BEKP2453

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

CHAPTER 1
VECTOR ANALYSIS – PART 2

Slide Resources edited from Fund of Applied EM 6th ed. by Fawwaz T.Ulaby et. al.

1
❑ To solve a problem, we select the coordinate system that best
fits its geometry
❑ Sometimes we need to transform between coordinate systems

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
∇𝑉 = 𝐱ො + 𝐲ො + 𝐳ො ∇= 𝐫ො ෡
+𝛟 + 𝐳ො ෡
∇= 𝐑 ෡
+𝛉 ෡
+𝛟
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧

10
11
Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical
𝜕𝐸𝑥 𝜕𝐸𝑦 𝜕𝐸𝑧 1 𝜕(𝑟𝐸𝑟 ) 1 𝜕𝐸𝜙 𝜕𝐸𝑧 1 𝜕(𝑅2 𝐸𝑅 ) 1 𝜕(𝐸𝜃 sin𝜃) 1 𝜕𝐸𝜙
∇∙𝐄= + + ∇∙𝐄= + + ∇∙𝐄= 2 + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧 𝑅 𝜕𝑅 𝑅 sin𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑅 sin𝜃 𝜕𝜙

12
The divergence theorem states that the total outward flux of
a vector field E through the closed surface s is the same as the
volume integral of the divergence E

Useful tool for converting integration over a volume to

one over the surface enclosing that volume, and vice versa

13
14
 1 𝜕(𝑟𝐸𝑟 ) 1 𝜕𝐸𝜙 𝜕𝐸𝑧
∇∙𝐄= + +
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧

15
 1 𝜕(𝑟𝐸𝑟 ) 1 𝜕𝐸𝜙 𝜕𝐸𝑧
∇∙𝐄= + +
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧

16
17
Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical
∇×𝐁 ∇×𝐁 ∇×𝐁
𝜕𝐵𝑧 𝜕𝐵𝑦 1 𝜕𝐵𝑧 𝜕𝐵𝜙 1 𝜕(𝐵𝜙 sin𝜃) 𝜕𝐵𝜃
= 𝐱ො − = 𝐫ො − ෡
=𝐑 −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧 𝑅 sin𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜙
𝜕𝐵𝑥 𝜕𝐵𝑧 𝜕𝐵𝑟 𝜕𝐵𝑧 1 1 𝜕𝐵𝑅 𝜕(𝑅𝐵𝜙 )
+ 𝐲ො − +𝛟 ෡ − ෡
+𝛉 −
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝑅 sin𝜃 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑅
𝜕𝐵𝑦 𝜕𝐵𝑥 1 𝜕(𝑟𝐵𝜙 ) 𝜕𝐵𝑟 1 𝜕(𝑅𝐵𝜃 ) 𝜕𝐵𝑅
+ 𝐳ො − + 𝐳ො − +𝛟෡ −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝑅 𝜕𝑅 𝜕𝜃

18
19
 ∇×𝐁 =
𝜕𝐵𝑧 𝜕𝐵𝑦
𝐱ො −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝐵𝑥 𝜕𝐵𝑧
+𝐲ො −
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐵𝑦 𝜕𝐵𝑥
+ො𝐳 −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

20
 1 𝜕𝐵𝑧 𝜕𝐵𝜙 𝜕𝐵𝑟 𝜕𝐵𝑧
∇ × 𝐁 = 𝐫ො − +𝛟 ෡ −
𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕(𝑟𝐵𝜙 ) 𝜕𝐵𝑟
+ො𝐳 −
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜙

21
Laplacian of a Scalar Field

Laplacian of a Vector Field

Useful Relation

22
23
Note: Vector operators for cylindrical and
spherical coordinates are also equally
important and are shown in the next slides.

24
Gradient
Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical
V V V V ˆ 1 V V V ˆ 1 V ˆ 1 V
V = xˆ + yˆ + zˆ V = rˆ + + zˆ V = Rˆ + +
x y z r r  z R R  R sin  

Divergence
Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical

ˆ 1  ( R 2 AR )
A = 2
R R
Ax Ay Az 1  (rAr ) 1 A Az 1  ( A sin  )
  Â = + +   Â = + + +
x y z r r r  z R sin  
1 A
+
R sin  

25
 Curl
Cartesian
xˆ yˆ zˆ
ˆ =     Az Ay   Ax Az   Ay Ax 
 A = xˆ  −  + yˆ  −  + zˆ  − 
x y z  y z   z x   x y 
Ax Ay Az

Cylindrical
rˆ ˆr zˆ
ˆ =1 
 A
 
r r  z
Ar rA Az

ˆ = rˆ  1 Az − A  + ˆ  Ar − Az  + zˆ 1   (rA ) − Ar 

 A  r  z   z r  r  r  


26
 Spherical

Rˆ ˆR ˆ R sin 
ˆ = 1   
 A
R 2 sin  R  
Ar RA R sin  A

ˆ = Rˆ 1   (A sin  ) A  ˆ 1  1 AR  (RA ) ˆ 1   (RA ) AR 

 A  −  +  −  +  −
R sin      R  sin   R  R  R  

27
Laplacian
Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical
1   2 V 
1   V   2V = R 
V V V
2 2 2  2V = r  R R  R 
2

 2V = + + r r  r 
x 2 y 2 z 2 1   V 
1  2V  2V + 2  sin  
+ 2 + 2 R sin     
r  2
z
1  2V
+ 2 2
R sin   2

28
 Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical
del / gradient ∇𝑉 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
∇= 𝐫ො ෡
+𝛟 + 𝐳ො ෡
∇= 𝐑 ෡
+𝛉 ෡
+𝛟
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧
of V = 𝐱ො + 𝐲ො
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑉
+ 𝐳ො
𝜕𝑧
Divergence of ∇∙𝐄 ∇∙𝐄 ∇∙𝐄
𝜕𝐸𝑥 𝜕𝐸𝑦 𝜕𝐸𝑧 1 𝜕(𝑟𝐸𝑟 ) 1 𝜕𝐸𝜙 𝜕𝐸𝑧 1 𝜕(𝑅2 𝐸𝑅 ) 1 𝜕(𝐸𝜃 sin𝜃)
E = + + = + + = 2 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧 𝑅 𝜕𝑅 𝑅 sin𝜃 𝜕𝜃
1 𝜕𝐸𝜙
+
𝑅 sin𝜃 𝜕𝜙
Curl B ∇×𝐁 ∇×𝐁 ∇×𝐁
𝜕𝐵𝑧 𝜕𝐵𝑦 1 𝜕𝐵𝑧 𝜕𝐵𝜙 1 𝜕(𝐵𝜙 sin𝜃) 𝜕𝐵𝜃
= 𝐱ො − = 𝐫ො − ෡
=𝐑 −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧 𝑅 sin𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜙
𝜕𝐵𝑥 𝜕𝐵𝑧 𝜕𝐵𝑟 𝜕𝐵𝑧 1 1 𝜕𝐵𝑅 𝜕(𝑅𝐵𝜙 )
+ 𝐲ො − +𝛟 ෡ − ෡
+𝛉 −
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝑅 sin𝜃 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑅
𝜕𝐵𝑦 𝜕𝐵𝑥 1 𝜕(𝑟𝐵𝜙 ) 𝜕𝐵𝑟 1 𝜕(𝑅𝐵𝜃 ) 𝜕𝐵𝑅
+ 𝐳ො − + 𝐳ො − +𝛟෡ −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝑅 𝜕𝑅 𝜕𝜃

Laplacian of V ∇2 𝑉 ∇2 𝑉 ∇2 𝑉
𝜕2𝑉 𝜕2𝑉 𝜕2𝑉 1𝜕 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕2𝑉 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑉
= 2+ 2+ 2 = 𝑟 + 2 2 = 2 𝑅2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝑅 𝜕𝑅 𝜕𝑅
2 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑉
𝜕 𝑉
+ 2 + 2 sin 𝜃
𝜕𝑧 𝑅 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
2
1 𝜕 𝑉
+ 2 2
𝑅 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 2
29