HIGH DIMENSIONAL

DATA
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION

Definition: High-dimensional data refers to data with a large number of

variables/features. It typically involves datasets where the number of features
exceeds the number of observations.

Importance: Understanding high-dimensional data is crucial in fields like

genomics, finance, image processing, and machine learning, where the
complexity and volume of data can be overwhelming.
GOAL OF DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION
CHALLENGES IN HIGH DIMENSION DATA

Curse of Dimensionality: As the number of dimensions increases, the volume

of the space increases exponentially, making data points sparse and harder
to analyze.

Overfitting: Models with too many features can fit the training data too
closely, capturing noise instead of the underlying pattern.

Computational Complexity: High-dimensional data requires significant

computational resources for processing and analysis.
PURPOSE OF VISUALIZING HIGH DIMENSIONAL DATA

The purpose of visualizing high-dimensional data is to provide a more accessible

and insightful representation of complex information, facilitating pattern
recognition and understanding in a way that is comprehensible to human
perception.
Pattern Recognition:High-dimensionional data often contains intricate patterns
and relationships among variables that may not be apparent in raw numerical
form.
Dimensionality Reduction:Visualization techniques, such as scatter plots,
heatmaps, or parallel coordinates, enable the reduction of data dimensions
while preserving essential information.
Interpretability and Communication:
Visualizations make it easier to communicate findings to non-technical
stakeholders. Graphical representations provide a more intuitive
understanding of the data compared to raw numbers.
Interpretability is enhanced when complex relationships are presented
visually, fostering better communication between data scientists and
decision-makers.
Feature Importance:
In machine learning and statistics, understanding the importance of
different features is crucial. Visualizing high-dimensional data helps in
assessing the relevance and impact of each variable on the overall
dataset.
TECHNIQUES FOR VISUALIZING HIGH DIMENSIONAL DATA

Principal Component Analysis (PCA):

is a dimensionality reduction technique that transforms high-dimensional data into a
lower-dimensional form while preserving as much variance as possible.

Consider a dataset with 100 samples and 50

features each. By applying PCA, you might reduce
it to 2 or 3 principal components,which can then
be plotted ina 2D or 3D scatter plot.
 t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding:
t-SNE is a non-linear dimensionality reduction technique particularly well-suited for
visualizing high-dimensional data. It minimizes the divergence between two
distributions: one that measures pairwise similarities of the input objects in the high-
dimensional space and one that measures pairwise similarities of the corresponding
low-dimensional points.

How to Use t-SNE?

1. Compute Pairwise Similarities: Calculate the pairwise similarities in the high-
dimensional space.
2. Minimize Divergence: Use gradient descent to minimize the divergence between the
high-dimensional and low-dimensional similarities.
 Parallel Coordinates
Parallel coordinates are a common way of visualizing high-dimensional data. Each
feature is represented as a vertical axis, and each data point is represented as a line that
intersects each axis at the corresponding feature value.

How to Use Parallel Coordinates?

1. Normalize the Data: Ensure that all
features are on a comparable scale.
2. Plot the Data: Draw lines for each
data point across the vertical axes.
NON-LINEAR EMBEDDINGS
 Radial Basis Function Networks (RBFNs)
Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs), Radial Basis Function Networks (RBFNs) are a type of
artificial neural network that leverages radial basis functions as activation functions. They
are particularly effective for tasks such as function approximation, time series prediction,
classification, and control. Neural networks that generate a low-dimensional
representation of high-dimensional data.
 Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP)
UMAP is a relatively new technique for dimensionality reduction that is similar to t-SNE
but often faster and better at preserving the global structure of the data. UMAP
constructs a high-dimensional graph of the data and then optimizes a low-dimensional
graph to be as structurally similar as possible.
ISOMAP
CONCLUSION

Summary: High-dimensional data presents unique challenges and

opportunities. Effective handling involves techniques like feature selection,
dimensionality reduction, and regularization.
Key Takeaways: Understanding the importance of managing high-
dimensional data, the common techniques used, and their applications in
various fields.