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Experiment Name : Verification of Superposition Theorem.

Objectives :
1. To verify Superposition Theorem
Apparatus :
• Trainer Board
• DMM
• 1 x 3.3kΩ resistor
• 1 x 4.7 kΩ resistor
• 1 x 1 kΩ resistor
Theory : The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current
through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages
across (or currents through) that element due to each independent source
acting alone.
The principle of superposition helps us to analyze a linear circuit with more
than one independent source by calculating the contribution of each
independent source separately
Resistor’s Colour Code :
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Formula : AB * 10^c (+-) Tolerance

Circuit Diagram :

Experimental Procedure :
1. Setting up the Circuit:
 Connecting all resistors according to the circuit diagram on a
breadboard .
 Using wires to establish connections between the resistors and the
power supply.
2. Measuring Resistance:
 Using the Digital Multimeter(DMM) to measure the resistance of
each resistor individually.
 Also recording the values of resistance for each resistor.
3. Applying Voltage:
 Connecting the power supply to the circuit and setting it to a
specific voltage.
 It is necessary to ensure the power supply is off initially to prevent
any short circuits.
4. Measuring Current and Voltage:
 Using the DMM with both voltage source connected to the circuit,
measure 𝐼2 , 𝑉𝑅1, 𝑉𝑅2,𝑉𝑅3 and record the values.
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Results :
In the results section, we observed the responses of the system to
individual input stimuli and their combinations. Voltage and current
measurements were taken across key points in the circuit. By applying
the superposition theorem, we analyzed these responses separately and
then combined them to predict the overall response when all stimuli
were present. The experimental data closely matched the theoretical
predictions based on the superposition principle, confirming its validity
within the tested system. However, minor discrepancies were noted,
likely due to experimental uncertainties and limitations. Overall, the
results provide strong evidence for the applicability of the superposition
theorem in our experimental setup.

Question and Answers

1. The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current
through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the
voltages across (or currents through) that element due to each
independent source acting alone.
2. Calculating all theoretical values:
Applying mesh analysis in circuit 1:
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-10 +3.3 I1 + 1(I1-I2) =0

 4.3 I1 -I2 =10…….. i

5 + 1(I2-I1)+ 3.3 I2 =0
 -I1 +5.7I2 =-5………ii

Now(by using calculator)

I1 = 2.21 mA
I2 = -0.489 mA
Therefore
VR1 =2.21*3.3=7.293 V
VR2 =(2.21+0.489)*1=2.7 V
VR3 = -0.489*4.7=-2.29 V

In circuit 2,
I’2 = 10/(3.3+(1||4.7))= 2.42mA
V’R1 = (3.3*10)/( 3.3+(1||4.7))= 8V
V’R2=VR3= (1||4.7) *10 / 3.3+ (1||4.7) = 2V

In circuit 3,
I’’2 = 5/4.7+(3.3||1) = 0.91 mA
V’’R1 = (3.3||1) *5 / (3.3||1) +4.7 = -0.7V (negative because we have to take
similar
red prob black prob as the circuit 1)

V’’R2 = 0.7V
V’’R3 = 4.7 *5 / (3.3||1) +4.7= -4.3V
3. Using measured data,

I’2 +I’’2 = 2.03+0.7= 2.73mA = I2

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V’’R1 +V’’R1= 7.91-0.707=7.2V = VR1

V’’R2 +V’’R2= 2.03+0.707=2.737V= VR2
V’’R3 +V’’R3= 2.03-4.27=-2.24V = VR3

So, we can see that the values of circuit 2 and circuit 3 added up to the
values of circuit 1. As a result this circuit follows the superposition
theorem.

4. Calculating % Errors:

I2 = ( | 2.7 – 2.72 | /2.1) *100%= 0.74%

I’2 = ( | 2.42 – 2.3 | /2.42) *100%= 4.9%
I’’2= ( | 0.91 – 0.7 | /0.91) /*100%= 5.9%

VR1= ( | 7.293 – 7.22 | /7.293) *100%= 1%

VR2= ( | 2.7 – 2.73 | /2.7) / *100%= 1.1%
VR3= ( | -2.29 – (-2.25) /-2.29) *100%= 1.7%

V’R1= ( | 8– 7.91 | /8) *100%= 1.125%

V’R2= ( | 2 – 2.03 | /2) *100%= 1.5%
V’R3= ( | 2 – 2.03 | /2) *100%= 1.5%

V’’R1= ( | -0.7 – (-0.707 )| /0.7) *100%= 1%

V’’R2= ( | 0.7 – 0.707 | /0.7) *100%= 1%
V’’R3= ( | 4.3 – 4.27 | /4.3) *100%= 0.63%

Discussion : The experiment mostly reflected on verification on Superposition

Theorem. By using this, we can easily find the value of current and voltage of a
circuit with multiple sources because circuit with multiple sources are difficult
to solve but using superposition theorem it can be done easily. Here we can see
that the values of circuit 2 and circuit 3 added up to the circuit 1 which is
verified that our experimental circuit follows the superposition theorem.
However there is some negligible % error present due to various calculation.
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Name : Tanvir Alam Fahim ID : 2311477042

Name : Tasfia Haque Shailee ID : 2222426642

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Name : Shraboni Biswas ID : 2312432042

Name : Nafis Adnan ID : 2312447042