Assam?
a) Bhangra
b) Garba
c) Bihu Dance
d) Kathakali
Answer: c) Bihu Dance
13. The "Khasi Hills" are located in which Indian state?
a) Meghalaya
b) Mizoram
c) Manipur
d) Tripura
Answer: a) Meghalaya
14. Which tribal community is known for their skill in bamboo and cane craft?
a) Karbi
b) Gond
c) Bhil
d) Khasi
Answer: d) Khasi
15. Which Indian state is home to the "Great Andamanese" tribe?
a) Andhra Pradesh
b) Kerala
c) West Bengal
d) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Answer: d) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
16. The "Mishing" tribe is predominantly found in which Indian state?
a) Assam
c) Sikkim
By. Dr. Sohini

d) Meghalaya
Answer: a) Assam
17. Which tribal festival is celebrated by the Garo community of Meghalaya?
a) Bihu
b) Wangala
c) Hornbill Festival
d) Chhath Puja
Answer: b) Wangala
18. The "Santhal Parganas" region is located in which Indian state?
a) Jharkhand
b) Odisha
c) West Bengal
d) Bihar
19. The "Bhil" tribe is known for their expertise in:
a) Pottery
b) Carpentry
c) Painting
d) Archery
Answer: d) Archery
20. The "Gond" tribe predominantly resides in the central Indian states of:
a) Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
b) Bihar and Jharkhand
c) Gujarat and Maharashtra
d) Kerala and Karnataka
Answer: a) Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
21. The "Chenchu" tribe is primarily found in which Indian state?
a) Telangana
b) Tamil Nadu
c) Andhra Pradesh
d) Karnataka
Answer: c) Andhra Pradesh
22. The "Warli" tribe, known for their distinctive art style, resides in which Indian state?
a) Maharashtra
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b) Gujarat
c) Rajasthan
d) Madhya Pradesh
Answer: a) Maharashtra
23. The "Kolam" tribe is predominantly found in which Indian state?
a) Jharkhand
b) Odisha
c) West Bengal
d) Chhattisgarh
Answer: b) Odisha
24. The "Oraon" tribe is primarily found in which state of India?
a) Jharkhand
b) Gujarat
c) Rajasthan
d) Manipur
25. The "Lepcha" tribe is native to which Indian state?
a) Sikkim
b) Himachal Pradesh
c) Uttarakhand
d) Arunachal Pradesh
Answer: a) Sikkim
26. The "Saura" tribe is primarily found in which Indian state?
a) Odisha
b) Tamil Nadu
c) Karnataka
d) Kerala
Answer: a) Odisha
27 Which tribal community celebrates the "Karam" festival with great fervor?
a) Munda
b) Khasi
c) Gond
d) Bhil
Answer: c) Gond
By. Dr. Sohini

28. The "Dongria Kondh" tribe is known for their resistance against mining activities in which
Indian state?
a) Odisha
b) Jharkhand
c) Chhattisgarh
d) Madhya Pradesh
Answer: a) Odisha
29. The "Ho" tribe is predominantly found in which state?
a) Jharkhand
b) Odisha
c) West Bengal
d) Bihar
30. The "Irula" tribe is native to which Indian state?
a) Tamil Nadu
b) Kerala
c) Andhra Pradesh
d) Karnataka
Answer: a) Tamil Nadu
31. Which Indian state is home to the "Gaddi" tribe?
a) Himachal Pradesh
b) Jammu and Kashmir
c) Uttarakhand
d) Punjab
Answer: a) Himachal Pradesh
32. The "Kuki" tribe is predominantly found in which Indian state?
a) Manipur
b) Mizoram
c) Nagaland
Answer: b) Mizoram
33. Which Indian state is home to the "Kadars" tribe?
a) Kerala
b) Tamil Nadu
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c) Karnataka
d) Andhra Pradesh
Answer: a) Kerala
34. The "Lambada" tribe is primarily found in which state of India?
a) Telangana
b) Karnataka
c) Andhra Pradesh
d) Maharashtra
Answer: a) Telangana
35. Which Indian state is home to the "Toda" tribe?
a) Tamil Nadu
b) Kerala
c) Karnataka
d) Andhra Pradesh
Answer: a) Tamil Nadu
36. The "Bodo" tribe is predominantly found in which Indian state?
a) Assam
b) Bihar
c) West Bengal
d) Odisha
Answer: a) Assam
37. Which tribal community celebrates the "Hornbill Festival" in Nagaland?
a) Angami
b) Ao
c) Konyak
d) Zeliang
Answer: c) Konyak
38. The "Mizo" tribe is predominantly found in which Indian state?
a) Mizoram
b) Manipur
c) Tripura
d) Assam
Answer: a) Mizoram
39. The "Barela" tribe is native to which Indian state?
By. Dr. Sohini

a) Madhya Pradesh
b) Chhattisgarh
c) Rajasthan
d) Maharashtra
Answer: b) Chhattisgarh
40. Which Indian state is home to the "Paniyas" tribe?
a) Kerala
b) Tamil Nadu
c) Karnataka
d) Andhra Pradesh
Answer: a) Kerala
41. The "Kukna" tribe is primarily found in which state of India?
a) Gujarat
b) Maharashtra
c) Madhya Pradesh
d) Rajasthan
Answer: b) Maharashtra
42. The "Garo" tribe is predominantly found in which Indian state?
a) Meghalaya
c) Manipur
d) Mizoram
Answer: a) Meghalaya
43. Which Indian state is home to the "Angami" tribe?
a) Nagaland
b) Manipur
c) Arunachal Pradesh
d) Tripura
Answer: a) Nagaland
44. The "Tangkhul" tribe is native to which Indian state?
a) Manipur
b) Nagaland
c) Assam
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Answer: a) Manipur
45. Which tribal community is known for their vibrant "Chhau" dance?
a) Santhal
b) Bodo
c) Gond
d) Santal
Answer: a) Santhal
46. The "Gujjar" tribe is predominantly found in which Indian state?
a) Rajasthan
b) Gujarat
c) Madhya Pradesh
d) Uttar Pradesh
Answer: a) Rajasthan
47. The "Chakma" tribe is native to which Indian state?
a) Mizoram
c) Manipur
d) Tripura
Answer: b) Arunachal Pradesh
48. Which tribal community celebrates the "Wangala Festival" in Meghalaya?
a) Garo
b) Khasi
c) Jaintia
d) Tiwa
Answer: a) Garo
49. The "Kharia" tribe is primarily found in which state?
a) Jharkhand
b) Madhya Pradesh
c) Bihar
d) Chhattisgarh
50. The “Santal” tribe is native to which Indian state?
a) Jharkhand
b) Odisha
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c) West Bengal
d) Bihar
By. Dr. Sohini

Unit- 5
By. Dr. Sohini

Basic Institutions of Indian Society
The study of Indian society involves analysing its basic institutions, which are fundamental
structures that organize social life and serve essential functions in society. In Indian society,
several basic institutions play fundamental roles in organizing social life and shaping
individual’s identities and interactions.
Caste System
The caste system is a social institution that classifies individuals into hierarchical groups based
on birth, occupation, and social status. Traditionally, there are four main castes—Brahmins
(priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (traders and farmers), and
Shudras (laborers and service providers)—with Dalits (formerly known as untouchables)
historically positioned outside the caste hierarchy. The caste system influences various aspects
of social life, including marriage, occupation, education, and social interactions.
Characteristics of Caste in India

 Hierarchy: Caste in India is marked by a hierarchical social structure, where
individuals are born into specific caste groups or jatis. These caste groups are ranked in
a hierarchical order, with each caste having its own social status, privileges, and
restrictions.
 Endogamy: Endogamy refers to the practice of marrying within one's own caste or
social group. In the caste system, endogamy is strictly enforced, with marriages
typically arranged within the same caste to maintain purity of lineage and preserve caste
boundaries.
 Occupational Specialization: Earlier in traditional societies, each caste group in India
was associated with specific occupations or professions based on the principle of
division of labor. This occupational specialization was hereditary, with individuals
inheriting the occupation of their ancestors. For example, Brahmins were traditionally
priests and scholars, while members of the Kshatriya caste were warriors and rulers.
 Social Segregation: Caste-based social segregation is a prominent feature of Indian
society, where individuals from different castes often live in separate communities or
settlements. Social interactions, including dining and socializing, are often restricted
within caste boundaries, leading to social isolation and the perpetuation of caste-based
prejudices.
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 Inherited Status: Caste status is typically inherited from one's parents and passed
down through generations. One's caste identity is determined at birth and remains
relatively fixed throughout life. Mobility between castes was historically rare, although
there have been some changes in recent times due to social reforms, education, and
urbanization.
Marriage
Marriage is a significant social institution in Indian society, serving as the foundation for family
and kinship structures. Indian marriages are often arranged, with families playing a central role
in selecting suitable partners based on factors such as caste, socio-economic status, and
horoscope compatibility. Marriage ceremonies are elaborate affairs, involving rituals, customs,
and celebrations that vary across regions and communities. The institution of marriage reflects
cultural values, religious beliefs, and social norms regarding gender roles, family obligations,
and kinship ties.
According to K. M. Kapadia marriage is a social institution that not only formalizes the union
between two individuals but also serves as a means of social integration and continuity within
society. In Kapadia's view, marriage is deeply embedded in cultural traditions, customs, and
familial expectations in India.
Forms of Marriage
Monogamy: refers to a marriage in which there is a marital union characterized by the practice
of having only one spouse at a time. In monogamous marriages, individuals form exclusive
and lifelong partnerships with a single partner.
Polygamy: is a marital arrangement where an individual has multiple spouses simultaneously.
Polygyny specifically refers to a form of polygamy in which a man is allowed to have more
than one wife at the same time.
Polyandry: is a form of marriage in which a woman has multiple husbands simultaneously.
This marital arrangement is less common globally compared to polygyny (where a man has
multiple wives), but it has been practiced historically and is still found in certain cultures and
societies around the world.
Love marriage: refers to a union where individuals choose their partners based on mutual
love, affection, and compatibility. Unlike arranged marriages, love marriages are primarily
based on the personal preferences and choices of the individuals involved.
By. Dr. Sohini

Inter-caste marriage: involves the union of individuals belonging to different caste

backgrounds. In a country where caste plays a significant role in social identity and
relationships, inter-caste marriages challenge traditional social norms and promote social
integration and equality.
Group marriage: involves multiple men and women entering into a marital relationship with
one another. While less common in mainstream Indian society, certain tribal communities in
India practice forms of group marriage where several individuals are considered spouses within
a communal household.
Concept of Religion
The concept of religion is a complex and multifaceted one, encompassing various beliefs,
practices, rituals, and moral codes that guide the lives of individuals and communities. At its
core, religion typically involves a belief in a higher power or powers, often referred to as gods,
deities, or a divine being, along with prescribed ways of worshiping and interacting with this
higher power.
Definition of Religion
According to Edward Burnett Tylor "Religion is the belief in spiritual beings." Tylor proposed
that religion originated from primitive cultures attempts to explain natural phenomena and
events through the concept of spiritual beings or animism. Emile Durkheim in his work “The
Elementary Forms of Religious Life” (1912) defined religion in terms of its social functions.
He asserts that “A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things,
that is to say, things set apart and forbidden — beliefs and practices which unite into one single
moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them”.
Important aspects of the Religion

Belief System: Religions typically offer a set of beliefs about the nature of reality, including
the existence of a supernatural realm, the origin and purpose of life, and the afterlife. These
beliefs often form the foundation of religious teachings and practices.
Rituals and Practices: Religious rituals and practices vary widely among different religions
and may include prayer, meditation, worship services, festivals, sacraments, and rites of
passage such as birth, marriage, and death rituals.
Morality and Ethics: Many religions provide moral and ethical guidelines for how individuals
By. Dr. Sohini

should conduct themselves in their daily lives. These guidelines often derive from religious
texts, teachings, and traditions and may encompass principles such as compassion, justice,
honesty, and charity.
Community and Fellowship: Religion often provides a sense of community and belonging
for its followers, fostering connections with others who share similar beliefs and values.
Sacred Texts and Authorities: Most religions have sacred texts or scriptures that are
considered authoritative sources of religious teachings and guidance.
Symbolism and Mythology: Religious traditions often employ symbols, myths, and narratives
to convey spiritual truths, explain the origins of the universe, and illustrate moral principles.
These symbols and myths play a significant role in religious rituals, art, and storytelling.
Class
In sociology, a class refers to a group of people who share similar socioeconomic status,
occupation, wealth, or income level within a society. Class distinctions often play a significant
role in shaping individuals' access to resources, opportunities, and power within social
hierarchies. These distinctions can impact various aspects of life, including education,
employment, health outcomes, and social mobility.
Characteristics of Social Class
These characteristics can be broadly categorized into economic, cultural, and social
dimensions.
1. Economic Characteristics
 Income: The amount of money earned by individuals or households through wages,
salaries, investments, or other sources.
 Wealth: The total value of assets owned by individuals or households, including
property, savings, investments, and possessions.
 Occupation: The type of work individuals engages in, often reflecting their level of
education, skills, and social status within the labor market.
 Access to Resources: The extent to which individuals have access to resources such as
education, healthcare, housing, and financial capital.
By. Dr. Sohini

2. Cultural Characteristics
 Education: The level of formal education attained by individuals, which can influence
their knowledge, skills, and cultural capital.
 Lifestyle: Patterns of behavior, consumption, and leisure activities that are associated
with particular social classes, reflecting tastes, preferences, and cultural norms.
 Values and Beliefs: The beliefs, attitudes, and worldview held by individuals within
different social classes, which may influence their behaviors and social interactions.
 Cultural Capital: The cultural knowledge, skills, and social connections that
individuals possess, which can confer advantages in social and economic life.
3. Social Characteristics
 Social Networks: The social connections and relationships individuals have with
others, which can provide access to opportunities, resources, and support.
 Social Status: The social position or rank individuals hold within a society, based on
factors such as wealth, occupation, education, and lifestyle.
 Social Mobility: The ability of individuals to move up or down the social hierarchy
over time, often influenced by factors such as education, occupation, and economic
opportunities.
 Social Power: The ability of individuals or groups to influence others and control
resources, institutions, and decision-making processes within society.
Joint Families in India

Meaning of Joint family
A joint family, also known as an extended family, is a family structure where multiple
generations, often including grandparents, parents, siblings, and their respective spouses and
children, live together under one roof or within close proximity. In a joint family, several
nuclear families come together to form a larger household unit, sharing resources,
responsibilities, and social connections.
Characteristics and dynamics of a joint family:

 Multiple Generations: This typically includes grandparents, parents, and children
from different nuclear families within the extended family network.
 Common Residence: Members of a joint family often reside together in the same
By. Dr. Sohini

household or within close proximity to one another, Sharing a common residence

facilitates daily interactions, support, and cooperation among family members.
 Interdependence: Joint family members rely on one another for emotional, financial,
and practical support.
 Cultural Tradition: Joint families often uphold cultural traditions, customs, and values
that are passed down through generations.
 Decision-Making and Authority: In a joint family, decision-making and authority
may be shared among multiple adult members, including elders and parents. Respect
for elders and their guidance is typically emphasized

1. Which term refers to a hereditary social group in traditional Indian society?
a) Clan
b) Caste
c) Tribe
d) Sect
Answer: b) Caste
2. In Hindu society, the caste system is traditionally based on:
a) Occupational roles
b) Geographical location
c) Birth lineage
d) Educational qualifications
Answer: c) Birth lineage
3. The concept of "untouchability" is associated with which caste?
a) Brahmins
b) Kshatriyas
c) Dalits
d) Vaishyas
Answer: c) Dalits
4. What is the term used to describe the marriage of individuals within the same social group
or caste?
a) Exogamy
b) Polygamy
c) Endogamy
By. Dr. Sohini

d) Monogamy
Answer: c) Endogamy
5. A marriage system where a person can have multiple spouses simultaneously is known as:
a) Monogamy
b) Polyandry
c) Polygyny
d) Endogamy
Answer: c) Polygyny
6. Which religion originated in India and is characterized by belief in karma, dharma, and
reincarnation?
a) Buddhism
b) Christianity
c) Hinduism
d) Islam
Answer: C) Hinduism
7. The term "varna" refers to:
a) Subcastes within a caste
b) The stages of life in Hinduism
c) Occupational classes in the caste system
d) Religious texts of Hinduism
Answer: c) Occupational classes in the caste system
8. Who founded Buddhism?
a) Gautama Buddha
b) Mahavira
c) Guru Nanak
d) Jesus Christ
Answer: a) Gautama Buddha
9. The Indian caste system has its roots in which ancient texts?
a) Vedas
b) Upanishads
c) Ramayana
d) Mahabharata
Answer: A) Vedas
By. Dr. Sohini

10. Which social class traditionally consists of merchants and traders in the Indian caste
system?
a) Brahmins
b) Kshatriyas
c) Vaishyas
d) Shudras
Answer: c) Vaishyas
11. Which term refers to a social system in which individuals are born into a particular group
that determines their social status?
a) Meritocracy
b) Caste system
c) Feudalism
d) Capitalism
Answer: b) Caste system
12. The joint family system is characterized by:
a) Nuclear families living separately
b) Extended families living together
c) Matrilineal descent
d) Patrilineal descent
Answer: B) Extended families living together
13. Who is considered the head of a joint family in traditional Indian culture?
a) Eldest son
b) Youngest son
c) Father
d) Mother
Answer: c) Father
14. Which factor is NOT typically considered when determining social class?
a) Income
b) Education
c) Occupation
d) Ethnicity
Answer: d) Ethnicity
15. What is the term for the practice of marrying someone from a different social or economic
group?
By. Dr. Sohini

a) Endogamy
b) Exogamy
c) Monogamy
d) Polygamy
Answer: b) Exogamy
16. In which religious text is the concept of the four varnas (castes) mentioned?
a) Bhagavad Gita
b) Rigveda
c) Upanishads
d) Manusmriti
Answer: b) Rigveda
17. Which caste traditionally holds positions of religious authority and performs rituals in
Hindu society?
a) Kshatriyas
b) Dalits
c) Brahmins
d) Vaishyas
Answer: c) Brahmins
18. What is the term for the system of social stratification based on inherited wealth and power?
a) Caste system
b) Feudalism
c) Capitalism
d) Socialism
Answer: b) Feudalism
19. Which religious group practices the Five Pillars of Islam?
a) Hindus
b) Buddhists
c) Christians
d) Muslims
Answer: d) Muslims
20. Which term refers to a social system where power is concentrated in the hands of a small
group of wealthy individuals or families?
a) Oligarchy
b) Democracy
By. Dr. Sohini

c) Plutocracy
d) Autocracy
Answer: c) Plutocracy
21. What is the term for the religious and social reform movement that sought to eradicate the
caste system and promote social equality in India?
a) Sufism
b) Bhakti Movement
c) Sikhism
d) Arya Samaj
Answer: d) Arya Samaj
22. Which term refers to the practice of having only one spouse at a time?
a) Monogamy
b) Polygamy
c) Polyandry
d) Endogamy
Answer: A) Monogamy
23. Which caste traditionally consisted of laborers and servants in Indian society?
a) Brahmins
b) Kshatriyas
c) Vaishyas
d) Shudras
Answer: d) Shudras
24. Which religious group follows the teachings of Jesus Christ?
a) Hindus
b) Buddhists
c) Christians
d) Muslims
Answer: c) Christians
25. Who is considered the founder of Sikhism?
a) Guru Nanak
b) Guru Gobind Singh
c) Guru Tegh Bahadur
d) Guru Arjan Dev
Answer: a) Guru Nanak
By. Dr. Sohini

26. In the Indian caste system, which varna was traditionally associated with rulers and
warriors?
a) Brahmins
b) Kshatriyas
c) Vaishyas
d) Shudras
Answer: b) Kshatriyas
27. Which religious text is central to the Sikh faith?
a) Guru Granth Sahib
b) Bhagavad Gita
c) Quran
d) Bible
Answer: a) Guru Granth Sahib
28. Which term refers to the hereditary transmission of religious and social positions within a
caste?
a) Endogamy
b) Karma
c) Dharma
d) Jati
Answer: d) Jati
29. The term "dalit" is often used interchangeably with:
a) Brahmin
b) Kshatriya
c) Shudra
d) Untouchable
Answer: d) Untouchable
30. Which caste traditionally held the highest social status in Indian society?
a) Brahmins
b) Kshatriyas
c) Vaishyas
d) Shudras
Answer: a) Brahmins
31. The Hindu god Vishnu is often associated with which social class?
a) Brahmins
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b) Kshatriyas
c) Vaishyas
d) Shudras
32. Which social class was historically responsible for agricultural work in Indian society?
a) Brahmins
b) Kshatriyas
c) Vaishyas
d) Shudras
Answer: d) Shudras
33. Which term refers to the belief in the transmigration of the soul from one body to another
after death?
a) Karma
b) Dharma
c) Samsara
d) Moksha
Answer: c) Samsara
34. Who was the founder of Jainism?
a) Mahavira
b) Gautama Buddha
c) Guru Nanak
d) Kabir
Answer: a) Mahavira
35. In which social class were artisans and craftsmen traditionally placed in the Indian caste
system?
a) Brahmins
b) Kshatriyas
c) Vaishyas
d) Shudras
Answer: c) Vaishyas
36. Which term refers to the belief in a single, all-powerful god?
a) Polytheism
b) Monotheism
c) Atheism
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d) Agnosticism
Answer: b) Monotheism
37. Who is considered the founder of the Bhakti movement in India?
a) Guru Nanak
b) Kabir
c) Ramanuja
d) Chaitanya
Answer: b) Kabir
38. In the Indian caste system, which varna traditionally included priests and scholars?
a) Brahmins
b) Kshatriyas
c) Vaishyas
d) Shudras
Answer: a) Brahmins
39. The term “satyagraha” was popularized by which Indian leader as a form of nonviolent
resistance?
a) Mahatma Gandhi
b) Jawaharlal Nehru
c) Subhas Chandra Bose
d) Bhagat Singh
Answer: a) Mahatma Gandhi
40. Who composed the Ramayana?
a) Vyasa
b) Valmiki
c) Kalidasa
d) Tulsidas
Answer: b) Valmiki
41. Which social class traditionally consisted of landowners and aristocrats in Indian society?
a) Brahmins
b) Kshatriyas
c) Vaishyas
d) Shudras
42. Which term refers to the practice of marrying multiple spouses at the same time?
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a) Monogamy
b) Polyandry
c) Polygyny
d) Endogamy
Answer: c) Polygyny
43. The term “dharma” refers to:
a) Duty or righteousness
b) Liberation from the cycle of rebirth
c) The ultimate reality or truth
d) The law of cause and effect
Answer: a) Duty or righteousness
44. Who is considered the founder of the Sikh warrior community known as the Khalsa?
a) Guru Nanak
b) Guru Gobind Singh
c) Guru Tegh Bahadur
d) Guru Arjan Dev
Answer: b) Guru Gobind Singh
45. Which social class was traditionally responsible for priestly duties and religious ceremonies
in Indian society?
a) Brahmins
b) Kshatriyas
c) Vaishyas
d) Shudras
Answer: a) Brahmins
46. The term “sati” refers to:
a) The practice of self-immolation by widows
b) The Hindu festival of lights
c) A form of devotional singing in Sikhism
d) The belief in the equality of all human beings
Answer: a) The practice of self-immolation by widows
47. Which term refers to the belief in many gods and goddesses?
a) Polytheism
b) Monotheism
c) Atheism
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d) Agnosticism
Answer: a) Polytheism
48. Who is considered the founder of Buddhism?
a) Gautama Buddha
b) Mahavira
c) Guru Nanak
d) Jesus Christ
Answer: a) Gautama Buddha
49. The caste system in India was legally abolished by the:
a) Indian Independence Act of 1947
b) Government of India Act of 1935
c) Constitution of India in 1950
d) Partition of India in 1947
Answer: c) Constitution of India in 1950
50. Which term refers to the process of social mobility where individuals move from one social
class to another?
a) Socialization
b) Stratification
c) Assimilation
d) Mobility
Answer: d) Mobility
By. Dr. Sohini

Unit- 6
By. Dr. Sohini

Meaning of Agrarian Class

This class traditionally comprises individuals who are primarily involved in agricultural
activities. They own or work on farms, cultivating crops or raising livestock for their livelihood.
Members of the agrarian class often have a strong connection to land ownership and
agricultural production. Their wealth and social status are often tied to the success of their
farming activities. In many societies, the agrarian class holds significant influence and power,
especially in rural areas where agriculture is the primary economic activity.
Andre Beteille, an Indian sociologist, defines the agrarian class as a social group predominantly
engaged in agricultural activities. Beteille's perspective highlights the social, economic, and
cultural dynamics inherent in agrarian societies, focusing on the relationships between
landowners, cultivators, and labourers within rural communities.
Daniel Thorner, an American historian and economist also studied agrarian class and viewed
this class in relation to processes of agrarian change, such as land reforms, agricultural
modernization, and shifts in property rights and land tenure systems.
Categories of agricultural or peasant class in rural Indian society

In rural Indian society, peasants, or agricultural workers, are often divided into various
categories based on factors such as land ownership, size of landholding, social status, and mode
of cultivation. They are as follows:
Landowning Peasants: Landowning peasants are those who own land and cultivate it for their
livelihood. They may have varying sizes of landholdings, ranging from small plots to large
estates. Typically have more control over their agricultural activities and may employ laborers
to work on their farms.
Tenant Farmers: Tenant farmers are those who cultivate land owned by others in exchange
for rent or a share of the produce. They do not own the land they cultivate but have rights to
use it for agricultural purposes.
Landless Agricultural Laborers: Landless agricultural laborer are peasants who do not own
land and work as hired labor on farms owned by others. They often rely on daily wage labor
for their livelihood and may face precarious working conditions, low wages, and lack of social
security.
Sharecroppers: are a specific category of tenant farmers who pay a share of the produce to the
landowner as rent.
By. Dr. Sohini

Meaning of Middle Class
The middle class is characterized by individuals who hold jobs or engage in professions that
require specialized skills or education beyond basic labor. Members of the middle class
typically have a higher level of education and enjoy greater economic stability compared to the
laborer class. Professionals such as doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, and managers often
belong to the middle class. They may also include small business owners and skilled trades
people.
Definition and Composition

The middle class in India is often defined in terms of income, occupation, education, and
lifestyle. It includes individuals and families with moderate to relatively high incomes, engaged
in professional, managerial, entrepreneurial, or skilled occupations.
The composition of the Indian middle class is varied, ranging from urban professionals such as
doctors, engineers, lawyers, and corporate executives to small business owners, government
employees, educators, and white-collar workers.
Labor Class in India

The labor class consists of individuals who perform manual or low-skilled work in various
sectors such as manufacturing, construction, transportation, and service industries. These
workers often have limited access to education and training opportunities, which can restrict
their upward mobility and economic prospects.
Jobs in the laborer class are typically characterized by lower wages, less job security, and fewer
benefits compared to those in the middle class. Despite being essential to the functioning of
society, laborers often face challenges such as exploitation, unsafe working conditions, and
lack of representation in decision-making processes.
Meaning of Exclusion and Inclusion
Exclusion and Inclusion are concepts that describe the processes through which
individuals or groups are either marginalized or integrated into social, economic, or
political systems.
Concept of Exclusion
By. Dr. Sohini

Exclusion refers to the systematic processes by which certain individuals or groups

are marginalized, denied access to resources, opportunities, and participation in
society, and are often treated as outsiders or second-class citizens. This can manifest
in various forms, including social exclusion (ostracism, discrimination based on
identity markers such as race, ethnicity, gender, religion, or caste), economic
exclusion (lack of access to employment, education, healthcare, financial services),
and political exclusion (denial of political rights, participation, representation).
Concept of Inclusion
Inclusion, on the other hand, refers to the processes aimed at ensuring equal
opportunities, rights, and participation for all individuals and groups within society,
regardless of their backgrounds or identities.
Inclusion can take various forms, including social inclusion (promoting diversity,
tolerance, and acceptance), economic inclusion (providing access to education,
employment, healthcare, and social safety nets), and political inclusion (ensuring
equal rights, representation, and participation in decision-making processes).
Backward Classes
In the Indian context, “Backward Classes” refer to social groups that historically
have been disadvantaged and marginalized in terms of access to resources,
opportunities, and representation in various spheres of society.
The concept of Backward Classes emerged in the colonial era when the British
administration introduced measures to address social inequalities and uplift
disadvantaged communities. Post-independence, the Indian Constitution
recognized the need for affirmative action to promote social justice and equality,
leading to the adoption of reservation policies for Backward Classes in education,
employment, and politics.
Reservation Policies and Affirmative Action for backward classes in India
The Indian government has implemented reservation policies to provide

preferential treatment and representation to Backward Classes in educational
institutions, government jobs, and political bodies.
Reservation quotas are allocated for Backward Classes in educational institutions
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(such as schools, colleges, and universities), public sector employment, and

legislative bodies (such as Parliament, state legislatures, and local government
bodies). These policies aim to address historical injustices, promote social
inclusion, and empower Backward Classes by providing them with opportunities
for education, employment, and political participation. In the context of India,
“Backward Classes” typically refers to socially and economically disadvantaged
groups who historically faced discrimination and marginalization. Two significant
segments within this category are Dalits and women
Meaning of Dalits
Dalits, formerly known as “Untouchables”, belong to the lowest caste groups in the
traditional Hindu caste hierarchy. Dalits, also known as Scheduled Castes (SC) in
India, continue to face various challenges and forms of discrimination despite legal
protections and affirmative action measures, particularly in rural areas. They have
historically faced severe social, economic, and political discrimination. Dalits have
traditionally been consigned to performing “polluting” occupations such as manual
scavenging, leatherwork, and sanitation, leading to their exclusion from mainstream
society.
Problems of Dalits
Caste-based Discrimination: Dalits face systemic discrimination and prejudice
based on their caste status, which has deep historical roots in the traditional Hindu
caste system.
Violence and Atrocities: Dalits are disproportionately affected by caste-based
violence and atrocities, including physical assaults, rapes, murders, and forced
evictions. Acts of violence against Dalits are often perpetrated with impunity, and
perpetrators may enjoy protection from influential caste-based groups or
individuals
Landlessness and Economic Exploitation: Many Dalits communities face
landlessness and lack access to productive resources such as agricultural land,
which perpetuates their economic vulnerability and dependence on dominant caste
landowners.
Limited Access to Education and Employment: Despite affirmative action
policies such as reservation quotas in educational institutions and government jobs,
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Dalits continue to face barriers to accessing quality education and employment

opportunities.
Social Stigma and Untouchability Practices: Dalits often endure social stigma
and ostracism, leading to their exclusion from social and religious gatherings,
public spaces, and community resources.
Important Measures for Dalit Upliftment

Here are some key measures implemented by the Indian government and various
organizations for the upliftment of Dalits in India
1. Reservation Policies: Reservation quotas in education, employment, and

political representation have been implemented to ensure proportional
representation of Dalits in these sectors. This aim to provide them with access
to opportunities for social and economic advancement.
2. Legislative Protections: Laws such as the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act provide legal protections against caste-
based discrimination, violence, and atrocities targeting Dalits.
3. Welfare Schemes and Development Programs: Various government welfare
schemes and development programs target Dalit communities to address their
socio-economic needs.
4. Educational Initiatives: Special provisions and scholarships are provided to
Dalit students, access to quality education and promote their abalities and
completion rates in schools and colleges.
5. Awareness Campaigns and Social Mobilization: Awareness campaigns, social
mobilization, and advocacy efforts are conducted to challenge caste-based
discrimination, promote social cohesion, and raise awareness about Dalit rights
and dignity.
Women in Indian Society
Women in Indian society have played significant roles throughout history, but their
status and treatment have been subject to various cultural, social, and economic
factors. Women in India, despite comprising half of the population, have
historically faced discrimination and exclusion in various spheres of life.
By. Dr. Sohini

Changing aspects of Women in Indian society
Historical Context: India has a rich history where women have held positions of
power and influence, such as in politics, literature, and spirituality. Ancient texts
like the Vedas and Upanishads mention the importance of women in society.
However, over time, patriarchal norms became more prominent.
Patriarchal Society: Like many other cultures, Indian society has been
traditionally patriarchal, with men holding primary authority in family and society.
This has led to disparities in various aspects of life, including education,
employment, and decision-making.
Gender Inequality: Despite progress, gender inequality remains a significant issue

in India. Women often face discrimination in education, employment, healthcare,
and political representation. The gender pay gap persists, and women are
underrepresented in leadership positions across various sectors.
Education: Access to education has improved for girls in India, but disparities still
exist, particularly in rural areas. Factors such as poverty, cultural norms, and safety
concerns often hinder girls' education. However, initiatives and policies have been
implemented to promote girls' education and literacy.
Violence against Women: Violence against women, including domestic violence,

sexual harassment, dowry-related violence, and female infanticide, is prevalent in
India. Despite legal frameworks in place, implementation and enforcement remain
challenging.
Legal Rights: India has made legislative strides to protect women's rights,
including laws against dowry harassment, domestic violence, sexual harassment,
and female infanticide. However, gaps between laws and their implementation
persist, and many cases go unreported or unresolved.
Women's Empowerment: Various organizations, both governmental and non-

governmental, are working toward women's empowerment in India. These efforts
include skill development programs, microfinance initiatives, and campaigns
promoting gender equality and women's rights.
1. Which of the following is not considered a characteristic of agrarian classes in India?
By. Dr. Sohini

a) Dependence on agriculture
b) Landownership
c) Urban residence
d) Traditional occupation
Answer: c) Urban residence
2. The Green Revolution in India primarily aimed to benefit which class of society?
a) Agrarian class
b) Middle class
c) Backward class
d) Urban elite
Answer: a) Agrarian class
3.Which class is often associated with traditional occupations such as farming, animal
husbandry, and fishing?
a) Middle class
b) Backward class
c) Urban class
d) Agrarian class
Answer: d) Agrarian class
4. The Mandal Commission was set up to address the concerns of which class in Indian society?
a) Agrarian class
b) Middle class
c) Backward class
d) Urban class
Answer: c) Backward class
5. Which of the following is a characteristic of the middle class in India?
a) Dependence on agriculture
b) Low-income levels
c) Occupational diversity
d) Lack of education
Answer: c) Occupational diversity
6. Which commission recommended reservations for socially and educationally backward
classes in government jobs and educational institutions?
a) Mandal Commission
b) Rangarajan Commission
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c) Kothari Commission
d) Sachar Commission
Answer: a) Mandal Commission
7. Which class in India is often associated with landlessness and manual labour in rural areas?
a) Agrarian class
b) Urban middle class
c) Backward class
d) Scheduled caste
8. Which of the following is not a criterion used for determining backward classes in India?
a) Socio-economic status
b) Educational backwardness
c) Occupational criteria
d) Religious affiliation
Answer: d) Religious affiliation
9. The Green Revolution had the most significant impact on which class in Indian society?
a) Agrarian class
c) Backward class
d) Scheduled tribe
10. Which class in India is often referred to as the ‘working class’ engaged in various manual
and service-oriented occupations?
a) Agrarian class
b) Middle class
c) Backward class
d) Labor class
Answer: d) Labor class
11. Which commission was established to study and recommend measures for the welfare of
the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in India?
a) Mandal Commission
b) Sachar Commission
c) Kothari Commission
d) Rangarajan Commission
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Answer: b) Sachar Commission

12. Which class in India is often associated with small-scale entrepreneurs, professionals, and
government employees?
a) Agrarian class
b) Middle class
c) Backward class
d) Scheduled tribe
Answer: b) Middle class
13. The term ‘creamy layer’ is associated with which class in the context of reservation policies
in India?
a) Middle class
b) Agrarian class
c) Urban class
d) Backward class
Answer: d) Backward class
14. Which class in Indian society often faces discrimination and social exclusion based on
historical factors?
a) Agrarian class
c) Backward class
d) Scheduled caste
Answer: d) Scheduled caste
15. Which of the following is a government scheme aimed at providing socio-economic
upliftment to backward classes in India?
a) National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS)
b) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS)
c) Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)
d) National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC)
Answer: d) National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC)
16. The term ‘land reforms’ primarily aimed to benefit which class in Indian society?
a) Agrarian class
c) Backward class
d) Scheduled tribe
By. Dr. Sohini


17. Which of the following movements was initiated for the rights and welfare of farmers and
agrarian workers in India?
a) Green Revolution
b) White Revolution
c) Chipko Movement
d) Swadeshi Movement
Answer: c) Chipko Movement
18. Which class in Indian society is often associated with artisans, craftsmen, and traditional
skilled workers?
a) Agrarian class
b) Middle class
c) Backward class
d) Artisan class
Answer: d) Artisan class
19. The term ‘reservation policy’ in India is primarily aimed at providing opportunities for
which class?
a) Middle class
b) Agrarian class
c) Backward class
d) Urban elite
20. Which of the following movements advocated for the rights of tribal communities in India?
a) Green Revolution
b) Chipko Movement
c) Naxalite Movement
d) Swadeshi Movement
Answer: C) Naxalite Movement
21. Which class in Indian society is often associated with social, economic, and political
marginalization?
a) Agrarian class
b) Middle class
c) Backward class
d) Urban elite
By. Dr. Sohini


22. The term “landless laborers” is often associated with which class in India?
a) Agrarian class
b) Middle class
c) Backward class
d) Scheduled caste
23. What is the primary goal of inclusive development in India?
a) Focusing solely on economic growth
b) Addressing the needs of marginalized groups
c) Promoting elitist policies
d) Prioritizing urban development
Answer: b) Addressing the needs of marginalized groups
24. Which article of the Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of caste,
religion, race, or sex?
a) Article 14
b) Article 15
c) Article 16
d) Article 17
Answer: b) Article 15
25. Which social reformer is famously associated with the movement against untouchability in
India?
a) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
b) Mahatma Gandhi
c) Jawaharlal Nehru
d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Answer: a) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
26. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act was enacted in
which year?
a) 1947
b) 1950
c) 1989
d) 2000
Answer: c) 1989
By. Dr. Sohini

27. Which government initiative aims at providing 100 days of guaranteed wage employment
to every household in rural areas?
a) Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
b) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
c) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
d) National Rural Health Mission
Answer: b) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
28. The term ‘Dalit’ refers to:
a) Upper caste Hindus
b) Lower caste Hindus
c) Indigenous tribes
d) Muslims in India
Answer: b) Lower caste Hindus
29. Which organization is responsible for the implementation of affirmative action policies for
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India?
a) Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
b) Ministry of Finance
c) Ministry of Home Affairs
d) Ministry of External Affairs
Answer: a) Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
30. Who is considered the pioneer of the women's suffrage movement in India?
a) Sarojini Naidu
b) Annie Besant
c) Rani Lakshmibai
d) Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain
Answer: b) Annie Besant
31. Which Indian state has the highest percentage of Scheduled Tribe population according to
the 2011 Census?
a) Bihar
b) Gujarat
c) Odisha
d) Mizoram
Answer: d) Mizoram
By. Dr. Sohini

32. Which amendment to the Indian Constitution introduced reservations for Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes in educational institutions and government jobs?
a) 73rd Amendment
b) 86th Amendment
c) 92nd Amendment
d) 104th Amendment
Answer: c) 92nd Amendment
33. The Women's Reservation Bill seeks to reserve what percentage of seats in the Lok Sabha
and state legislative assemblies for women?
a) 25%
b) 33%
c) 50%
d) 75%
Answer: b) 33%
34. Which social reformer is known for her efforts to improve the condition of widows in India?
a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
b) Savitribai Phule
c) Tarabai Shinde
d) Pandita Ramabai
Answer: a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
35. The term “Triple Talaq” is associated with which community in India?
a) Hindu
b) Sikh
c) Muslim
d) Christian
Answer: c) Muslim
36. Who was the first woman Chief Minister of an Indian state?
a) Sucheta Kripalani
b) Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
c) Jayalalithaa
d) Mamata Banerjee
Answer: a) Sucheta Kripalani
37. The National Commission for Women (NCW) was established in which year?
a) 1975
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b) 1980
c) 1992
d) 2000
Answer: c) 1992
38. Who is often referred to as the "Mother of Indian Revolution"?
a) Sarojini Naidu
b) Rani Lakshmibai
c) Annie Besant
d) Begum Hazrat Mahal
Answer: b) Rani Lakshmibai
39. Which Indian state was the first to achieve a 100% literacy rate?
a) Kerala
b) Tamil Nadu
c) Maharashtra
d) Goa
Answer: a) Kerala
40. The Mandal Commission was constituted to investigate issues related to:
a) Religious conflicts
b) Reservation for OBCs
c) Land reforms
d) Gender discrimination
Answer: b) Reservation for OBCs
41. The “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao” campaign aims to address:
a) Child labor
b) Female infanticide and education of girls
c) Maternal mortality
d) Access to healthcare for women
Answer: b) Female infanticide and education of girls
42. The National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) aims to empower rural women through:
a) Microfinance and self-help groups
b) Construction of rural infrastructure
c) Land redistribution
d) Vocational training programs
Answer: a) Microfinance and self-help groups
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43. The “Swadhar Greh” scheme provides temporary accommodation and support to:
a) Elderly citizens
b) Homeless people
c) Women in difficult circumstances
d) Orphaned children
Answer: c) Women in difficult circumstances
44. Which Indian state was the first to reserve seats for women in local bodies?
a) Kerala
b) Uttar Pradesh
c) West Bengal
d) Maharashtra
Answer: c) West Bengal
45. The National Policy for Empowerment of Women was formulated in which year?
a) 1990
b) 2001
c) 2010
d) 2016
Answer: b) 2001
46. The "Ujjwala Yojana" initiative aims to provide:
a) Clean cooking fuel to rural households
b) Electricity to every village
c) Education to underprivileged children
d) Employment opportunities for women
Answer: a) Clean cooking fuel to rural households
47. Which Indian state has the highest percentage of Scheduled Caste population according to
the 2011 Census?
a) Punjab
b) Uttar Pradesh
c) Bihar
d) West Bengal
Answer: a) Punjab
48. The National Scheme of Incentive to Girls for Secondary Education is also known as:
a) Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao
b) Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme
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c) Sabla Scheme
d) Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana
Answer: b) Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme
49. Which constitutional amendment provided reservation for women in Panchayati Raj
institutions?
a) 73rd Amendment
b) 86th Amendment
c) 92nd Amendment
d) 109th Amendment
Answer: a) 73rd Amendment
50. The Maternity Benefit Act in India provides for how many weeks of paid maternity leave
for working women
a) 12 weeks
b) 16 weeks
c) 20 weeks
d) 24 weeks
Answer: c) 20 weeks
By. Dr. Sohini

Unit -7
By. Dr. Sohini

In India, population structure and dynamics are characterized by a diverse population with
significant variations in age distribution, regional demographics, and population growth rates.
Here's a brief explanation of each aspect:
Structure of Population in India

Population Structure refers to the composition of a population in terms of various demographic
characteristics such as age, sex, ethnicity, education level, occupation, and marital status.
Population structure provides insights into the distribution of different age groups within a
population, known as age distribution or age pyramid.
Age Distribution: India has a relatively young population, with a large proportion of people
below the age of 30. However, there is also a significant and growing elderly population due
to improvements in healthcare and declining fertility rates.
Sex Ratio: Historically, India has had a skewed sex ratio, with a higher proportion of males
compared to females. Efforts to address gender discrimination and improve female
empowerment have led to gradual improvements in the sex ratio, although disparities still exist,
particularly in certain states.
Urban-Rural Divide: India has a predominantly rural population, but urbanization is
increasing rapidly. Urban areas are characterized by higher population densities, better access
to infrastructure and services, and greater economic opportunities compared to rural areas.
Population Dynamics
Refers to the changes in population size, structure, and distribution over time. It includes factors
such as birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, fertility rates, mortality rates, and population
growth rates. Population dynamics are influenced by various social, economic, cultural, and
environmental factors
Population Growth: India has experienced significant population growth over the past
century. While the rate of growth has slowed in recent decades, the absolute population
numbers continue to increase steadily. The population growth rate is influenced by factors such
as birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns.
Fertility and Mortality Rates: India has made considerable progress in reducing fertility rates
and improving maternal and child health outcomes through various government programs and
initiatives. However, there are still disparities in access to healthcare and family planning
services, particularly in rural and marginalized communities.
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Migration: Internal migration from rural to urban areas and interstate migration for
employment and economic opportunities are significant demographic trends in India.
Migration contributes to the growth of urban populations and poses challenges for urban
infrastructure and services.
State-Level Differences: Population dynamics vary widely across different states and union
territories of India. States like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal have large populations
and higher fertility rates, while states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu have achieved lower fertility
rates and better health indicators.
Regional Disparities: There are significant disparities in demographic indicators such as
literacy rates, life expectancy, and infant mortality rates between different regions of India.
Demographic Analysis of Indian society

Demographic analysis is the process of studying and analysing the structure, characteristics,
and trends of human populations. The key components are as follows:
Population Size: Examines the total number of individuals in a population.
Population Distribution: Analyses the spatial distribution of population across different
geographic regions.
Population Composition: Studies the demographic characteristics of the population, including
age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, occupation, and marital status.
Population Growth: Evaluates changes in population size over time due to births, deaths, and
migration.
Census: A comprehensive survey conducted at regular intervals by governments to collect
demographic data on the entire population of a country or region.
Vital Statistics: Records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces collected by government
agencies.
Population Survey: Sample surveys conducted to collect detailed demographic information
from a subset of the population.
Population explosion in India
Population explosion a rapid and exponential increase in the population of a particular area or
country. India has experienced significant population growth over the past century, leading to
concerns about the implications of such rapid expansion. India's population has been growing
steadily for centuries. However, the pace of growth accelerated dramatically in the 20th
century, particularly after independence in 1947. The population explosion in India poses
By. Dr. Sohini

significant challenges in terms of resource management, environmental sustainability, social

development, and economic growth.
Factors Contributing to Population Growth

High Fertility Rates: Historically, India has had high fertility rates, with large families being
the norm in many parts of the country.
Declining Mortality Rates: Improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition have led to
significant declines in mortality rates, particularly infant and child mortality.
Cultural and Social Factors: Cultural norms favouring large families, early marriage, and son
preference have also contributed to population growth.
Poverty: Overpopulation exacerbates poverty by stretching resources thin and limiting
economic opportunities for individuals and families.
Unemployment: The large and growing population puts pressure on the job market, leading to
high levels of unemployment and underemployment, particularly among youth.
Illiteracy
Joint family system
Child marriage
Initiatives for preventing population growth in India: India has implemented various
initiatives to address the challenge of population growth over the years. These initiatives aim
to promote family planning, reproductive health, and awareness about the benefits of smaller
family sizes. Following are the preventive measures:
Family Planning Programs: India launched its first family planning program in 1952,
emphasizing the importance of contraception and providing access to family planning services.
National Population Policy: The Government of India adopted its first National Population
Policy in 1976, followed by subsequent revisions in 2000 and 2002. These policies outline
strategies and objectives for addressing population growth, promoting reproductive health, and
achieving a stable population by 2045.
Contraceptive Promotion: The government promotes the use of contraceptives through
various channels, including healthcare facilities, community health workers, and awareness
campaigns.
Maternal and Child Health Programs: Improving maternal and child health is an integral
part of population control efforts. Programs focus on providing prenatal care, safe delivery
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services, postnatal care, and immunizations to reduce maternal and child mortality rates and
encourage spacing between births.
Promotion of Education and Awareness: Education and awareness campaigns play a crucial
role in changing attitudes and behaviours related to family size and reproductive health.
Incentives and Rewards: Some states in India offer incentives or rewards to individuals who
undergo sterilization or adopt family planning methods voluntarily. These incentives may
include cash payments, access to healthcare services, or other benefits.
Partnerships with NGOs and International Organizations: The government collaborates
with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international agencies to implement
population control programs, strengthen healthcare infrastructure, and improve access to
family planning services, particularly in rural and underserved areas.
Theories of population growth

Population theories provide different perspectives on population growth and control,
highlighting the complex interplay of demographic, economic, social, and environmental
factors shaping population dynamics and suggesting diverse strategies for managing population
size and promoting sustainable development. These theories provide frameworks for
understanding the factors influencing population dynamics and strategies for managing
population size.
1. Malthusian Theory
This theory was proposed by Thomas Robert Malthus in the late 18th century. He argues that
population tends to grow exponentially (geometrically) while resources grow arithmetically,
Malthus argued that human populations tend to increase at a geometric rate (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc.),
doubling every certain period, such as 25 years. In contrast, resources such as food, land, and
other necessities only grow at an arithmetic rate (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.). Leading to the point where
population outstrips available resources because resources cannot keep pace with population
growth, resulting in famine, disease, and other forms of suffering.
Moreover, Malthus identified two types of checks that act to control population growth:
preventive checks and positive checks. Preventive checks include practices like delaying
marriage, abstinence, and birth control. Positive checks refer to factors such as famine, disease,
war, and other natural disasters that increase mortality rates and reduce population.
Cycle of Population: Malthus also believed that as populations grow, they would eventually
reach a point where resources become scarce, leading to a decline in living standards and an
By. Dr. Sohini

increase in mortality rates. This, in turn, would reduce the population, allowing resources to
become relatively more abundant, leading to a period of population growth once again. This
cycle would repeat itself over time.
2. Demographic Transition Theory

This theory was developed in the mid-20th century by demographers such as Frank W.
Notestein. It describes the historical shift of societies from high birth and death rates to low
birth and death rates as they undergo economic development. This theory typically consists of
four stages:
Stage 1: High birth and death rates
Stage 2: Declining death rates
Stage3: Declining birth rates and
Stage 4: Low birth and death rates. Therefore, economic development, improved healthcare,
education, and urbanization are key factors driving demographic transition.
3. Theory of Economic Development and Fertility

Theory of economic development and fertility highlights the relationship between economic
development, social changes, and fertility behaviour. According to this theory as societies
develop economically, individuals tend to have fewer children due to factors such as increased
opportunity costs of childbearing, improved access to family planning, and greater educational
and employment opportunities for women.
4. Human Capital Theory

Focuses on the role of education and human capital investment in influencing fertility
decisions. Argues that higher levels of education and human capital lead to greater awareness
of family planning methods, improved maternal and child health outcomes, and increased
opportunities for women in the labor market, all of which contribute to lower fertility rates.
6. Optimum Theory of Population

The Optimum Theory of Population was first developed by economist Edwin Cannan, in 1924
in his book “Wealth”. He proposed that there is an optimal number of people within a given
area or society where the standard of living is maximized. According to this theory, both
overpopulation and underpopulation can have adverse effects on economic welfare. It suggests
that a balance must be struck to achieve the most favourable conditions for societal well-being.
7. Environmental Sustainability Theory
By. Dr. Sohini

Focuses on the relationship between population growth, resource consumption, and

environmental degradation. Argues that rapid population growth exacerbates environmental
problems such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change, and emphasizes the importance
of managing population size to ensure environmental sustainability and long-term ecological
balance.
1. What is the most populous country in the world as of 2022?

a) India
b) China
c) United States
d) Brazil
Answer: b) China
2. What is the term for the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given
year?
a) Mortality rate
b) Birth rate
c) Fertility rate
d) Growth rate
Answer: b) Birth rate
3. Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to population growth?
a) Birth rate
b) Death rate
c) Migration
d) Emigration
Answer: d) Emigration
4. The total fertility rate (TFR) refers to:
a) The number of children born per woman during her reproductive years
b) The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population
c) The rate at which people migrate into a region
d) The rate at which the population of a country is growing
Answer: a) The number of children born per woman during her reproductive years
5. Which demographic indicator represents the average number of years a person can expect to
live at birth?
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a) Fertility rate
b) Mortality rate
c) Life expectancy
d) Dependency ratio
Answer: c) Life expectancy
6. The process of analyzing the structure and characteristics of a population is known as:
a) Demographic transition
b) Population projection
c) Demographic analysis
d) Population control
Answer: c) Demographic analysis
7. Which stage of demographic transition is characterized by high birth rates and declining
death rates?
a) Stage 1
b) Stage 2
c) Stage 3
d) Stage 4
Answer: b) Stage 2
8. The dependency ratio is a measure of:
a) The number of elderly people in a population
b) The number of children in a population relative to the economically productive population
c) The number of people migrating out of a country
d) The number of births relative to the number of deaths in a population
Answer: b) The number of children in a population relative to the economically productive
population
9. Which of the following is NOT a consequence of an aging population?
a) Increased burden on healthcare systems
b) Decline in the labour force
c) Higher dependency ratio
d) Rapid economic growth
Answer: d) Rapid economic growth
10. The term “population explosion” refers to:
a) Rapid decline in population growth
b) Sudden increase in the death rate
By. Dr. Sohini

c) Sudden increase in the birth rate leading to rapid population growth

d) Decrease in life expectancy
Answer: c) Sudden increase in the birth rate leading to rapid population growth
11. Which region of the world has the highest population density?
a) Europe
b) North America
c) Asia
d) Africa
Answer: c) Asia
12. Replacement-level fertility refers to:
a) The level of fertility at which a population replaces itself from one generation to the next
b) The level of fertility necessary to sustain economic growth
c) The level of fertility required to control population growth
d) The level of fertility influenced by migration patterns
Answer: a) The level of fertility at which a population replaces itself from one generation to
the next
13. The demographic transition model suggests that as countries undergo industrialization and
economic development, their birth and death rates:
a) Both increase
b) Both decrease
c) Birth rate decreases, death rate increases
d) Birth rate increases, death rate decreases
Answer: d) Birth rate increases, death rate decreases
14. Which of the following is NOT a stage of the demographic transition model?
a) Pre-industrial stage
b) Transitional stage
c) Industrial stage
d) Post-industrial stage
Answer: c) Industrial stage
15. Which country has the highest crude death rate?
a) Japan
b) Germany
c) Russia
d) United States
By. Dr. Sohini

Answer: c) Russia
16. What is the term for the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year?
a) Birth rate
b) Mortality rate
c) Fertility rate
d) Growth rate
Answer: b) Mortality rate
17. Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to declining birth rates in developed
countries?
a) Increased access to contraception
b) Higher education levels for women
c) Government policies encouraging larger families
d) Delayed marriage
Answer: c) Government policies encouraging larger families
18. Which region of the world has the highest proportion of young people (under 15 years old)?
a) Europe
b) Asia
c) North America
d) Africa
Answer: d) Africa
19. What is the main reason for the decline in death rates during the second stage of
demographic transition?
a) Improved healthcare and sanitation
b) Increased birth control measures
c) Government policies promoting smaller families
d) Economic recession
Answer: a) Improved healthcare and sanitation
20. The “population pyramid” is a graphical illustration that shows the:
a) Distribution of population by age and sex
b) Total population of a country
c) Birth rate and death rate of a population
d) Migration patterns within a country
Answer: a) Distribution of population by age and sex
21. Which factor is NOT typically considered in population projections?
By. Dr. Sohini

a) Birth rate
b) Death rate
c) Immigration
d) Unemployment rate
Answer: d) Unemployment rate
22. What is the term for the movement of people from one place to another within a country?
a) Emigration
b) Immigration
c) Migration
d) Remittances
Answer: c) Migration
23. The “ageing population” phenomenon is primarily driven by:
a) High birth rates
b) High death rates
c) Declining fertility rates and increased life expectancy
d) Migration patterns
Answer: c) Declining fertility rates and increased life expectancy
24. Which factor is NOT considered a consequence of rapid population growth?
a) Increased strain on resources
b) Higher unemployment rates
c) Pressure on infrastructure
d) Decline in per capita income
Answer: b) Higher unemployment rates
25. Which of the following is NOT a method of population control?
a) Family planning programs
b) Compulsory sterilization
c) Encouraging higher fertility rates
d) Education and empowerment of women
Answer: c) Encouraging higher fertility rates
26. What is the term for the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live
births?
a) Infant mortality rate
b) Child mortality rate
c) Neonatal mortality rate
By. Dr. Sohini

d) Post-neonatal mortality rate

Answer: a) Infant mortality rate
27. Demography is the study of:
a) Human settlements
b) Human behaviour
c) Human populations
d) Human cultures
Answer: c) Human populations
28. Which of the following is NOT a demographic theory?
a) Malthusian theory
b) Epidemiological transition theory
c) Urbanization theory
d) Demographic transition theory
Answer: c) Urbanization theory
29. According to the Malthusian theory, population grows:
a) Exponentially
b) Linearly
c) Logarithmically
d) Erratically
Answer: a) Exponentially
30. The Demographic Transition Theory describes the relationship between population growth
and…….
a) Urbanization
b) Industrialization
c) Immigration
d) Education
Answer: b) Industrialization
31. The first stage of the Demographic Transition Theory is characterized by:
a) High birth rates and high death rates
b) High birth rates and low death rates
c) Low birth rates and high death rates
d) Low birth rates and low death rates
Answer: a) High birth rates and high death rates
By. Dr. Sohini

32. Which stage of the demographic transition typically experiences a rapid decline in birth
rates?
a) Stage 1
b) Stage 2
c) Stage 3
d) Stage 4
Answer: c) Stage 3
33. The “epidemiological transition” refers to changes in patterns of:
a) Fertility
b) Mortality
c) Migration
d) Marriage
Answer: b) Mortality
34. Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to population growth?
a) Birth rate
b) Death rate
c) Migration
d) Emigration
Answer: d) Emigration
35. Which population control method involves the deliberate termination of pregnancy?
a) Contraception
b) Sterilization
c) Abortion
d) Infanticide
Answer: c) Abortion
36. Which of the following is a positive check on population growth, according to Malthusian
theory?
a) War
b) Contraception
c) Education
d) Improved healthcare
Answer: a) War
37. Which region of the world has the highest population growth rate?
a) Europe
By. Dr. Sohini

b) Asia
c) North America
d) Oceania
Answer: b) Asia
38. The “demographic dividend” refers to:
a) A period of rapid population decline
b) A period of rapid population growth
c) The economic growth potential resulting from a favourable age structure of the population
d) The economic burden of an aging population
Answer: c) The economic growth potential resulting from a favourable age structure of the
population
Answer: c) Encouraging higher fertility rates
39. The “demographic dividend” is typically realized during which stage of demographic
transition?
a) Stage 1
b) Stage 2
c) Stage 3
d) Stage 4
Answer: c) Stage 3
40. Thomas Malthus is known for his work on:
a) Demographic transition theory
b) Epidemiological transition theory
c) Population growth and control
d) Urbanization theory
Answer: c) Population growth and control
41. The term “demographic fatigue” refers to:
a) The inability of a population to meet its basic needs due to overpopulation
b) The exhaustion of demographic resources in a region
c) The failure of population control measures to reduce population growth
d) The stress caused by rapid population growth on social and economic systems
Answer: d) The stress caused by rapid population growth on social and economic systems
42. Which country has the highest crude birth rate?
a) Japan
b) Germany
By. Dr. Sohini

c) Nigeria
d) United States
Answer: c) Nigeria
43. Which of the following is NOT a stage of demographic transition?
a) Pre-industrial stage
b) Transitional stage
c) Industrial stage
d) Post-industrial stage
Answer: d) Post-industrial stage
44. The “dependency ratio” refers to:
a) The number of children in a population relative to the economically productive population
b) The ratio of men to women in a population
c) The ratio of elderly people to the total population
d) The ratio of immigrants to emigrants in a population
Answer: a) The number of children in a population relative to the economically productive
population
45. Which factor is NOT typically considered a determinant of fertility rates?
a) Education levels
b) Access to contraception
c) Economic development
d) Religious beliefs
Answer: d) Religious beliefs
46. Which country has the highest population density?
a) Russia
b) Canada
c) China
d) Australia
Answer: c) China
47. The “demographic dividend” is most likely to occur in countries that are in which stage of
demographic transition?
a) Stage 1
b) Stage 2
c) Stage 3
d) Stage 4
By. Dr. Sohini

Answer: b) Stage 2
48. Which of the following is NOT a strategy for achieving population control?
a) Family planning education
b) Economic incentives for larger families
c) Access to contraception
d) Empowerment of women
Answer: b) Economic incentives for larger families
49. Who proposed the Optimum theory of Population?
a) Karl Marx
b) Edwin Cannan
c) Herbert Spencer
d) Corodogini
Answer: b) Edwin Cannan
50. Who developed the “Demographic Transition theory”?
a) Frank W. Notestein
b) Thomas R. Malthus
c) Corodogini
d) Edwin Cannan
Answer: a) Frank W. Notestein
By. Dr. Sohini

Unit -8
By. Dr. Sohini

Change and transformation in India society encompass a wide array of economic, social,
cultural, and political shifts that have occurred over the years, especially since its independence
in 1947.
Meaning of Social Change
Social change refers to the alteration, evolution, or transformation of societal structures,

institutions, behaviours, norms, values, and relationships over time. It encompasses changes in
various dimensions of society, including economic, political, cultural, and environmental
aspects. Social change can occur gradually or rapidly and may result from a variety of factors,
including technological advancements, demographic shifts, economic developments, political
movements, and cultural forces. According to MacIver and Page “Our direct concern as
sociologists is with social relationships. It is the change in these which alone we shall regard
as social change”.
Meaning of Transformation
Transformation means a significant and often profound change or alteration in the form, nature,
structure, or character of something. It implies a fundamental shift from one state or condition
to another, resulting in a marked difference or improvement. Transformation can occur at
various levels, including individual, organizational, societal, or systemic levels, and may
involve changes in beliefs, behaviours, practices, systems, structures, or relationships.
Change and Transformation in Indian Society

Economic Change: India has undergone significant economic changes, transitioning from a
predominantly agrarian economy to one with a growing industrial and service sector. Economic
reforms initiated in the 1990s, often referred to as liberalization, privatization, and
globalization.
Social Change: Indian society has witnessed significant social transformations, including
changes in gender roles, family structures, and caste dynamics. Efforts to promote gender
equality, education for girls, and women's empowerment have led to improvements in women's
participation in the workforce and decision-making processes.
Technological Advancements: India has emerged as a global hub for technology and
innovation, particularly in the information technology (IT) and software sectors. Advances in
technology often drive social change by altering how individuals interact, communicate, work,
and live. The advent of technologies such as the internet, social media, and mobile devices etc.
By. Dr. Sohini

Political Change: India's political landscape has evolved since independence, marked by
changes in governance, political parties, and electoral dynamics. The country has a multi-party
democracy with regular elections at the national, state, and local levels.
Environmental Challenges: India faces various environmental challenges, including
pollution, deforestation, water scarcity, and climate change. Rapid industrialization,
urbanization, and population growth have placed immense pressure on natural resources and
ecosystems. conservation measures.
Education: Education plays a crucial role in driving social change and transformation in India.
Efforts to expand access to education, particularly for girls and marginalized communities,
have led to increased literacy rates and greater awareness about social issues.
Structural Changes: Social change often involves changes in societal structures, such as the
organization of institutions, distribution of power, and patterns of social stratification.
Cultural Shifts: Social change can also manifest as changes in cultural norms, beliefs, values,
and practices within a society.
National Integration
National integration means to foster unity, cohesion, and a sense of belonging among the
diverse populations within a nation. It involves promoting solidarity, mutual respect,
understanding, and cooperation among individuals and communities from different ethnic,
religious, linguistic, cultural, and regional backgrounds. National integration seeks to build
bridges and foster a sense of unity and common identity among citizens, transcending regional,
ethnic, religious, and linguistic divides. It emphasizes shared values, principles, and aspirations
that bind people together as members of a nation.
Several factors can affect national integration, either positively or negatively. The main factors
are as follows:
Casteism: Casteism refers to the social stratification based on caste, which has been deeply
ingrained in Indian society for centuries. Caste-based discrimination, prejudices, and
inequalities perpetuate social divisions and hinder efforts to foster unity and solidarity among
diverse communities thus undermine national integration.
Communalism: Communalism is a tendency to prioritize the interests of one's religious or
ethnic community over the collective interests of the nation. Communal tensions, religious
extremism, and identity-based conflicts pose significant challenges to social harmony and
national unity.
By. Dr. Sohini

Regionalism: Regionalism involves the identification with and loyalty to one’s region over the
nation as a whole. Regional disparities in development, language, culture, and political
representation can fuel regionalist sentiments and demands for autonomy or separatism. Which
can further strain national unity and cohesion.
Economic Inequalities: Economic inequalities, including disparities in income, wealth, and

access to basic services, perpetuate social divisions and undermine social cohesion.
Marginalized communities facing poverty, unemployment, and lack of opportunities may feel
excluded from the benefits of development, leading to social unrest, protests, and conflicts,
posing challenges to national integration.
Casteism and Politics of Caste in India

Casteism, deeply ingrained in the social fabric of India, refers to the system of social
stratification based on hereditary hierarchical structures within Hindu society. This system
categorizes individuals into distinct social groups known as castes, each with its own set of
privileges, restrictions, and occupations. Casteism pervades various aspects of Indian life,
including politics such as:
Caste-Based Vote Bank: Political parties often strategize their electoral campaigns by
appealing to specific caste groups to secure their votes. Caste-based vote bank politics involve
the targeting of particular castes with promises of representation, protection of interests, and
redistribution of resources.
Reservation Policy: The Indian government has implemented affirmative action policies, such
as reservations in education, employment, and politics, to address historical injustices faced by
marginalized castes. These policies aim to promote social equality and upliftment of
disadvantaged communities, particularly Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and
Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
Caste-Based Political Parties: Several political parties in India are explicitly organized along
caste lines, advocating for the interests of specific caste groups. These parties often wield
significant influence in regions where particular castes form a sizable portion of the population.
Caste Census: There have been discussions and debates regarding the implementation of a
caste-based census in India to gather comprehensive data on caste demographics. Proponents
argue that such data would facilitate better targeting of welfare schemes and resource
allocation, while critics raise concerns about intensifying caste divisions.
By. Dr. Sohini

Hence, caste continues to be a potent force in Indian politics, influencing electoral dynamics,
policy formulation, and governance structures.
Communalism
Communalism refers to a social, political, or religious ideology that emphasizes the interests,
identity, and unity of a particular religious or ethnic community over those of the broader
society. It often involves the mobilization of individuals or groups along communal lines for
political or social purposes. It can manifest in various forms, including:
Religious Communalism: This form of communalism prioritizes the interests of one religious
community over others. It may involve promoting the dominance of a particular religion in
public life, discriminating against religious minorities, or inciting religious hatred and violence.
Ethnic Communalism: Ethnic communalism centres on the interests and identity of a specific
ethnic group or community. It can lead to the marginalization or discrimination against other
ethnic groups and may result in ethnic tensions, conflicts, or violence.
Political Communalism: Political communalism occurs when political parties or leaders
exploit communal identities for electoral gain or political power. This can involve appealing to
religious or ethnic sentiments, polarizing communities along communal lines, and fostering
divisions within society for political advantage.
Social Communalism: Social communalism refers to the segregation or exclusion of
individuals or groups based on communal identities. It may involve practices such as social
discrimination, segregation in residential areas, or restrictions on inter-community interactions.
Meaning of Naxalism
Naxalism in India refers to a Maoist insurgency that originated in the late 1960s, primarily in
the Naxalbari area of West Bengal, hence the name “Naxalism”. It is named after the village of
Naxalbari, where a peasant uprising occurred in 1967, led by radical communist factions. The
movement seeks to overthrow the Indian state through armed struggle and establish a
communist society based on Maoist principles.
Problem of Naxalism in India

The problem of Naxalism in India presents a complex and multifaceted challenge to the
nation’s internal security and development efforts.
Armed Insurgency: Naxalite groups engage in armed struggle against the Indian state, posing
a direct threat to law and order in affected regions.
By. Dr. Sohini

Socio-economic Grievances: The roots of Naxalism lie in deep-seated socio-economic

grievances among marginalized rural communities, particularly tribal populations and landless
peasants. Issues such as land alienation, lack of access to basic amenities and also displacement
due to development projects contribute to the perpetuation of the insurgency.
Exploitation of Natural Resources: Naxalite groups often exploit the natural resources in the
regions under their control, such as minerals and forest resources, to fund their activities. This
exacerbates environmental degradation and hampers sustainable development efforts.
Human Rights Abuses: Both Naxalite groups and security forces have been accused of
committing human rights abuses in conflict-affected areas.
Underdevelopment and Lack of Governance: The presence of Naxalism hampers
development initiatives in affected regions, as it creates an atmosphere of fear and insecurity,
deterring investment and economic activities.
Geographical Spread: While Naxalism originated in Naxalbari, it has since spread to various
states in central and eastern India, particularly in regions with significant tribal populations and
socio-economic marginalization. States like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar,
Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh have witnessed significant Naxalite activity.

1. Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the transformation of Indian society?
a) Globalization
b) Urbanization
c) Traditionalism
d) Technological advancements
Answer: c) Traditionalism
3. Which demographic trend has contributed to changes in Indian family structures?
a) Decrease in life expectancy
b) Increase in nuclear families
c) Decline in birth rates
d) Preference for joint families
Answer: b) Increase in nuclear families
4. What role has education played in transforming Indian society?
a) Reinforcing caste-based discrimination
b) Limiting economic opportunities
c) Empowering marginalized groups
By. Dr. Sohini

d) Maintaining traditional gender roles

Answer: c) Empowering marginalized groups
5. Which factor has led to the expansion of the middle class in India?
a) Decline in job opportunities
b) Growth of the informal sector
c) Economic liberalization policies
d) Emphasis on rural development
Answer: c) Economic liberalization policies
6. How has technology influenced social change in India?
a) Preservation of traditional crafts
b) Decrease in communication networks
c) Widening access to information and services
d) Reinforcement of rural-urban divide
Answer: c) Widening access to information and services
7. Urbanization refers to:
a) The process of industrial growth within urban areas
b) The movement of people from rural to urban areas
c) The decline of cities due to suburbanization
d) The expansion of agricultural lands within urban areas
Answer: b) The movement of people from rural to urban areas
8. Which theory of social change is influenced by Darwin’s theory?
(a) Evolutionary Theory
(b) Cyclical theory
(c) Conflict Theory
(d) Development theory
Answer: a) Evolutionary Theory
9. What impact has urbanization had on traditional occupations in India?
a) Preservation of agrarian practices
b) Decline of service sector jobs
c) Shift from agriculture to manufacturing and services
d) Emphasis on subsistence farming
Answer: c) Shift from agriculture to manufacturing and services
10. Which cultural aspect has undergone significant transformation due to globalization?
a) Language diversity
By. Dr. Sohini

b) Traditional festivals
c) Caste system
d) Food habits
Answer: d) Food habits
11. Which legal reform in India has aimed to address gender disparities in property rights?
a) Hindu Succession Act
b) Dowry Prohibition Act
c) Child Marriage Restraint Act
d) Special Marriage Act
Answer: a) Hindu Succession Act
12. Which of the following is a consequence of migration in Indian society?
a) Preservation of regional identities
b) Decrease in cultural diversity
c) Increase in urban poverty
d) Reinforcement of caste barriers
Answer: a) Preservation of regional identities
13. What is the process of Sanskritization primarily concerned with?
a) The spread of Sanskrit language
b) The adoption of Sanskrit cultural practices
c) The decline of Sanskrit literature
d) The migration of Sanskrit-speaking people
Answer: b) The adoption of Sanskrit cultural practices
14. How has the Indian film industry contributed to social change?
a) Reinforcing traditional gender roles
b) Perpetuating caste discrimination
c) Addressing social issues and norms
d) Ignoring cultural diversity
Answer: c) Addressing social issues and norms
15. Which of the following best defines Sanskritization?
a) The process of learning Sanskrit grammar
b) The social mobility through the adoption of upper-caste norms and practices
c) The conversion of lower castes to the Brahmin caste
d) The decline of Sanskrit as a spoken language
Answer: b) The social mobility through the adoption of upper-caste norms and practices**
By. Dr. Sohini

16. Who coined the term “Sanskritization”?

a) Louis Dumont
b) M. N. Srinivas
c) B. R. Ambedkar
d) Max Weber
Answer: b) M. N. Srinivas
17. Which of the following is NOT a factor promoting national integration?
a) Ethnic diversity
b) Common language
c) Shared values and symbols
d) Economic disparities
Answer: d) Economic disparities
18. What role does education play in promoting national integration?
a) Reinforcing regional identities
b) Fostering mutual understanding and respect
c) Heightening ethnic tensions
d) Encouraging linguistic discrimination
Answer: b) Fostering mutual understanding and respect
19. Which factor can potentially undermine national integration?
a) Promotion of cultural pluralism
b) Emphasis on individual rights over collective identity
c) Recognition of linguistic diversity
d) Celebration of national holidays
Answer: b) Emphasis on individual rights over collective identity
20. How does media influence national integration?
a) By promoting regional biases
b) By fostering cross-cultural understanding
c) By advocating for ethnic separatism
d) By limiting access to information
Answer: b) By fostering cross-cultural understanding
21. Which policy measure can contribute to national integration?
a) Imposing strict language regulations
b) Implementing discriminatory laws
c) Embracing multiculturalism
By. Dr. Sohini

d) Enforcing rigid cultural assimilation

Answer: c) Embracing multiculturalism
22. Which historical event had a significant impact on India’s national integration?
a) Partition of India
b) Independence movement
c) British colonization
d) Mughal Empire
Answer: a) Partition of India
23. How does economic development influence national integration?
a) By exacerbating income inequality
b) By fostering inclusive growth
c) By promoting ethnic segregation
d) By prioritizing regional interests
Answer: b) By fostering inclusive growth
24. Which factor is essential for fostering a sense of belonging and identity?
a) Religious homogeneity
b) Cultural hegemony
c) Recognition of diversity
d) Political polarization
Answer: c) Recognition of diversity
25. Which strategy can governments use to promote national integration?
a) Suppressing minority languages
b) Imposing cultural uniformity
c) Encouraging intergroup dialogue and cooperation
d) Dividing communities based on ethnicity
Answer: c) Encouraging intergroup dialogue and cooperation
26. What role does leadership play in national integration?
a) Reinforcing sectarian divisions
b) Fostering unity and inclusivity
c) Promoting ethnic favouritism
d) Encouraging secessionist movements
Answer: b) Fostering unity and inclusivity
27. How can social inclusion contribute to national integration?
a) By perpetuating caste-based discrimination
By. Dr. Sohini

b) By promoting equal opportunities for all groups

c) By enforcing rigid social hierarchies
d) By limiting access to education
Answer: b) By promoting equal opportunities for all groups
28. Which factor can lead to the fragmentation of national identity?
a) Respect for human rights
b) Celebration of cultural diversity
c) Economic prosperity
d) Ethnic nationalism
Answer: d) Ethnic nationalism
29. How does geographic dispersion affect national integration?
a) By facilitating intergroup interactions
b) By promoting regional autonomy movements
c) By centralizing political power
d) By encouraging linguistic diversity
Answer: b) By promoting regional autonomy movements
30. Which historical figure is associated with promoting national integration in India?
a) Mahatma Gandhi
b) Winston Churchill
c) Jawaharlal Nehru
d) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Answer: a) Mahatma Gandhi
31. How does cultural exchange contribute to national integration?
a) By reinforcing cultural isolationism
b) By fostering mutual understanding and appreciation
c) By promoting cultural hegemony
d) By erasing ethnic identities
Answer: b) By fostering mutual understanding and appreciation
32. What is casteism primarily based on?
a) Economic status
b) Social hierarchy
c) Linguistic diversity
d) Educational attainment
Answer: b) Social hierarchy
By. Dr. Sohini

33. What is the significance of Mandal Commission in Indian politics?

a) It advocated for the abolition of the caste system
b) It recommended reservations for socially and educationally backward classes
c) It supported the implementation of a uniform civil code
d) It promoted the establishment of a theocratic state
Answer: b) It recommended reservations for socially and educationally backward classes
Answer: a) It serves as a barrier to upward mobility for lower castes
34. What is the term commonly used to describe the phenomenon of voting along caste lines?
a) Sectarianism
b) Communalism
c) Caste-based mobilization
d) Pluralism
Answer: c) Caste-based mobilization
35. How does caste influence political alliances and coalitions in India?
a) It encourages the formation of broad-based, inclusive alliances
b) It often leads to the formation of caste-based political parties
c) It has no impact on political alliances
d) It promotes homogeneous political affiliations
Answer: b) It often leads to the formation of caste-based political parties
36. What is communalism primarily based on?
a) Economic disparities
b) Ethnic diversity
c) Religious identities
d) Linguistic differences
Answer: c) Religious identities
37. Which of the following is a consequence of communalism in Indian society?
a) Promotion of religious tolerance
b) Strengthening of secular values
c) Religious polarization and violence
d) Fostering of cultural pluralism
Answer: c) Religious polarization and violence
38. What is the main goal of Naxalism in India?
a) Religious fundamentalism
b) Political decentralization
By. Dr. Sohini

c) Socio-economic equality
d) Ethnic separatism
Answer: c) Socio-economic equality
39. Which region of India is particularly affected by Naxalism?
a) Northern states
b) Western states
c) Southern states
d) Eastern states
Answer: d) Eastern states
40. How does communalism impact social cohesion in India?
a) By fostering interfaith dialogue
b) By promoting religious harmony
c) By creating divisions along religious lines
d) By encouraging cultural exchange
Answer: c) By creating divisions along religious lines
41. What is the primary ideology behind Naxalism?
a) Religious supremacy
b) Marxist-Leninist principles
c) Capitalist expansionism
d) Authoritarian nationalism
Answer: b) Marxist-Leninist principles
42. When was Naxalite movement started in India?
a) 1982
b) 1967
c) 1992
d) 1997
Answer: b) 1967
43. How does communalism affect political discourse in India?
a) By encouraging inclusive governance
b) By promoting democratic principles
c) By polarizing communities along religious lines
d) By fostering interfaith cooperation
Answer: c) By polarizing communities along religious lines
By. Dr. Sohini

44. What distinguishes Naxalism from other forms of political extremism?

a) Its emphasis on religious ideology
b) Its focus on ethnic separatism
c) Its Marxist-Leninist ideology and rural insurgency tactics
d) Its alignment with mainstream political parties
Answer: c) Its Marxist-Leninist ideology and rural insurgency tactics
45. How does communal violence impact social harmony in India?
a) By promoting interfaith understanding
b) By fostering a sense of unity among diverse communities
c) By deepening divisions and mistrust between religious groups
d) By encouraging cultural exchange and cooperation
Answer: c) By deepening divisions and mistrust between religious groups
46. How does Naxalism impact rural development in affected regions?
a) It accelerates economic growth and infrastructure development
b) It hinders government initiatives and disrupts development projects
c) It promotes social welfare programs and poverty alleviation
d) It has no significant impact on rural development
Answer: b) It hinders government initiatives and disrupts development projects
47. What measures can be taken to address communalism in India?
a) Encouraging interfaith dialogue and tolerance
b) Imposing strict religious laws
c) Fostering religious exclusivity
d) Promoting communal segregation
Answer: a) Encouraging interfaith dialogue and tolerance
48. What is communalism primarily based on?
a) Economic disparities
b) Ethnic diversity
c) Religious identities
d) Linguistic differences
Answer: c) Religious identities
49. How does communal violence impact social harmony in India?
a) By promoting interfaith understanding
b) By fostering a sense of unity among diverse communities
c) By deepening divisions and mistrust between religious groups
By. Dr. Sohini

d) By encouraging cultural exchange and cooperation

Answer: c) By deepening divisions and mistrust between religious groups
50. The term “Naxalism” is named after the village of
a) Nagri
b) Nawagarh
c) Naxalbari
d) Nirsa
Answer: c) Naxalbari
By. Dr. Sohini

nd
B.A.
B.A. 22nd Semester
Semester Society in in
Society India: Structure,
India: Organization
Structure, and
Organisation & Change/
Change/A070201T
A070201T
References
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Based on

Indological, Historical, Structural and Functional Perspective to study

Tribal Communities in India: Geographical distribution, Problem of

Population: Structure and dynamics, Demographic analysis, Population

Change and Transformation in Indian Society; Factors affecting National

By. Dr. Sohini

By. Dr. Sohini

The Structure and Composition of Indian Society

i) Joint family system

By. Dr. Sohini

Due to Industrialization, Urbanization, Commercialization, Educational and Medical facilities

Difference between Cities and Towns

Essential factors for Developing Rural Urban Relation

By. Dr. Sohini

Meaning of Unity in Diversity

By. Dr. Sohini

3. Religious Harmony: India is characterized by the coexistence of major religions such as

Multiple Choice Question

1.Who wrote the book “Indian Village”.?

By. Dr. Sohini

4. Which of the following is a characteristic of a village?

By. Dr. Sohini

d) None of the above

By. Dr. Sohini

sense of identification whether the polity based on a commonsense of identity

By. Dr. Sohini

By. Dr. Sohini

Answer: d) Louis Wirth

By. Dr. Sohini

Answer: a) Landless Workers

By. Dr. Sohini

By. Dr. Sohini

43. The main reason for evolution of cities was:

By. Dr. Sohini

d) All of the above

By. Dr. Sohini

By. Dr. Sohini

Indological perspective to study Indian society:

The Indological perspective in sociology is an approach that examines Indian society

Historical perspectives to study Indian society

By. Dr. Sohini

emphasizes the significance of historical context in understanding contemporary social

Key aspects of historical perspectives to study Indian society

Structural perspective to study Indian society

Structural perspectives offer an analytical framework to understand Indian society

Features of Structural Perspectives

By. Dr. Sohini

education, marriage, and social interactions.

Functional Perspectives to Study Indian Society:

By. Dr. Sohini

Indian society, highlighting how different occupational roles contribute to

Multiple Choice Questions

By. Dr. Sohini

By. Dr. Sohini

a) Indian cuisine and culinary traditions

By. Dr. Sohini

b) It integrates historical, linguistic, literary, and philosophical approaches

By. Dr. Sohini