—Society is in a state of unending
Anthropology
— Latin word “Anthropologia” which
means study of humanity.
— Greek word “anthropos” which
means human being.
— Study of human being and their
ancestors through time and space in
relation to physical characters,
environmental, social relations, and
culture.
Goals:
1. Observe common things among
people.
2. Discover what makes people different
from each other.
3. Create new knowledge through
research about humankind and behavior.
Sociology
— French word “Sociologie” which
means companion.
— Greek word “Ology” which means
the study of.
— Coined by french philosopher
Auguste Conte. — Study of society,
patterns of social interaction, social life,
social change, and social causes and
consequences of human behavior.
— Its purpose is to understand how
human action and consciousness both
shape and are shaped by surrounding
cultural and social structures.
Goals:
1. Study the nature of humanity- to be
aware of society.
2. Appreciate society- have to still look
for ways to improve it.
Political science
— The study of government systems,
political behavior, and the distribution of
power.
— Deals with the nature and formation
of the state and attempts to understand
it's forms and functions.
Goals:
1. Make people better citizens.
2. Keep social order and harmony.
3. Protect the rights of individuals. .
4. Avoid conflict and promote
cooperation.
Perspective of Anthropology,
sociology, and political science
Anthropological perspective
A. Cross culture or comparative
emphasis
— Comparing two or more cultures.
Evolutionary (historical emphasis)
— investigating the origin.
B. Ecological emphasis
—interactions between an individual and
their environment.
— acknowledges the complexity and
interconnectedness of various aspects
that shape human behavior and
development.
C. Holistic emphasis
—understanding a person as a whole
considering his/her past, present, and
future
Sociologial perspective
— Human behavior is shaped by the
groups to which people belong and the
social interaction that takes place within
those groups.
A. Functionalist perspective
—Societies are thought to function like
organisms, with various social
institutions working together like organs
to maintain and reproduce societies.
B. Conflict perspective
- there is information or customs that
conflict because of competition for
limited resources.
—Social and economic institutions as
tools of the struggle among groups or
classes, used to maintain inequality and
the dominance of the ruling class.
C. Symbolic interaction perspective
—focuses on how social interactions and
people assign meanings to things around
them based on interpretation of their
interactions with others
— people change based on their
interactions with objects, events, ideas,
other people.
—they assign meaning to things in order
to decide how to act.
Political science perspective
—focuses on understanding how people
behave in the realm of politics, where
decisions impact groups or communities.
— It deals with situations involving
conflicts between two sides or decisions
that affect the entire group.
— it's about studying how people act
politically (engaging in activities or
behaviors to influence, shape, or respond
to political processes), especially in
situations involving choices and
consequences for groups of people.
Concept of culture
— Is a lifestyle: the food you eat, the
garments you wear, the language you
talk, the God you love.
— is the epitome of the manner by
which we think and get things done
—things we have acquired as citizens..
— includes the traditions, customs,
celebrations, methods of living and one's
attitude toward different issues of life.
—refers to a human-made environment
which includes all the material and non-
material products of group life that are
transmitted from one generation to the
next.
Types of culture
1. Material culture - schools, materials,
churches, temples.
2. Non-material culture - symbols,
language, values and norms
Aspects of Culture
— culture is diverse because of its
aspects that develop man's social
interaction.
● Language
● Actions
● Identity
● Space
● Validity
● Experience
● History
General Characteristics of Culture
1. Culture is learned and acquired:
- gained as in there are sure practices
which are obtained through heredity
- gained from relatives, from the
gathering and the general public wherein
they live
2. Culture is shared by a group of
people:
- idea or activity is shared and accepted
or rehearsed by a gathering of
individuals
3. Culture is cumulative:
- different information exemplified in
culture can be passed starting with one
age then onto the next age
- increasingly, more information is
added in the specific culture as the time
elapses by.
4. Culture changes:
are lost as new social qualities are added
- there are potential outcomes of social
changes inside the specific culture
5. Culture is dynamic:
- no culture stays on the on the
perpetual state - is changing continually
as novel thoughts and new procedures
are added over the long period of time
altering or changing the old ways
6. Culture gives us a scope of passable
standards of conduct:
- it includes how a movement ought to
be directed, how an individual should act
properly 7. Culture is diverse:
- it is a framework that has a few
commonly reliant parts
8. Culture is ideational:
- often it sets our most favorable
example of conduct that are expected to
be trailed by people in order to acquire
social acknowledgement from
individuals with a similar culture.
Concept of Society
— general public in which we live
decides everything from the food we eat
to the decisions we make
— Latin root socious, meaning "buddy"
or "being with others"
— general public comprises of
individuals who share a region, who
communicate with one another, and who
share a culture
— few social orders are, indeed,
gatherings of individuals joined by
fellowship or normal interests.
General Characteristics of Society
1. Society is abstract:
- seen as web of social relationships, it is
particular from actual element which we
can see through faculties
- social connections can be simply
acknowledge yet we can't see or contact
them
2. Likeness and difference in society:
- if people are exactly alike, merely
alike, their relationships would be
limited
- there would be little give-and-take and
little reciprocity
- thus, society needs difference also for
its existence and continuance
- example: the family rests upon the
biological differences between sexes,
natural differences of aptitude, of
capacity, of interest.
- all involves relationships in which
differences complement one another, in
which exchange take place
3. Cooperation & conflict in society:
- collaboration and struggle are general
components in human existence - we
know from our own experience that an
individual cannot do everything alone,
and without the help of others
4. Society is a process not a product:
- society exist just as a period
arrangement
- it is becoming, not being; an
interaction and not an item
- when the interactions stops, the item
vanishes
5. Society is a system of stratification:
- gives an arrangement of definition of
situations with classes
Cultural Relativism
Cultural differences are dominant than
cultural universal, despite how much
individuals have similarity. Cultural
Universals are traits that are parts of
every know culture-- bodily adornment,
courtship, dancing, education, food
taboos, funeral rite, etc.... It gives rise to
Ethnocentrism and Cultural
Relativity/Relativis.
Cultural Relativism
— refers to the practice of assessing a
culture by its own standards than
viewing it through the lens of one's own
culture
— to understand a culture on its own
terms and not to make judgements using
the standards of one's own culture
— Ruth Benedict (1887-1948), an
anthropologist argued that each culture
has an internally consistent pattern of
thoughts and actions, which alone could
be the basis for judging the merits and
morality of the culture's practices
— Cultural relativism requires an open
mind and a willingness to consider, and
even adapt to new values and norms.
— example: For instance, Pepay is a
cultural relativist from the Philippines;
she prefers to look at other cultures in
terms of what their practices bring to
them. She believes that if a tribe paints
their faces for religious ceremonies,
there must be a good reason why they do
that. Is there a practical reason for it, or
is it symbolic? If symbolic, where do the
symbols come from? These questions
allow a closer examination of others.
This does not imply that a relativist does
not have strong beliefs of her own.
Rather, other cultures are simply not
judged with reference to one's own
culture.
— Not judging a culture but trying to
understand it on its own terms
— Putting self in their (other culture )
shoes / eyes. Ethnocentrism
— William Graham (1840-1910), a
sociologist described the term, involves
a belief or attitude that one's own culture
is better than all others
— can be strong that when confronted
with all the differences of a new culture,
one may experience disorientation and
frustration
--- in sociology, we call this culture
shock.
— example: For instance, Pedro is an
ethnocentric from the Philippines; he
considers others' beliefs and practices to
be savage or corrupt, or her is often
confused by other people's cultures.
Very often, people that are ethnocentric
don't know they are using their culture to
judge another's. The culture of an
ethnocentric person is considered the
'normal' way that things are done, just as
Pedro believes.
— Use of one's own culture to judge
others in their society.
— One's group is the "everything, and
center all others are scaled and rated
with it"— William Sumner
Cultural, Social, Political, and
Economic Symbols and Practices
Symbols
— An object, word, or action, gestures,
signs, signals, and it helps people
understand the world
— They relay recognizable meanings
that are shared by societies
Functions of Symbols:
1. Social symbols are used to transfer
culture, ideologies, or beliefs from group
to another group of people.
2. Symbols are also used to preserve
traditions or beliefs of a certain group of
people. 3. Symbols and symbolism have
been used to create movements, spread
ideas, and share advocacies that
surpasses time and distance. Types of
Symbols:
• Cultural Symbols- manifestation that
signifies ideology of a particular culture
that has meaning within that culture.
• Social Symbols- relating to human
societies and its modes of organization
(social classes, social problems, social
issues, etc...)
• Political Symbols- used to represent a
political standpoint; seen in various
media and forms such as banners, flag,
motto, etc.
• Economic Symbols- used in
production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and services like
currency, market, labor, demands, and
other economic activities.
Examples of symbols Christian cross -
The Christian cross has traditionally
been a symbol representing Christianity
or Christendom as a whole, and is the
best-known symbol of Christianity.
Star and crescent - The star and crescent
symbol was used as the flag of the
Ottoman Empire from 1844. It was only
gradually associated with Islam, in
particular, due to its ubiquitous use in
the decorations of Ottoman mosques in
the late 19th century. It was only
occasionally adopted as an emblem of
Islamic organizations, such as the All-
India Muslim League in 1940 (later
becoming the Flag of Pakistan), and the
US American Nation of Islam in the
1970s.
Jewish flags - featuring hexagrams
alongside other devices appear from As
early as the 14th or 15th century CE.
Use of the Star of David as representing
the Jewish community is first recorded
in Vienna in the 17th century CE.
Others: Philippine Flag, Philippine
Eagle, Philippine National Anthem, and
National Hero.
Cultural Practices
— Manifestation of a culture or sub-
culture, especially concerning the
traditional and customary practices of a
particular ethnic or other cultural group.
— Ex. religious and spiritual, medical
treatment, forms of artistic expressions,
culinary, housing and child-rearing
practices.
Examples of Cultural Practices in the
Philippines: Traditional Medical
Practices- belief in "albularyo", herbal
medicines, alternative medicines, and
other home remedies.
Religious/ Spiritual Practices- Obando
Festival in Bulacan for fertility, Panaad
sa Camiguin as act of penance and
pilgrim, Feast of the Black Nazarene in
Manila, etc.
Culinary Practices- rice 3 meals a day,
Adobo, Sinigang, street foods, Balut,
rice cakes, etc..
Child-rearing Practices- respectful (used
of the words mano, po at opo),
obedience to parents and elders, no
talking back to elders, removing
footwear before entering the house,
family mealtime, ninong/ninang,
ate/kuya, punishment using belt/tsinelas.
Social Symbols and Practices —
Visible, external denotation of one's
social position, indicator of one's social
or economic status
— Common social symbols: Colors
(Black- evil, death; White- purity, peace;
Red- blood, war, possession, danger;
Purple- royalty) Examples: No mask no
entry, Social Distancing, No smoking,
Exit signs
Political Symbols and Practices
— usually used to embody an ideology,
an advocacy, or a group of people with
same principles.
— common things that are done within a
state or country, and done in the
administration, distribution and
attainment of power, bureaucratic
composition, and etc.
Example: Malacañan Palace symbol
Economic Symbols
— Stock Exchange, money, currency,
gold and petroleum, life insurance,
banking, et.
Example:
New zealand
Dollar Philippine peso
South Korean Won
Thai Baht
Philippine Economic Practices:
— Saving money using "alkansya"--
uses bamboo as a vault to their money
until it becomes full and ready to be
withdrawn by its owner.
— "Paluwagan"-- group savings where
they give their money to the money
manager
Socialization
— Central process in social life
— Learning on how our society and
specific communities, or groups works
so we can be a part of them
— Process of working together in
developing responsibility in our
community
— Also known as enculturation - occurs
when cultural knowledge is passed on to
the next bearer which will perpetuate
and ensure the continuance of their
traditions and practices
— An act of courtesy and hospitality of
Filipinos are acquired through
socialization because these two learned
with their nearest group like family and
friends
Overall Enculturation and
Socialization Process results to:
1. Identity formation
—An individual's identity is formed
through his interaction with other people
—Person's socialization with
individuals or groups allows him/her to
imbibe certain characteristics and
interests that contribute to his/her
identity
2. Norms and Values
— Are culturally determined rules that
guide people regarding what is right,
wrong, proper, and improper.
— Creates predictability in daily affairs
and interactions, making it easier to live
with other members of society
— Fundamental to the establishment of
social order in any society
3. Status
— Position that an individual can
occupy in society
— Not a ranked position, but simply a
label that implies certain roles that must
be performed
a. Achieved Status –
a' person has earned or chosen based on
his/her abilities and hard work.
b. Ascribed Status - not earned, and it
is not something that people have
control over.
Ex. race or sex
Types of Socialization
1. Primary Socialization
—Occurs early in a child's lifestyle and
is primarily due to have an impact
directly from the family and close
friends
 — Through fundamental socialization, a
baby learns basic societal norms and
customs.
Ex. Mano or pagmamano as an
"honoring-gesture" to the elders
2. Secondary Socialization — Occurs
when a person learns on appropriate
behavior to be displayed within a
smaller group which still part of a larger
society. — Ex Joining a club or
organization in college, getting
employed in a new workplace
3. Anticipatory Socialization —
Adolescence (10-19) is initiated
between the ages of childhood and
adulthood. — They learn about their
group culture and what they should
expect in the future 4. Professional or
Developmental Socialization —Occurs
during the early years of an individual's
life — it develops his skills and attitudes
for the future and prepares him for the
various roles and responsibilities that he
will assume as an adult.
5. Re-Socialization
— When an individual moves to a new
group, he has to learn the new values
and beliefs of the new group - this helps
the person to get used to the new ways
of life.
Parts of Socialization
1. Context
— Denotes culture, language, social
structures, and the individual's rank
within them
— Includes the history and roles played
by the people and institutions in the past
2. Content and Process
— Work or activity in socialization
— Content- refers to the details of what
passed from a member to a new member
— Process- interactions and ways these
new norms, values, and customs are
thought to a novice.
3. Results and Outcomes
— Refers to what happens to an
individual after being exposed to a
particular contents and process.
Social Group
— Is two or more people who identify
with and engage with each other
— As an individual, you may be a
member of a religious group, an ethnic
group, a working colleague group, a
college class, a sports team, and so on -
these are also referred to as social
groups.
Types of Groups According to
Influence:
Primary Groups
— Involve interaction among members
who have an emotional investment or
attachment in one another and situation,
who know one another intimately and
interact total individuals
Ex. relationships between friends,
husband and wife, parent and child, and
teacher and pupil.
Secondary Groups
— Usually have specific goals, are
formally organized, and are impersonal.
Tend to be larger than the primary
group, and its members do not
necessarily interact with all other
members.
Ex. between clerk and customers,
announcer and listener, performer and
spectator, and officer and subordinate.
Types of group according to
membership
In-groups
— Is a social group to which a person
psychologically identifies as being a
member. Out-groups
— Is a social group with which an phenomenon and the institutions that
individual does not identify. socialize it are important.
Reference Group
— a group or social category that an
individual uses to help define beliefs, Institutions are the body of society and
attitudes, and values and to guide form it in ways that are tied to one
behavior another. Attitudes, thoughts, behaviors,
— provide a comparison against which and feelings are the components of
people measure themselves and others personality that develop in diverse social
a. Normative Reference Group - settings.
influences your norms, attitudes, and
values through direct interaction
b. Comparative Reference Group -
group of individuals whom you compare
yourself against and may strive to be
like.
Function of Social
Organizations:
1. Socialization
— several organizations uphold social
standards by communicating them to the
participants in their activities.
— The socialization process begins at
birth and lasts until death.
— Humans are constantly discovering
new things.
— The process of introducing a person
to social life or learning the norms of
social groupings is known as
socialization. This pattern continues
through the organizations where people
reside. They understand the cultural
mores only in organizations.
Example:
— Families convey the fundamental
practices called cultural mores.
— The local community educates social
attitudes and academic institutions guide
acceptable social behavior. — The shops
and bazaars direct the business relations.
— Religious institutions support the
ethical community interaction of
religion.
2. Culture Transmission
— Every organization is a
representation of the cultural structure.
— The stock of cultural context remains
dead if not passed along with a
modification.
— Each generation contributes
something from its own experience
when passing on knowledge to
upcoming generations. The pattern of
transfer is accomplished by both official
and informal learning.
Example:
— Families convey the fundamental
practices called cultural mores.
— The markets have this function.
— The martial traditions, the mosques,
the labor force, the bus ride, and the
management of public activities are all
societies that pass along cultural
qualities.
3. Purpose
— Every institution is established for
the fulfillment of a special purpose.
Example:
— All organizations are created to fulfil
a particular function. Harvard University
gives education of outstanding quality.
— A community can access medical
facilities at hospitals.
4. Personality Development
The organization influences the
personalities of the individuals.
Example:
— A baby born to an Indian or
Pakistani family who has been
socialized in America would exhibit
American personality features within
one to ten years of life.
— It implies that personality is not the
result of biology. It is a sociological