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Anc ien t Greece
' T
") I
Ancient Greece
A POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL HISTORY
FOURTH ED I T I O N
Sarah B. Pomeroy
Hunter College and the City University of
New York Graduate Center, Emerita
Stanley M. Burstein
California State University, Los Angeles, Emeritus
Walter Donlan t
University of California, Irvine, Emeritus
David W . Tandy
University of Leeds
with
Georgia Tsouvala
Illinois State University
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprod uced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any fo rm or by any means, without
the prior permission in writing of Oxford Un iversity Press, or as expressly
permitted by law, by license, or under temlS agreed with the appropriate
reproduction rights organization. lnquiries concerning reprod uction outside
the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford
University Press, at the add ress above.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed by L.SC Communications, United States of America
To the memory of our parents
and of Alexandra Pomeroy,
beloved daughter of Sarah Pomeroy
C O N TE NTS
Introduc tion 1
A Bird's-Eye View of Greek History 1
Sources: How We Know About the Greeks 4
Retrieving the Past: The Material Record 5
Retrieving the Past: The Written Record 6
Periodization 7
Frogs Around a Pond 8
City-States 8
Greek City-States 9
CHAPTER ONE
vii
The Years of Glory (c. 1400-1200 sc) 38
The End of the Mycenaean Civilization 51
C H AP T lR 1 \\0
C H A P TER THRE E J1
Arc h aic G reece (750/700-480 BC) 101
Sources for the Seventh and Sixth Centuries 104
The Formation of the City-State (Polis)105
Government in the Ea rly City-States 107
Emigration and Expansion: The Colonizing Movement 110
Economic and Social Divisions in the Early Poleis 116
Hesiod: The View from Outside 120
The Hoplite Army 124
The Archaic Age Tyrants 126
Art and Architecture 130
Lyric Poetry 135
Philosophy and Science 142
Panhellenic Religious Institutions 145
Relations Among States 148
C H APT ER FI V l
C H A P TER SIX
C H APTER SEVEN
ix
Greece After the Thirty Years' Peace 279
The Breakdown of the Peace 282
Resources for War 287
Intellectual Life in Fifth-Century Greece 288
Historical and Dramatic Literature of the Fifth Century 291
Currents in Greek Thought and Ed ucation 303
The Physical Space of the Polis: Athens on the
Eve of War 310
C H APTER El(,HT ~
CHAPTER NINE
CHAPTER T~c.N
X
Macedonian Society and Kingship 411
The Reign of Philip II 415
Macedonian Domination of Greece 426
CHAPTER ELEVEN~
EPILOGU E 515
The Arrival of the Romans 519
A Greco-Roman World 526
xi
Glossary 535
Art and lllustratiou Credits 548
Index 555
Color plates follow pp. 178 and 386
xii
M A P AND B
,
ATT L E PL AN S
xiii
,-
P R E F A C E
T his book is designed to share with readers a rich and complex vision of an-
cient Greece that has been forged by the collaboration of several scholars with
different backgrounds and varying interests. We undertook the writing of the first
edition over two decades ago because of our frustration in the search for a single
volume that provided readers with a comprehensive history of Greek civilization
from its beginnings in the second millennium sc through the Hellenistic era. At
that time it had been more than a quarter of a century since the last attempt to tell
the story of Greece in depth from the Bronze Age though the Hellenistic era. We
hoped that what we wrote would be useful and give pleasure both to the general
reader and to the student who is asked to read it in college. Our intent was to write
a book that was long enough to provide depth and detail, and short enough to
enable the instructor to assign primary so urces that would expand the student's
understanding of a world that is both familiar and alien. It would also incorporate
the fruits of the most recent scholarship, while providing a balance between po-
litical, military, social, cultural, and economic history. The many kind words and
reviews our book received indicated that we achieved our goals.
Scholarship does not stand still, however. Since the publication of the third edi-
tion of Ancient Greece, exciting discoveries have been made in all areas of Greek his-
tory. Incorporating the results of this scholarship in this new edition has been both
challenging and pleasurable. In the process we have reviewed every paragraph,
revised and expanded the suggested readings, and improved the illustration pro-
gram. We have paid particular attention to the finds of underwater archaeologists.
As before, we have profited enormously from the work of innumerable scholars
whose names never appear in our book. We are also greatly indebted to Charles
Cavaliere of the Oxford University Press and his excellent staff for their support
and help; we are very grateful to the following readers who took time out from
busy schedules to examine our work and make numerous useful criticisms and
suggestions: Daniel Christensen, Biola University; Diana Harris Cline, George
Washington University; David Graf, University of Miami; Philip Kaplan, Univer -
sity of North Florida; Elizabeth Kosmetatou, University of lllinois- Springfield;
xiv
Vincent Tomasso. We are equally grateful to the readers of the past who helped
us prepare previous editions.
We must also thank Robert Lejeune, who offered computer assistance when
it was most needed and endured our assorted technoflubs with remarkable pa-
tience; thanks too, again, to Lee Harris Pomeroy for help and advice on the art pro-
gram. Finally, we acknowledge with thanks the publishers who have generously
granted permission to quote from translations published by them. All translations
from Herodotus and Thucydides are from Walter Blanco's version in the Norton
Critical Editions of those authors. Similarly, all translations from Xenophon's
Hel/enica are from John Marincola's version in the Landmark Xenophon's He/lenika.
All unattributed translations in the text are by the authors.
The authors would also like to call the reader's attention to three features of
our book: the timeline at the beginning, which provides a brief but comprehensive
overview of Greek history; the extensive glossary at the end, which provides cap-
sule descriptions of many of the terms that occur in the book; and the color plates,
which bring our readers closer to the physical reality of the remarkable objects and
buildings the Greek created. Abbreviations for standard works follow those used
in The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
We are particularly fortunate to have found an expert in the period of Roman
Greece to work with us on this edition of Ancient Greece, Professor Georgia Tsou-
vala of Illinois State University, who has provided a rich account of this important
phase of Greek history. We hope this new edition will, like its predecessor, help
teachers, students, and general readers explore and enjoy the fascinating history
of ancient Greece.
XV
TR ANS L AT I O N S U SE D BY
P E RMI SS ION
,-
Barker, Ernest, and R. F. Stailey. 1998. The Politics of Aristotle. Oxford : Oxford University
Press.
Blanco, Walter. 2013. Tire Histories, from Herodotus: Tire Histories, Walter Blanco and Jennifer
Roberts, eds., 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton.
- - - . 1998. The Peloponnesian War, from Tlrucydides: The Peloponnesian War, Walter Blanco
and Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, eds. New York: W. W. Norton.
Brunt, P. A. 1976. Arrian: Anabasis of Alexander. Vol. I. loeb Classical library. Can1bridge,
MA and london: Harvard Un iversity Press.
Burstein, Stanley M. 1985. The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of lpsos to the Death of Kleopatra
VII. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chinnock, E. J. 1893. Arrian's Anabasis of Alexander and Indica. London and New York: G.
Bell &Sons.
Clayman, Dee l. 2014. Berenice II and tire G<!Jden Age of Ptolemaic Egypt. Oxford: Oxford Uni-
versity Press.
Dickinson, Pa trie. 1970. Aristophanes, Plays. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gagarin, Michael, and Paul Woodruff, eds. 1995. "Encomium of Helen," in Early Greek Po-
litical Thought from Homer to the Sophists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Green, Peter. 1997. The Argonautika: Tire Story of Jason and the Quest for tire Golden Fleece.
Berkeley and los Angeles, University of California Press.
Hanson, Ann. 1975. "Hippocrates: Diseases of Women 1," Signs 1:567-584.
Heisserer, A. J. 1980. In Alexander tire Great and the Greeks: The Epigraphic Evidence. Nom1an:
University of Oklahoma Press.
Jameson, M. 1970. "A Decree of Themistodes from Troizen," Hesperia 29 (1960): 200-201,
modified by P. Green. 1970. Xerxes at Salamis. New York and london: Praeger.
Kitzinger, Rachel. 2016. Medea, from Tire Greek Plays, Mary Lefkowitz and James Romm, ed.
New York: Penguin Random House.
Lombardo, Stanley. 1997. Homer, Iliad. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
Lombardo, Stanley. 2000. Homer, Odyssey. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
Marchant, E. C. 1925. Xenophon. Vol. 7, Scripta Mirwra.loeb Classical Library. Can1bridge, MA.
xvi
Marincola, John. 2009. Tire Hel/enika, from Tire Landmark Xenoplron's Hellenika, Robert B.
Strassler, ed. New York: Random House.
Nisetich, Frank. 2005. Tire New Posidippus: A Hellenistic Poetry Book, Kathryn Gutzwiller, ed.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- - -. 2016. Antigone, from The Greek Plays, Mary Lefkowitz and James Romm, ed. New
York: Penguin Random House.
Papillon, Terry l. 2004. !socrates l1. Tire Oratory of C/assicnl Greece. Austin, Texas: University
of Texas Press.
Parker, Douglass. 1969. Lysistrata, from Aristophanes: Four Comedies, William Arrowsmith,
ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Pomeroy, Sarah B. 1994. Xenoplron: Oeconomiws, A Social and Historical Commentnry. Oxford:
Clarendon Press.
Pomeroy, Sarah B. 2002. Spartan Women. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ronm1, James. 2016. Tire Persians, from The Greek Plnys, Mary Lefkowitz and James Ronm1,
ed. New York: Penguin Random House.
Ruden, Sarah. 2016. Agamemnon, from Tire Greek Plnys, Mary Lefkowitz and James Ronm1,
ed. New York: Penguin Random House.
Saunders, A. N. W. 1975. Demosthenes and Aeschines. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
Scott-Kilvert, Ian. 1960. The Rise and Fall of Athens: Nine Greek Lives by Plutarch. Harmond-
sworth, UK: Penguin.
Sherman, C. L. 1954. Diodorus of Sicily, Library of History. Vol. VI. loeb Classical Ubrary.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Tandy, David W., and Walter C. Neale, trs. and eds. 1996. Hesiod's Works and Days: A Trans-
lation and Commentnry for the Social Sciences (© by the Regents of the University of
California). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of Ca lifornia Press.
Todd, 0. J. 1968. Xenophon: Memorabilia and Oeconomicus. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univer-
sity Press.
Verity, Anthony. 2008. Pindnr. Tire Complete Odes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Waterfield, Robin. 1994. Plato. Symposium. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- - - . 1998. Plutnrch. Greek Lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Welles, C. B. 1934. Royal Correspondence in the Hellenistic Period. London: Yale University
Press.
West, M. I. 1991. Greek Lyric Poetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- - -. 2005. "A New Sappho Poem." Times Literary Supplement, June 26.
xvii
T I MELINE
,
xviii
Political & Cultural
Period Military Events Social Events Development
1200-900
Early Iron Age I
War"
(Submycenaean 1125-1050)
(Protogeometric 1050-900) 1050 Small chiefdoms 1050 Iron technology
established; migrations of
mainland Greeks to Ionia
750/700-480
Archaic Period (Late
730-700 First Messenian
War; Lelantine War
750-700 City·states
emerge
750-720 Iliad and
Odyssey composed
-
first O lym pian games
Geometric 750-700)
750 Overseas colonization 720 "Orientalizing
to the West begins period" in art begins
xix
Political & Cultu ral
Period Military Events Social Events D eve lopment
582-573 Pythian,
Isthmian~ Nemean
games inaugurated
XX
Political & Cultural
Period Military Events Social Events Development
480-479 Battles
of Thermopylae,
Artemisium1 Salamis,
Plataea, Mycale; Xerxes
driven from Greece
xxi
Political & Cultu ral
Period Military Events Social Events Deve lopment
xxii
Political & Cultural
Pe riod Milita ry Events Social Events D evelop m ent
Serious population
decline in Sparta;
impoverished class of
" Infe riors" at Sparta;
increasing am ount of
property in hands of
Spartan wom e n
xxiii
Political & Cultural
Period Military Events Social Events Development
xxiv
Political & Cultural
Pe riod Milita ry Events Social Events D evelop m ent
300-246 Construction
of the Pharos
283 Death of Ptolemy I;
accession of Ptolemy II 283-222 Works
of Theocritus,
CaUimachus,
Apollonius of Rhodes
281 Battle of 281 Deaths of
Corupedium Lysimachus and
Seleucus
279 Invasion of Gauls 27Q-215 Hiero U's reign at
Syracuse
264-146 Punic Wars 241 Sicily becomes a 246 Eratosthenes
Ro man province becom es librarian at
Alexandria
229 Rome intervenes 237-222 Reign of
militarily in lllyria Cleomenes Ul at Sparta
222 Battle of Sellasia 222 Exile of Cleomenes
Ill; end of his reforms at
Sparta
XXV
Political & Cultu ral
Period Military Events Social Events D eve lopment
2()()-197 Second
Macedonian War
1% Flamininus proclaims
freedom of the Greeks at
Isthmian games
171-168 Third 179-168 Reign of Perseus
Macedonian War in Macedon
xxvi
Political & Cultural
Period Milita ry Events Social Events D evelop m ent
xxvii
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