PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

(Summarized)

Grade 12- Bagras

Submitted by;

Humanities and Social Sciences

Abaquita, Christian Jeey N. Mamadra Bai Norhaina G.

Sicat, Niko Ambas Alysa D.

Gavino, Jeo Clark Palero, Pre Cious

Noble, Seane Micheale Vilo, Julance

Mama, Jemboy N.

Odonzo, Randy Jr.

Pepugal, Carl James T.

Pepugal, Jhules Raine T.

Pialago, Joshua D.

General Academic Strand- Students

Allon, Renante Ablan Marjeri

Almo, Jerald Gunday, Jerna

Depedro, Ellaine Gaspar, Ronnalyne C.

Padza, Al-Nasheeff Ravelo, Florabel

Villanueva, Aljon A. Sagudang, Ediana

Konsing, Norhanna Mat, Jeressa G.

Karon, Bai Noruhanie G.

Sultan Rakim, Mariel A.

Abo, Bai Shiera H.

 UNIT

1
BASIC CONCEPTS OF POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

The lesson in this unit are interactions of the basic concepts of political sciences which
are essential in the study of politics and governance of the country in the succesting
units. Some of the concepts include terms with various difference depending on the
perspective of frameworks, used by certain authors or experts on the subject. Thus it is
important that the students summarized, contextualize, and create their own definition of
each term.

LESSON 1

Politics, Governance, and other Key Concepts

‘Man by nature is a political animal’

-Aristotle

Political science deals with the study of power in society, politics, and governance.
The dynamic character of human society and the differences in concepts of different
state have resulted in different views, theories and definitions on the concepts of politics
and governance.

The Greek formulated the word politics during the 4 th and 5th century. Politics was
inseparable from life in the polis or a place or state shared by a certain group of people.

This concept of politics may be as old as the first organization created by man.

According to Aristotle and plato, humans are not self-sufficing so they they find the need
to come together as a community.

Social contract theorists like Thomas hobbes , jean -Jacques Rousseau, and john
locke during the 17th ang 18th century Europe stressed the hypothetical state of nature
that was devoid of any kind of government. This state of nature is often violent and
chaotic ; therefor people enter themselves into a social contract ,written unwritten
binding agreement among the people that bids for the creation of government (baradat
1997)

Politics science in the academic discipline that deal with key issues and concepts in
politics. Nicolo Matchivali is widely accepted as the father of modern political science
because of his discussion on maintaining power in his books “The Prince and
Discourses”.
Power (source of authority), the right types of constitution and government (different
types of governments and states), political structures (different ideologies in a state) and
right and virtous leaderships.

Politics deals with power in society general, governance especially deals with power in
government and how this institution exerts power for the benefits on the society.

Political Theory deals with the different perspective and ideas regarding politics and
governance of different political philosophers from the ancient times like Aristotle to
Nicolo Matchivali to the time of industrial revolution through Karl Marx and
contemporary political philosophers like Hannah Arendt.

Comparative Politics is about comparing various political system and different

constitutions among different countries through time. This type of study is not new for it
was made by Aristotle and Plato during the golden age of ancient Greece in their
influential work (Roskin Et al 2007).

International Relation bear resemblance to comparative politics, but instead of

comparing, it concentrate on establishing and maintaining relations among countries
through time. And by relation those who are studying this field attempt on maintaining
peaceful and diplomatic relation among countries (Roskin Et al 2007).

Law is another central concept in politics and governance. Law basically any written
statement that limits or guides the behavior of a certain group. Politics as the arts and
science of government (Roskin Et al 2007).

The knowledge of politics and governance therefore is a critical attribute of a citizen

belonging to a certain state. Ancient Greece, anyone who was ignorant of the law and
the political processes of the polis was considered and idiot (Curtis 1981).
LESSON 2.

Classical to Modern Political Ideologies

“A state is a better governed which has but few laws, and those laws strictly observed”

-Rene Descartes

To study various issues in politics and governance, it is important to know the different
theories, frameworks, and ideologies involved.

Its theory or ideology in the study of politics has an underlying historical factors that
affected in development.

The goal of every government is to mobilize its citizens to achieve a common end, that
is, the welfare of the state as a whole. As a guide ,governments use ideologies to help
them consolidate the support of their constituents. It is also through ideology that civil
societies go against oppressive governments.

Ideology is basically defined as political statement that aims to call upon massive mass
or government action to achieve a relatively better political and economic condition
(baradat 1997).

At the left side of the spectrum are the liberals and the radicals who are by nature anti-
status through the radicals push for more extreme change in the politics system, both
the radicals and the liberals aim for progressive change in the state.

1. Conservatism as the name implies, one is focused on conserving something

it is characterized by a resistant to change, adherent to limited human
freedom as it chooses to maintain traditional value and as some extreme
various distrust to human reasoning and nature of anti-engagement (surgent
2009)

2. Liberalism it can be said that liberalism is the opposite of conservatism for it

favor change, refers more freedom and his as a more opportunity to human
reasoning and nature (surgent 2009)

3. Marxism one should be careful in branding communism, socialism, or any

other similar ideologies us Marxism because they may not necessarily reflect
the ideas of Karl Marx some social scientists do not even consider Kark Marx
 as Marxise some of ideological and conceptual basis of Marxism are the
following:

a. Alienation. This is the relationship between two or more people or parts

of oneself in which one is out off from , a stranger or alien , the others
(sargent 2009) .

b. Class Struggle. Karl marx also noted the struggle between the
bourgeoise (the capitalize or middle class) and the proletarian (workers.)

c. Materialism. Marxism and the offshoots of this ideology offer a complex

perspective ang usage of materialism .

d. Revolution. Almost all theories and ideologies related to marxism

consider preclaimming revolution as the way to change the system.

4. Anarchism. While most people are familiar with how anarchy is popularly
used to mean chaos due to the nonexistence of control mechanisms, the idea
behind it is actually more on peaceful coexistence and equally.

5. Libertarianism. This is another version of anarchism but involves the

government in a minimal role such as ensuring the safety of everyone and
fairness in whatever contracts or dealings (Sargent 2009) .

Learning about political ideologies is advantageous is understanding certain political

contexts. In the Philippines, different political ideologies like marxism and communism
have effected different political- historical events such as first quarter storm during the
marcos dictactorship and the information of different insurgent in the country like the
new people’s army (NPA) of the communist party of the Philippines (CPP).
LESSON 3:

NATURE, FORMS, AND CONSEQUENCES OF POWER

“Knowledge will give you power, but character respect.”

-Bruce Lee

One of the central concepts and issues of political science is power: Who wields it?
How is it shared, checked, or monopolized? How can power and its consequences be
controlled to gain benefits?

You may not know it but we be affected by the play of power, in its political sense, in
our everyday life. In the same way, each of us wields power on other people, things, or
situations.

Power in the natural sciences can be established through a single equation, which
signifies the quantifiable nature of physical power. Power in society, and by extension,
the social sciences, on the other hand, is, more complicated because it is continuously
being molded by the dynamic nature of society and the objective and subjective
capacity of man.

Dahl (1950) defined power in society as the ability of person A or institution A to make
person B or institution B do something that person B or institution B, on his or her its
own, would not do. From the said definition, power in society spans a board spectrum of
meaning that includes force, authority, influence, and most of the time, coercion.

In their attempt to classify and better understand power, barnett and Duval (Pallaver
2011) created the taxonomy of power with four major types;

1. Compulsory power- the direct control of one actor of the conditions and action
of another.
 2. Institutional power – the direct ways in which an actor affects another. An
example in the use of rules or the law to impose order.

3. Structural power – basically looks at the position and the roles of various actors
in relation to each other.

4. Productivity power – similar to structural power that into the relative position of
the actors, the social productivity of their roles, and how the roles affect the
actors perceptions and action.

According to Aristotle in his Politics, there are situations where power in government
is corrupted by the personal and selfish goals of individuals. Because these egoistic
goals, Individuals pursue laws and intervene with social services to eve personal rather
than communal gains. This is true throughout the history of man wherein various
individuals identified by Thomas Carlyle (1841) as "Great Men" history, such as
dictators and despots like Pol Pot and Adolf Hitler who used the power vested on them
by their respective governments to pursue personal ambitions over the welfare of their
people.

In studying politics, we must be aware and accept the fact that power, as a central
concept, is dynamic and has different forms, depending on who is imposing power, and
how that power is expressed.
LESSON 4

State and Nation in the Age of Globalization

Globalization means we have to re examine our ideas, and look at ideas from other
countries, other cultures, and open ourselves to them."

-Herbie Hancock

Nation and state are two similar and sometimes interchangeable yet differen
concepts in political science. This lesson clarifies the characteristics of the two concept
that make them similar, as well as those that show their differences.

The concept of globalization is relatively new. Globalization is an event and issue

that affects all fields of study, from the social sciences, natural sciences, to humanities
This lesson provides the definitions of globalization, as well as gives perspective of how
globalization affects political processes in our country.

Nation and state are two different but interlinked concepts, Different in the sense that
noter in a more cultural and identity-based term, while state mainly refers to political
entity bounded by a territory and headed by a government (Quilop 2006).

Both nation and state share the fact that they refer to a single group of people despite
the difference on how these groups are organized, with one stressing a more cultural
organization and the other a more political one. However, these concepts complement
each other and their combined assumptions of the cultural and political make up for a
stronger organization.

Thus is the creation of the concept nation-state, which generally refers to a political
unit with a defined territory, government, and constituents that more share the same
culture and identity. In a nation-state, the political organization and the government are
supported by a cultural base of imagined unity and identity presented by Benedict
Anderson in his most influential work on nationalism, Image Communities (1991).

During the late 19th century and 20th century, the creation of nation-states was
experienced in Southeast Asia, following the decolonization process that started with
the loss of Spanish control over the Philippines in 1898. Decolonization was hastened
by different political and economic turmoil in both Europe and Asia in the 20th century,
such as the First and Second World Wars. These political upheavals ultimately led to
the reconfiguration of power from the Europeans to the two superpowers, the Union
Soviet Socialists Republic (USSR) and the United States of America (USA), and the
consequent loss of more European colonies in Southeast Asia such as Singapore from
the British, and Vietnam from the French,

However, with the advent of globalization, the defined physical and cultural
boundaries of nation-states are now being threatened by a new type of order that some
scholars claim to have taken its roots on various historical processes such a the
colonization during the 16th century, Globalization is a process of interaction and
integration of every landscape in the planet (Levin Institute 2015). To borrow Arjun
Appadural's terms (Appadurai 1996), these landscapes include the technoscape
(technology), financescape (economics), ethnoscape (culture and social life), and
ideoscapes (ideas).

Globalization is a process that is slowly changing things into one complex scheme
that transcends cultural, political, and social boundaries-a system devoid of spatial
restraints that ultimately challenges the very existence of nation-states.
LESSON 5;

Forms of Government

Let us never forget that government ourselves and not an alien power over us The
ultimate rulers of our democracy are not a President and senators and congressmen
and government officials, but the voters of this country

-Franklin D. Roosevelt

Some countries, are ruled by one persons others by a group there are leaders
chosen by the people, there are those who became leaders by birthright. There are
persons or groups who are given all the powers to manage the government and the
country, while in other places, power is divided among individuals

This lesson discusses the different forms of government and their functions by
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of each form of government, we can also
explore the possibilities of improving the current system of gent in the country

The history of mankind has shown that the government, as the physical
manifestation of political power in society is also prone to the dynamic changes society.
This explains why governments take different forms

The form of government is essentially determined by the number of rulers, way

bower in exercised by these rulers, and the ideologies that guide the government It was
in ancient Greece that the forms of government that we know today we Sounded, such
as democracy (the rule of the people or the many), oligarchy (the nay of the privileged
few), and tyranny (the rule of one individual). At present, there any different terms being
used to refer to different types of regimes like constitution monarchs guided democracy,
and communist rule but they are, basically und Democracy, oligarchy, and tyranny,It is
interesting to note that Aristotle considered the three forms of government examples of
bad governments, to Politics, he included the "good version of each for of "bad"
government.

Kingship of monarchy for Aristotle is the good version of tyranny because the leader
rules the people with wisdom and virtue, unlike tyranny, where the leader possessed
with extreme desire to improve and empower himself/herself rather the promote welfare
to his/her constituents. Aristocracy, as the rule of the privileged few is seen by Aristotle
as the good version of oligarchy because those who are in powe belong to the upper
class, thus the assumption of virtue.

Polity is the good version of democracy. While polity is essentially the same a
democracy as the rule of the people in general, it stresses however the involvement of
the middle class in ruling, which is its crucial character. The middle class is important
because, according to Aristotle, they make up most of society; thus, they represent the
greater interest.

Other forms of government are as follows:

1. Monarchy vs. Republic. Both forms have an individual holding the power as head
of state (Center of Constitutional Dialogue 2009). While monarchy is ruled by king and
is hereditary, a republic is usually ruled by a president chasen by the people through
election.

2. Autocracy vs. Democracy. In autocracy, power is held by a single, self-appointed

ruler, its absolute form being the dictatorship. In democracy, on the other hand, power
resides with the people as they have the ability to select their leader and directly or
indirectly involve themselves in politics and governance (Center of Constitutional
Dialogue 2009).

3.Unitary State vs. Federal State. A unitary state has a central government holding
power with the capability to delegate or take back authority and function 18 and from
lower levels or offices. A federal state has a central government with the main function
of uniting several self governing states of regions the central government in a federal
state cannot duly interfere or immediately alter the laws of the member states (Center of
Constitutional Dialogue 200

Theocracy is also another form of government that is composed of the joint rule of
the church and the state or the domination of the state by the church (Baradat 1997)

The Philippines is essentially a democratic country. Throughout our history, however,

only a few individuals or the elites have been instrumental to the forging of the country's
political character involvement of the middle class is not clearly manifested in any
significant political agendas of the government.
 UNIT

II

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

This unit focuses on the discussion of the components of Philippine politics and
governance. It starts with the discussion of the historical background of Philippine
politics to contextualize the present structure. After understanding the historical causes
and factors that affect the political system in the country at present, basic information on
the branches of the Philippine government, as well as how they operate from the
national to the local level, will also be discussed.

LESSON 6:

Politics in the Pre-Spanish to Spanish Period

"Leadership is not about titles positions, or flowcharts. It is about one life influencing
another -John C. Maxwell

There are two misconceptions about Philippine politics that must be corrected. First
that there was no politics in the Philippines prior to colonization period, by definition of
politics and leaders are chosen, there is already a play of power even without the group
being aware of such concept. Additionally, there are accounts or that prove the
existence of politics in the Philippines prior to colonization period

The second misconception is that every issue or problem we have in politics and
governance was caused by colonization. This is not true since a lot of politics issues
and concerns we have to this day can be traced back even before colonization

The first type is the classless societies, or communities that are so small they do not
have the need to elect a leader. The need for a leader only comes with the facilitation of
hunting, but after every expedition, the appointed leader loses his power, The second
type is the warrior societies who have a defined warrior class who are also appointed
leaders for legislation, inter ethnic relations, and judicial matters. These communities
are relatively larger than the first and have more or less hostile relations with other
groups, thus the need for the warrior class.

The third type is the petty plutocracies where there is a clear division of economic
class. in most instances, the ruler of such communities comes from the privileged class,
though being a ruler also means having proven oneself to be of service to the
community. The last type would be the principalities where there is a clear class of
leaders through the datus or sultans. Most often, these communities follow the political
organization that was brought by Islam and is the strongest and most organized political
entity in Philippine pre-colonial history (Scott 1979).

From Scott's research, we are able to see that pre-colonial politics was molded by
community needs and the external influences of the Muslims and the Indian traders and
settlers in the country.

During the colonial period, the areas and the groups in the Philippines that the
Spaniards were able to occupy and influence have experienced a radical change in
politics and governance. Indigenous political systems in hispanized areas were
removed and replaced by the colonial form of government for easier management.
pursued areas in the Philippines became tied to the government in San with the king as
head, followed by the viceroy in Latin America (Gripaldo et al. 20051

Communities were arranged according to the reduccion policy that centralized

settlement around colonial institutions, such the church and municipal halls. The
governor general became the head of the colony, followed by the alcaldes and get,
governadorcillos, and cabeza de barangays (Gripaldos et al. 2005).
LESSON 7:

Democracy in the Philippines

"If you want to rebel, rebel from inside the system. That's much more powerful than
rebelling outside the system"

-Marie Lu

The early part of the lesson focused on the concept of democracy-its definition,
origins, and its ideal application. This lesson, on the other and highlights the significant
historical events in the Philippines that affected the practice of democracy the
introduction of democracy by the Americans, Martial Law period, and the EDSA
Revolution

As in the preceding this aims to show the students how to be objective its looking at
issues. Student should not be easily influenced by what they hear Thay should look
deeper for and consider all possible scenarios and causes before they gives their
opinions or pass judgements on issues. The lesson deals with the historical aspects and
factors that affects politics and governance such as the economy culture, war and
international events

Democracy has long been exercised in the ancient Greece and is now known as
the rule of people when the power in government does not emanate from the divine git
as god but from the citizens of the state. The power of people in a democratic society is
visible through the observation of freedom of expression, right to equal representation ,
right to vote for their representatives in government, and right to vote for and against
proposed legislation. Democracy introduce in the Philippines during the late 19th
century following the opening of the country's economy to the world in 1834 and the
consequent inflow and outflow of ideas and people along with trade goods.(GAETA
2005).

However it was turn the American period that democracy was used in full extent as
a political system. The defeated Spaniard during the Spanish American War In 1888
sold the Philippines to America but the filipinos chose to be independent rather than be
subjected to another colonialist, thus the Philippine American War Aher three years of
fighting, the Filipino revolutionaries surrendered to the American forces.
 Even during the Philippine-American War, the issue of what to do with the
Philippines had been a debate in the United States. Some debated for its annexation as
a colony or as a state while there were also some Americans who preferred the
Philippines to be free.

To further investigate on the matter, as well as to manage the country under the
American rule and system, the United States sent Dr. Jacob Schurman to head the
Schurman Commission in 1899 with the basic objectives of establishing the civil
government in pacified areas, as well as training and assigning Filipinos in various
government positions, among others. The Taft Commission under Judge William
Howard Taft in 1900 hastened the transition of the government from a revolutionary to a
civil and democratic one.

The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 created the Philippine Commission. The offices
of the Civil Governor and Vice Governor were created to exercise powers of the
government but would still be subject to the discretion of the President of the United
States of America. Other government offices were created to manage the country.
Electoral representation in the Philippines began with the creation of the Philippine
Assembly Philippine Assembly acted as the lower house to the Philippine Commission
and held its first election in 1907.

Democracy was further established through the 1935 Constitution 1972, the
foundation of democracy in the country was sidelined soon the declaration of Martial
Law by President Ferdinand Marcos.

The Constitution was remodeled in 1973 and for a brief period, the country
experienced a strict disciplinarian state that controlled the economy, legislation, and De
media.

Democracy was reinstated by the 1987 Constitution following the success of People
Power Revolution that toppled the Marcos dictatorship. The rights mandated in a
democratic society such as the right to vote and freedom of expression were also
restored.
LESSON 8

Functions of the Executive Branch

"Being a President is like riding a tiger A man has to keep on riding or he is swallowed"

-Harry S. Truman

Power in the government is basically divided among the three branches, the executive,
judicial, and legislative. This lesson gives you an overview of the functions and roles of
president and all other people or agencies associated with the executive branch of the
government.

Further research on each president's program will enable you to see what program are
noteworthy and what needs further improvement. Knowing the functions of agencies
connected to the executive branch may also be helpful in understanding the structure of
Philippine government

We have a presidential form of government in the Philippines. The president of the

Philippines is the center of power, the head of both government and state (Defensor
Santiago 2002). This also means that he/she is not constrained by both the judicial and
legislative branch in the performance of his/her duties as the country's chief executive
(Watson in Ramirez 1969). The executive power vested upon the president and the
executive branch basically means "the power to enforce and administer the laws"
(Ramirez 1969).

To qualify as a candidate for presidency, a person must be:

1. a natural-born Filipino citizen:

2. a registered voter:

3. able to read and write:

4. at least forty (40) years of age on the day of the election, and

5. a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such
election.
The same qualifications apply to the vice-president.

The president and the vice president are elected through direct voting by the
majority of the voters and will begin their six-year term on the 30th day of June following
the day of the election. The president cannot run for re-election for the said office again
unless that person who served as president only held office for four years or less, in
case of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation by the president,
the following line of succession is observed until the position of president is filled up.
vice-president, Senate President, and Speaker of the House of Representatives.

Aside from the executive power, there are other major powers held by the
president The first major power is the power of appointment provided in Section 16,
Article VII of the Constitution. The president can appoint the heads of executive
departments ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, officers of the armed
forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, and other officers whose appointments
are vested in him/her by the Constitution

The second major power is administrative power, as stated in Section 17, Article
VII. The president shall have control of all the executive departments, bureaus, and
offices. He shall ensure that the laws be faithfully executed.

The third major power is the military power for being the commander-in-chief of
all the armed forces in the Philippines under Section 18, Article VII. Along with this
power is the power to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus and to place
the country or any part of the Philippines under martial law in cases of invasion or
rebellion or when public safety requires it. The president is given 48 hours from the
proclamation of martial law to submit a report regarding such proclamation to the
Congress which will then decide if the proclamation be revoked or suspended.

The president has also the power to grant pardons and amnesty, Pardons is the
power to release a wrongdoer from punishment after conviction. Amnesty is a pardon
extended to a group of persons and abolished the offense before or after conviction

Other powers of the president include: the power to contract or guarantee foreign

loans on behalf of the republic subject to prior concurrence of the Monetary Boar

and subject to limitations as may be provided by law, the power to sign a treaty

international agreement provided that the validity and effectiveness of such treat

will be reached first by at least two-thirds of all the members of the Senate, and the
power of the budget under Section 22, Article VII, where the president submits to the
Congress a budget of expenditures and sources of financing, including receipts from
existing and proposed revenue measure.

The president exercises a lot of powers, but he/she should be reminded that the
true power rests in the people and that the Office of the President, as well as the other
branches of the government, exists to serve the populace.
LESSON 9

Functions of the Legislative Branch

"The more corrupt the state, the more numerous the laws"

-Tacitus

This lesson gives the functions of the legislative branch and the process of
making news. The legislative branch of the government, where laws are enacted,
consists of the Senate (upper house) and the House of Representatives flower house).

The students are encouraged to make their own advocacy and propose laws to

their legislator. Proposing legislation is basically one of the ways by which people can

participate needi to be at least 25 years old and a resident of the Philippines for at least
one year in in the political process and governance in the country

the district where he/she will be elected (except for party list representatives).

The term of office for the elected senators and representatives starts at noon of the 30th
day of June following their election. The senators will serve for six years and shall not
serve for more than two consecutive terms. The representatives, also known as
congressmen/women, will serve for three years and shall not hold office for more than
three consecutive terms. In case of vacancy in the Congress, under Section 9 of Article
Vi, a special election may be called to fill such vacancy in the manner prescribed by law,
but the senator or Member of the House of Representatives thus elected shall serve
only for the unexpired term.

The primary function of the legislative branch is the creation, enactment, and
amendments of laws. Proposed laws may come from the senators or representatives
themselves, the people they represent (district, province, or the partyl, or the other two
branches of the government. These proposals are drafted into a bill

A bill is a draft of law presented to legalanion for enactment, by the approval by

Congress and the president of the Republic.
The basic process for the creation or amendment of a law begins with a bill drafted by a
senator or representative and filed for the first reading. The first reading is where the
Senate President or the Speaker of the House reads out the title, bill number, and
author's name, and then assigns the bill to the proper Senate or House Committee.

The author(s) or the concerned committee will send out an invitation to various
concerned parties, agencies, and stakeholders for a public hearing of the bill to review
the proposed bill and give their coinments during the deliberations. The concerned
committee can hold a technical working group meeting for specific changes to the
provisions such as proper concepts, correction of grammar, and deletion or addition of
certain phrases or words.

After the approval of the bill by the committee members, a committee report is then filed
with its approved version of the bill to the Committee on Rules for the second reading.
In the second reading, the author of the bill or the chairperson of the committee delivers
a sponsorship speech. It is followed by a period of interpellation wherein other senators
or repr representatives may debate or ask further questions to the sponsor of the bill.
After the interpellation, the senators or representatives may mak some amendments.

In reviewing a bill, there are some things to consider:

2. Does the bill conform to the provisions of the Constitution?

2. What is the main issue that the bill is trying to address?

3. What are the methods that the bill is trying to propose in order to answer the issue?

4. Are there alternative means to address the issue?

5. Who will benefit from the bill if it is enacted into law? How will the benefits b given?
Will this create further problems?

5. is there sufficient fund for the law? Where will the government get the fund

needed to enforce the law?

Gather than 5, xach Hоля са така зодиeys principles and partiments of the members of
the Senne on the house of Representatie" Thent ane thine Sifferent types of resolutions

sive resolutions-require the approval of both chambers of Congress and the Signature
of the president, and have the force and effect of a law if approves

2. Concament resolutions used for matters affecting the operations of chambers of

Congress and must be approved in the same form by both hous lout are not transmitted
to the president for his/her signature and therefore have no force and effect of a law

Simple resolutions-deal with matters entirely within the prerogative of one chamber of
Congress are not refented to the president for his/her signaturt adi dherefore have no
force and effect of a low

LESSON 10

Functions of the Judicial Branch

I'm for truth, no matter who tells it. I'm for justice, no matter who it is for or against
Malcolm X

The legislature makes the law, while the executive branch enforces it. On the other
hand, the judiciary of the judicial branch of the government gives the official and legal
interpretation of the law. This is to avoid any confusion about the meaning or application
of the law
This lesson delves into the process by which legal issues are resolved. This gives the
students insights that will guide them in their decision-making not only on matters
regarding politics but also on everyday concerns.

As this lesson completes the series on the different branches of the government the
students can then evaluate the functions of each branch of government democratic
setting

Rewrite the following paragraph to correct the information on the executive Branch of
government

The executive branch of government is divided into two clans the bottun dan and the
higher clain. There are 47 senators in the higher clan and 300 representatives or
congressmen in the bottom clan. This branch of the government is responsible manly
for the crafting of laws. A law which is in the process of being approved is caled & beak.
A beak then becomes a low after it is approved by both clans and by the Office of the
Ombudsman

The judicial branch of the government is the primary agency that handles matters
concerning the settlement of issues regarding the rights and interpretation of law The
power of the judiciary rests on the Supreme Court and the lower courts, which Include
the Court of Appeals, Sandiganbayan, down to the Regional Trial Court, the
Metropolitan Trial Court, and Municipal Trial Court. The 1987 Courtutun delines Judicial
power as fotows

Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of joytice to settle actual controversies
moving rights which are legally domandable and

enforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of
discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or
instrumentality of the Government.

This means that the judicial branch of the government not only rules on lega issues but
also on the other two branches "whenever the court finds that the other department has
committed grave abuse of discretion" (Defensor-Santiago 2002)
Some of the functions of the Supreme Court under the 1987 Constitution are a follows:

1. The Supreme Court primarily handles the cases of ambassadors, other public
ministers, and consuls.

2. Review, affirm, reverse, or amend the decision of lower courts on certain cases that
may concern the constitutionality or validity of internatiorial agreement and presidential
decrees, questionable decisions or processes of the lower courts, cases which are
punishable by lifetime imprisonment, error or question of law, among others.

3. Appointments of judges, officials, and employees of the Judiciary.

4. Create and disseminate rules and procedures concerning the processes in legal
courts as well as the membership to the Bar

The Supreme Court is composed of a Chief Justice and fourteen Associate Justices
appointed by the president from a list of qualifiers from the screening process done by
the Judicial and Bar Council

The Court of Appeals, the second highest tribunal or legal court in the country,
composed of a Presiding Justice and sixty-nine Associate Justices who are appointed
by the president. Aside from having power on the issuance of certain legal documents
and orders, the Court of Appeals mainly receives, reviews, and resolves appeals on
decisions of Regional Trial Courts, as well as that of the Office of the Ombudsmann
cases wherein one of the parties is not satisfied with the decision.

Court of Tax Appeals, on the other hand, focuses on reviewing and resg appeals of
decisions from the Commissioner of internal Revenue, Commissioner of Customs,
Department of Finance, Department of Trade and industry, and other ingal courts
concerning cases related to tax, tariffs, and other monetary obligations to the
government. The Court of Tax Appeals is composed of one Presiding Justice and five
Associate Justices.

The Sandiganbayan has the following mandate:

SEC. 5. The Batasang Pambansa shall create a special court, to be known as The
diganbayan, which shall have jurisdiction pret criminal and civil cases Involving graft
and corrupt practices and such other offenses committed by public officers and
empibyees, including those in government owned

comedied corporation to their office may b law (Art. 1, 19773 Comethion)

SEC. The present andl-greh court bovem as the Sandigan sha‫ موت ال‬to function and
exercise to jurisdiction at now or heresher miyiz provided by baw (Art. 31. 3907
Concution

Lower courts such as city and mumisanal courts have pripnal jurisdiction over r‫تصوف‬
such as but not limited to, violations of municipal ordinances, pamtiling, assaul sstate to
a certam amount, oslicious mischied, trespassing, and legal prossession of Hirearens
Ramiire/1969)

In order to further nuntais slectivity in the systers, the judicial branch sometleven
transfers one judge or even cases from one city to anotlier Defensor Santiago 2 Section
15. Article Vitiof the 1967 Constitution provided a timetable for the reson cof the cases
brought to the judiciary two years for the Supreme Court, sne er for the bower collegiate
courts, and three months for all other lower sourts, in case the sue is not resolved within
those periods, a certification sigried by the Chief Just presiding judge starting wiry the
caser has not been resolved shall be issued and bots parties Section 15 (4) further goes
on to say that

Despite the expiration of the applicable mandatory period, the court, wi prejudice to
such responsibility as may have been incurred in consequence the shall decide or
resolve the case or matter submitted thereto for determin without further delay
LESSON 11

Decentralization and the Local Government

"Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man's character, give him
power. -Abraham Lincoln

The three branches of the government are not able to oversee the whole rystem nor
swiftly deliver its programs and benefits of the citizens to the different areas of the
country when they do it alone. They need to have partners in the differend communities
with almost the same capabilities so that the services will be similarly and
simultaneously provided to allotte

This lesson introduces the local government units and the functions Each lesson does
not only evaluate the performance of the units but pr how to make the performance of
their duties better

Decentralization of the government occurs when there is a transfer of authority

responsibility, and resources from the central government to lower government units
This is important especially when the geographical area of a country and its population
are too large for the central government to handle.

The local government "is the lowest level of elected territorial organization within a
state" that has the dual function of providing local public services and implementing
national welfare policies (Attenza 2006). In the Philippines, drawing from its indigenous
and colonial heritage, the lowest political unit of the state is the barangay headed by the
elected barangay chairman and the elected members of the barangay council.

In the heterogeneous, geographic, and cultural context of the Philippines, a

decentralized model of government anchored on the establishment of strong local
governments is an essential aspect of governance. Throughout the history, various
attempts of devolving power from Manila, which was established as the economic and
political center of the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period for easier
governance, have been done prior to the institution of the Local Government Code of
1991.
During the time of Emilio Aguinaldo and the Malolos Constitution in 1898, there was a
proposal to establish provincial councils but this was not thoroughly implemented
because of the precarious situation of the young republic amidst tensions between
Filipinos and Americans. Local government units were established during the American
period and carried on by the Philippine government as mandated by its constitution.

It was in 1991 through the Local Government Code that the local government units were
given the clear mandate to govern and promote welfare of their constituents. Each local
government unit has the power and responsibility to promote agricultural support
services, engage in research and development, provide health services. facilitate
environmental protection, ensure social welfare, and sponsor public works and the
establishment of facilities

Local government units include provinces, cities, municipalities, barangays, and other
political subdivisions created by law. Each unil bisedated based on income. Population,
and land area, and may be abolished balides an the same criteria. populuthical relations
put the province over the municipalthy are component cities within the provincial
boundaries. At the bise of this hierarchy are the barangaycit Elected local government
officials have three-year terms. to three consecutive termi Local officials are

UNIT IIl

STATE AND SOCIETY

This unit tackles the interaction between the state and the people, community, and
groups outside the government. Some of the important means by which people and
groups can participate in governance are (1) joining in the election and exercising the
right to vote, (2) membership in political parties, or (3) participating in various social
movements.

LESSON 12

The Right of Suffrage

A vote is like a rifle: its usefulness depends upon the character of the user.
-Theodore Roosevelt

If there is one common event in which the masses have a direct influence on politics
and governance, it is the election. The right as the right of suffrage, is very important tto
various minority groups in different countries throughout history because of the direct
and immediate impact of each vote on the whole political system. The vote represents
the voice of the people, so the people must really guard the election process and
protect their right to vote.

People should be aware of the importance ofthmost cases dhe sower that comes with it.
They should not waive it or sell it out their choices during elections othes should be
educated and be well informed about

One of the greatest powers of the people is the ability to choose who will lead them,
who will represent them, and who will run the government. Such power is manifested by
the people exercising their right to vote during elections. This right is not actually
passing the responsibility of governance to the politicians and then solely blaming them
if things go wrong with the country. Having the right to choose their leaders only shows
that the people share the responsibility in establishing good

LESSON 12: The Right of Suffrage

government and progress for the country. The elected officials, on the other hand, must
serve as "representatives of the peuply the are thus served with the corresponding
responsibility (Defensor-Santiago 2002)

The right to vote, also known as the right of suffrage, is stated in Section 1, Article V of
the 1987 Constitution:

Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by
law, who are at least eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in the
Philippines for at least one year, and in the place wherein they propose to vote, for at
least six months immediately preceding the election. No literacy, property, or other
substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage.

Suffrage encompasses not only the process of selecting public officers but also the
"expression of the choice of people on a proposed law or enactment submitted to

them for decision" (Ramirez 1969). The right of suffrage is not a natural right but a
privilege given to the citizens. As a mere privilege, it can be withheld in cases that
privilege becomes detrimental to others and the system as a whole.

Under Section 2 of Article V, the Congress shall be the one to formulate the processes
to help maintain the secrecy of the ballots as well as the procedure for the disabled and
the illiterates to vote without the assistance of other persons.

The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) is the agency that enforces and administers
all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of elections in the country. The functions
of the COMELEC based on Section 2, Article IX-C of the 1987 Constitution are as
follows:

POP 4 LTE

1. Enforce and administer all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of and
elections, plebiscite, initiative, referendum, and recall.

2. Exercise exclusive original jurisdiction over all contests relating to the elections,
returns, and qualifications of all elective regional, provincial, and city officials, and
appellate jurisdiction over all contests involving elective municipal officials decided by
trial courts of general jurisdiction, or involving elective barangay official decided by trial
courts of limited jurisdiction.
3. Decide, except those involving the right to vote, all questions affecting elections,
including determination of the number and location of polling places, appointment of
election officials and inspectors, and registration of voters.

4. Depurse, with the concurrence of the President, law enforcement agencies and
instrumentalities of the Government, including the Armed Forces of the Philippines, for
the exclusive purposes of ensuring free, orderly, honest. peaceful credible elections.

5. Register, after sufficient publication, polim cal parties, organizations, of coalitions

which, in addition to other requirements, must present their platform of

BASE CONCEPTS OF POLITICS AND DOVSPRANCE

program of government; and accredit Citizens' arms of the Commission on Dections

6. File, upon a verified complaint, or on its own initiative, petitions in court for Inclusion
or exclusion of voters; investigate and, where appropriate, prosecute cases of violations
of elections laws, including acts or omissions constituting election frauds, offenses, and
malpractices.

7. Recommend to the Congress effective measures to minimize election spending.

Including limitation of places where propaganda materials shall be posted, and to
prevent and penalize all forms of election frauds, offenses, malpractices, and nuisance
candidates

8. Recommend to the President the removal of any officer or employee it has deputized,
or the imposition of any other disciplinary action, for violation or disregard of, or
disobedience to its directive, order, or decision.
9. Submit to the President and the Congress a comprehensive report on the conduct of
each election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum, or recall.

The candidate who gets the highest vote is declared the winner, In our elections, we
follow the plurality electoral system (first-past-the-post or winner-takes-all election).
Here, the winner is the one with the most votes whether they had the majority or not
(King 2000). To clarify things, majority means 50% of all votes plus at least 1 more voto
(50%+1). Say in a class of 100 students voting for a class president, majority would be
at least 51 of the votes. In a plurality electoral system, even if the winner gets only 5
votes out of 100, as long as he/she had the most votes, he/she wins.

Other electoral systems are the majority electoral system and the proportional
representation. In majority electoral system (second ballot system), the winner must get
at least 50%+ 1 vote. In case no one is able to reach the cut-off, another round of
election will be done with either all the original candidates or only a selected few based
on a criteria (like top five, averaging, etc.) (King 2000). In case all or not just one
candidate garners 50%+ 1 vote, the highest will be declared the winner although rulings
may vary from one place to another.

in proportional representation, the people vote for parties and each party will be given
the same or almost the same percentage of positions in the government as the
percentage of votes they garnered during the elections (King 2000). For example, the
Right Party won 70% of the votes while the Left Party only won 30% of the total votes in
an election. In a government of 100 positions, the Right Party will be given 70 of those
positions while the Left Party will be given 30. Of course, there are further formulas in
determining the percentage and the positions that will be given to the winners since it is
more complex in real-life application.

LESSON 13

Political Parties

"We must not allow ourselves to become like the system we oppose."

-Desmond Tutu
Another way through which the people can participate in the government a through
political parties.

Each political party represents a certain group of people in society, ensuring that their
rights and advocacies are ved but frectly to the government. The representation is
usually done through legislative bilt and resolutions, hence, a lot of political parties try to
secure a place in the legislative branch to have their a voice in the government

in this lesson, the students will stay there to different that they can have inuights on how
participate not only in Dolgovernment, but also in school authentes through the student
government political parties so council

Defensor-Santiago (2002) defined a political party as a "group of people that organized

for the purpose of winning government power. Other definitions of political party have
the similar idea and a common emphasis on the participatio of these groups in elections
and the "interest to gain public offices and mandates (Grabow and Hofmeister 2011).

One characteristic of a political party that distinguishes it from other organizations and
interest groups is that, while most interest groups focus on single issues, "a politial party
is expected to express itself in all issues relevant for government" (Grabow and
Hofmeister 2011).

A political party's participation in the elections and the government serves sever
Functions such as:

1. Expressing and aggregating social interests, thus "persuading voter to support

various issues" and lending coherence to voter choices" (UNDP, n.d., p. 9.

Grabow and Hofmeister 2011, p. 16); 2. Recruiting and training future politicians
(Defensor-Santiago 2002, p. 228. Grabow and Hofmeister 2011; UNDP, n.d.);
3. Formulating policies and programs for the government as commonly seen in their
platforms (Defensor-Santiago 2002; Grabow and Hofmeister 2011; UNDP ‫لفم‬

4. Providing a medium for "political socialization and participation of the citizens

Defensor-Santiago 2002; Grabow and Hofmeister 2011);

5. Organizing the government by providing a degree of stability and coherence. that is,
when they fill up vacant positions in the government (Defensor-Sartri 2002: Grabow and
Hofmeister 2011); and

6. Legitimiting the political system by embedding the processes and system into the
consciousness of the participants (Grabow and Hofmeister 2011).

There are different types of party systems around the based depending on the method
used in classifying them. The popular method is based on the numbe the parties
existing in a country

1. One-Party System. There is a monopoly of power, as the name suits, there is just
one existing party (Defensor Santiago 2002; Grabow and Holmeister 2011):

2. Two-Party System. There are two parties going against each other for domination in
the government. In some cases, such as in the United States, there are only two
parties. In other countries, there is the two plus one or more party system where there
are two "major" parties and several minor ones (Defensor-Santiago 2002; Grabow and
Hofmeister 2011).

3. Multiparty System. As the name implies, more than two parties compete witle almost
equal capabilities in affecting and wirining in the political competition (Defensor-
Santiago 2002; Grabow and Hofmeister 2011).

The party-list system aims to provide a balanced representation in the Congress Party-
list representatives comprise 20% of the total number of representatives in the House of
Representatives. Only those party-lists who are registered with the COMELEC can
participate in the party-list elections and a person can only be nominated in one party as
its representative. This representative must be a Filipino citizen as well as a registered
voter

LESSON 14

Civil Society Organizations and Social Movements

"There is no such thing as a single-issue struggle because we do not live single issue
lives." -Audre Lorde

Freedom of speech thrives in a democratic country. People can freely talk abo certain
issue and express their opinion. Their words may also cause action for cha in the
government and the society.

This lesson gives emphasis on the importance of an active civil society in matt
concerning the government and the relevance of social movements in the country also
provides an analysis on the methods and goals of the civil society. This will gu the
students in making objective and exfucated opinions on civil society organizatio and
their actions.

Circle the incorrect terms in the following paragraph. Rewrite the whole paragraph in the
space provided with the correct terms.

The party-list system aims to provide an unbalanced representation in the Supreme

Court. Party-list representatives comprise about 90 percent of the members of the
Supreme Court. In order to participate in the party-list system in the election, parties
must be registered with the NAPOLCOM. A person can be nominated in two parties as
representative. He must also be a foreigner as well as an unregistered voter.

Civil society organizations are basically non-government members of sode that promote
the interest of the public. They are known to champion issues t marginalized members
of the society, such as issues on human rights, labor rights nvironmental protection, and
poverty.
The participation of civil society in governance was merittoned by Aristotle and ato as
far back as the ancient Greece. In fact, democratic practices during that time ready
highlighted the participation of citizens in decision-making, though it was only mited to
the male population.

The rejuvenation of democracy that was essentially started by the French Revolution
during the late 18th century caused another rethinking of the role of the civil society i
overnance, especially among political science scholars. The crucial role of civil society
how they shape politics were given emphasis in the 20th century. This is due to cultural
turn in the academe during this period that shifted the focus from political to cultural
realities. The advent of liberal democracy that was being promulgated by the Americans
during this time also helped in stressing the importance of the people and, by extension,
civil society (Bonnell and Hunt 2007).

Civil societies, nowadays, are active in Initiating social movements. Various social
movements in the Philippines, even before the start of the Philippine Revolution in the
late 19th century, have been initiated by leaders that aimed to emancipate their people
from taxes, land grabbing, and corruption (Gripaldo et al. 2005).

Social movement was defined by Mario Diani as "a distinct social process, consisting of
the mechanisms through which actors engaged in collective action" (della Porta and
Diani 2006). The three main characteristics of social movements are as follows:

1. They are involved in some kind of conflict (cultural or political) with another identified
opponent (another group, program, system, or idea) to promote of oppose social
change (della Porta and Diani 2006).

2. The group is made of "dense informal networks" wherein rules within the group and
the actions of the group are not standardized but are constantly negotiated by the
actors. Each member cannot also say that they alone represent the group (della Porta
and Diani 2006).
3. The members share a sense of dollective identity wherein the members develop a
common connection and shared purpose in their actions as part of the movement (della
Porta and Diani 2006),

subdiv

the fol

2. P

Our country is a witness to a massive social movement after the lifting of Martial Law in
1981 and the assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino it in 1983. These events to 1986
EDSA Revolution, had been assful movement that ousted the then President Ferdinand
Marcos who had been holding on to power for almost 20

years. This massive social movement was joined by different sectors and civil society
organizations (Gripaldo et al. 2005).

In 2001, a similar movement caused the ouster of former President Joseph Ejército
Estrada in the event now known as EDSA People Power II. Like its predecessor, a
massive support from various civil society movements contributed to its success.

Because power resides with the people in a democratic government and the cotizens
can directly or indirectly affect their government, social movements and civil society
organizations contribute to democracy by providing a venue where the citizens can
voice out their concerns to the government as well as help out in the implementation of
government programs. Some organizations can initiate programs that may help other
people if the government does not have the appropriate actions to address the
problems of the people. They can function as watchers or observers of the government,
calling the attention of both government and the people to act. At certain times, these
actions may result in the change of leaders or even the government, just like what
happened in 1986 EDSA Revolution.
UNIT IV

ON BEING A CITIZEN

The last unit of this book discusses the importance of citizenship and the rights and
responsibilities of a Filipino cittuen. This is to ensure that the students are not only
empowered through knowledge but also molded into responsible citizens

LESSON 15

Rights, Privileges, and Responsibilities of a Citizen

"The heaviest penalty for declining to rule is to be ruled by someone inferior to yourself?

Plato

Citizenship is more than having an affiliation to a dalt thountry and goverm in our case,
the Republic of the Philippines, it also entails that the person is unde law of the country
This means that as a citizen of the Philippines, you enjoy ther and privileges provided
by the laws of the country; however, you have responsibi to take to enjoy these rights
and privileges.

is lesson defirves citizenship, its value holds ofcitizens and how to love it. Prothions of
the Constitution on citizenship andedresponsibilibes as to inctuded to educate the
students on their rights, privileges, as Filipino citizens

There are basically two types of persons living within the jurisdiction of the Republic of
the Philippines: (1) citizens and (2) aliens.

Aliens are people who live within the territory of the Philippines but "owe Permanent
allegiance lance t to a fore foreign country" (Ramirez 1969). They are not entitled to
vote or run for elections. They have limited business capabilities, and they cannot
engage in professions like law and medicine, among other restrictions. But the State
Provides them protection by extending the civil rights guaranteed by the Constitution,
Provided that they also obey the laws of the land and pay taxes (Ramirez 1969).

Kulang

There are also two fundamental clauses incorporated in the bioflights. The first is the
"due process clause" which gives every citizen the right to be notted and heard In cours
before any of his or her rights "be reduced or affected by any action of me Mate
(Defensor-Santiago 2002). The second clause is the "equal prysection clause" which
means that every person facing similar cases must receive simplar, although out
necessarily identical, treatment under the law (Defensor Santiago 2007)

The 1987 Constitution does not directly enumerate the responsibusses of a carn But the
provisions of the law actually provide us with the attached responsibility of each right
and privilege, For example, under Section 1 of Article 3

No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor
shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.

Applied to one's sett, you have the right to life, libeny, or property

everyone else and others must respect your right. But the law is for maryons

mur dammates, teachers, faroily members, and neighbors have those rights

taha respect them in this sense.

ve of the bus sουτσι το της δίσαι εσπρέσονα

Rahibe and the waterpontrary t

podpory merah, or good customs poon with a right recognized by

No budget the deteto render

Ontent which are contrary to pubite onder op policy shall het be c

Adde 11

Ande 15

Lai lang tody High and dites, or to the status conation and legst capacity of persons are
boung on elthens of the Philippines, even though living abrind

Artide 18

OVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES CHAPTER

Art

Ade 20:

Article 21:
Article 22:

TECNO

heat property as well as personal property is sub το the law of the country where it is
stated

Human Relations

Every person must in the exercise of his fights and in the performance of this duties, act
with justice, give everyone his due, and observe honesty and good faith

Every person who, contrary to law willfully or negligently causes damage to another,
shall wudemnify the latter for the same,

Any person who wilfully causes fons or injury to another Ind manner that is contrary to
merak, pood custons public policy shall compensate the letter for the

damage Every person who through an act of performance ty rosesion of something at

the without just or legal ground, shall the

fen when attoring age to are's property was not due to the full or negligence of the
defendant, the bitter thall be lable for indemnity through the act of event he wat benefted

Article 16

the content of the othe

the of the

very personalet the penenat prihvaty and peace of mind of his neighbors and other ps
The folingid milar acts, though they may not constitute a criminal offense, shall produce
a cause of action for damag evention and other relief

Prving into the privacy of another's residence:

2) Meddling with or disturbing the private life or family relations of another,

3) Intriguing to cause another to be alienated from his friends, and

4) Vexing or humiliating another on account of his religious beliefs, lowly station in life,
place of birth, physical defect, or other personal condition.

Here we netice that the Cheil Code expresses the responsibilities of citizens mor cthy
than how they are stated in the Constitution. However, both imply the same and
responsibilities

theeasts of his father of the

Ore no dabar Congress seed WLAct Providing Specor

Power De Chack the land Authority of the Coc

Τα Πράγα Αργεια of a Lan that Degrades the

Che Brenga Secrecy was acced of coтрол. Не хounediates delared asteaedo Ater 12
hours of artentos he wanthabother sensat was aheady Na position, Na Nove was won
Caerupt

Case & Mandhost was not recaged by the Barangay was they because they plate the
eng Barangay and Clyding on public highways, Le tules on vehicle repatrimong others
The association members argue that s

Case S. During the graft and the called to the witnessstand the Timple my right aga

LESSON 16

Responsible Youth Toward National Development

"Those who stand for nothing fall for anything." -Alexander Hamilton

We discuss nender

After learning the essential concepts of political science as well as the stai politics and
governance in the Philippines, the students are now ready to wnsize what they have
learned whenever they participate in discussions and actions related se politics. Note,
however, that the ideas and skills acquired are not limited to golibice not within the
classroom but they are also applicable in our daily life.

"Those who stand for nothing fall for anything." -Alexander Hamilton

We discuss nender
After learning the essential concepts of political science as well as the stai politics and
governance in the Philippines, the students are now ready to wnsize what they have
learned whenever they participate in discussions and actions related se politics. Note,
however, that the ideas and skills acquired are not limited to golibice not within the
classroom but they are also applicable in our daily life.