mw¤§jbx wWMÖx K‡jR, g`bcyi,gwbivgcyi,h‡kvi|

Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ ( ZZ¡xq )

Aa¨q- 3q ( msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm )
1| msL¨v c×wZ ej‡Z Kx eyS ? msL¨v c×wZ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx ? cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKv‡ii eY©bv `vI| msL¨v
c×wZi †em mg~n Kx Kx |
msL¨v c×wZ t †h c×wZi gva¨‡g msL¨v MYbv I cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K msL¨v c×wZ e‡j|
cÖKvi †f` t msL¨v c×wZ g~jZ 4 ( Pvi ) cÖKvi-
(1) `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ (2) evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ
(3) AKUvj msL¨v c×wZ (4) †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ
bx‡b¥ G¸‡jvi eY©bv †`Iqv nj t-
(1) `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ t- †h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z `kwU AsK ev wPý e¨envi Kiv nq †m c×wZ‡K `kwgK msL¨v
c×wZ e‡j| G c×wZ‡Z
e¨eüZ AsK¸‡jv nj 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Ges Gi †em nj 10|
(2) evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ t- †h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z `yBwU AsK ev wPý e¨envi Kiv nq †m c×wZ‡K evBbvwi
msL¨v c×wZ e‡j| G
c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ AsK¸‡jv nj 0,1Ges Gi †em nj 2|
(3) AKUvj msL¨v c×wZ t- †h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z AvUwU AsK ev wPý e¨envi Kiv nq †m c×wZ‡K AKUvj
msL¨v c×wZ e‡j| G
c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ AsK¸‡jv nj 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Ges Gi †em nj 8|
(4) †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ t- †h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z ‡lvjwU AsK ev wPý e¨envi Kiv nq †m c×wZ‡K
‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ
e‡j| G c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ AsK¸‡jv nj 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F Ges Gi †em nj 16|
msL¨v c×wZi †em t- ‡Kvb GKwU msL¨v c×¢wZ‡Z †gvU KqwU AsK ev wPý e¨eûZ nq †m KqvU AsK ev
wPý‡K H msL¨v c×wZi †em ev wfwË ejv nq| bx‡b¥ wewfbœ msL¨v c×wZi †em I e¨eüZ AsK †`Iqv nj t

msL¨v c×wZ ‡em/wfwË e¨eüZ AsK D`vnib

`kwgK 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 (567)10
evBbvwi 02 0,1 (101)2
AKUvj 08 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 (567)8
‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F (2)16

2| 0 †_‡K 20 ch©šÍ msL¨v¸‡jvi evBbvwi, AKUvj I †n·v‡Wwm‡gj gvb wbY©q Ki|

DËi t 0 †_‡K 20 ch©šÍ msL¨v¸‡jvi evBbvwi, AKUvj I †n·v‡Wwm‡gj gvb bx‡b¥ †`Iqv nj-

`kwgK gvb evBbvwi gvb AKUvj gvb ‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj gvb

0 0000 0 0
1 0001 1 1
2 0010 2 2
3 0011 3 3
4 0100 4 4
5 0101 5 5
6 0110 6 6
7 0111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
 15 1111 17 F
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14

wewfbœ cÖKvi msL¨v c×wZi iæcvšÍi t

1| evBbvwi msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iæcvšÍi t
c~Y© As‡ki †ÿ‡Î t evBbvwi msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iæcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ GK‡Ki AsK‡K 20, `k‡Ki AsK‡K 21,
kZ‡Ki AsK‡K 22 Gfv‡e ci ci msL¨v¸‡jv‡K µgvš^‡q 2 Gi NvZ w`‡q ¸b K‡i ¸bdj‡K †hvM Ki‡j wb‡Y©q
`kwgK msL¨vi gvb cvIqv hvq|
fMœvs‡ki †ÿ‡Î t fMœvs‡ki †ÿ‡Î 2 , 2 , 2-3,----- BZ¨vw` w`‡q cÖ_g n‡Z cici µgvš^‡q ¸b K‡i ¸bdj‡K †hvM
-1 -2

Ki‡j wb‡Y©q `kwgK msL¨vi gvb cv&Iqv hvq|

D`vnib t (1011.101)2 msL¨vwU‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iæcvšÍi Ki|
mgvavb t ¿= 1 ×20 +1 ×21 +0 ×22 +1 ×23 +1 ×2−1 +0 ×2−2+ 1× 2−3
1 1
¿ 1 ×1+1× 2+0+1 ×8+ +0+ ¿ 1+2+8+ 0.5+0.125¿ 11+0.625¿ 11.625¿ ¿
2 8
wb‡R Ki t (111101.111)2 , (101010.101)2 Ges (10110.1011)2 msL¨v¸‡jv‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iæcvšÍi Ki |
1| `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iæcvšÍi t
c~Y©As‡ki †ÿ‡Î t
(i) `kwgK c~b© msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iæcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g `kwgK msL¨v‡K 2 Øviv fvM K‡i †h‡Z
n‡e hZÿb bv ch©šÍ fvMdj k~b¨ nq|
(ii) hw` fvMdY k~b¨ nq Zvn‡j fv‡R¨i KvR †kl Ki‡Z n‡e Ges me©‡kl fvM‡kl w`‡q msL¨v¸‡jv‡K µgbyhvqx
wjL‡j †h msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e ZvB wb‡Y©q evBbvwi msL¨v|
fMœvs‡ki †ÿ‡Î t
(i) fMœvsk msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iæcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡j fMœvsk msL¨vwU‡K µgvš^‡q 2 Øviv ¸b K‡i †h‡Z
n‡e hZÿb bv ch©šÍ ¸bdj k~b¨ nq|
(ii) c~Y©msL¨v‡K nv‡Z †i‡L w`‡Z n‡e Ges me©cÖ_g c~Y©msL¨v †_‡K µgvbyhvqx mvRv‡j wb‡Y©q
evBbvwi msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e|
2| AKUvj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iæcvšÍi t
c~Y© As‡ki †ÿ‡Î t AKUvj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iæcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ GK‡Ki AsK‡K 80, `k‡Ki AsK‡K 81,
kZ‡Ki AsK‡K 82 Gfv‡e ci ci msL¨v¸‡jv‡K µgvš^‡q 8 Gi NvZ w`‡q ¸b K‡i ¸bdj‡K †hvM Ki‡j wb‡Y©q
`kwgK msL¨vi gvb cvIqv hvq|
fMœvs‡ki †ÿ‡Î t fMœvs‡ki †ÿ‡Î 8-18 2-2,82-3,----- BZ¨vw` w`‡q cÖ_g n‡Z cici µgvš^‡q ¸b K‡i ¸bdj‡K
†hvM Ki‡j wb‡Y©q `kwgK msL¨vi gvb cv&Iqv hvq|
D`vnib t (273.52)8 msL¨vwU‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iæcvšÍi Ki|
mgvavb t ¿= 2 ×8 0+7 × 8+3 ×8 2+5 × 8−1 +2 ×8−2
5 2
¿ 2 ×1+7 ×8+ 3× 64+ + ¿ 2+56+192+0.625+ 0.125¿ 250+0.75¿ 250.75
8 64
=¿
wb‡R Ki t (362.57)8 , (723.56)8Ges (731.031)8msL¨v¸‡jv‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iæcvšÍi Ki |
( we:`ª: Abyiæcfv‡e †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡ji †ÿ‡Î 8 Gi RvqMvq 16 w`‡q ¸b K‡i †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e )
3| AKUvj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iæcvšÍi t
AKUvj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iæcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡j D³ AKUvj msL¨vi 3 wWwR‡Ui evBbvwi gvb emv‡j
wb‡Y©q evBbvwi gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vnib t ( 375.62)8 msL¨vwU‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iæcvšÍi Ki|
mgvavb t ( 375.62)8 = 3 7 5 . 6
 = 011 111 101 110 010
= (011111101.110010)2

= (11111101.11001)2

4| ‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iæcvšÍi t

‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iæcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡j D³ ‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi 4 wWwR‡Ui evBbvwi
gvb emv‡j wb‡Y©q evBbvwi gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vnib t ( 5A7.2D)16 msL¨vwU‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iæcvšÍi Ki|
mgvavb t ( 5A7.2D)16 = 5 A 7 . 2 D
= 0101 1100 0111 00 11 1101
= (01011100011100111101)2
= (1011100011100111101)2
5| AKUvj msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iæcvšÍi t
AKUvj msL¨v‡K ‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iæcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g cÖwZwU AKUvj msL¨v‡K 3 wWwR‡Ui
evBbvwi†Z iæcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges D³ evBbvwi msL¨v‡K Pvi Mªy‡c wef³ K‡i cÖwZwU MÖæ‡ci
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj gvb emv‡j wb‡Y©q †n·v‡Wwm‡gj gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vnib t ( 375.62)8 msL¨vwU‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iæcvšÍi Ki|
mgvavb t ( 375.62)8 = 3 7 5 . 6 2
= 011 111 101 110 010
= (011111101.110010)2
= (11111101.11001)2
= 1111 1101 . 1100 1000
= A D . C 8
= (AD.C8)16
AZGe, ( 375.62)8 = (AD.C8)16
6| ‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K AKUvj msL¨vq iæcvšÍi t
‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vq iæcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g cÖwZwU ‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v†K 4
wWwR‡Ui evBbvwi†Z iæcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges D³ evBbvwi msL¨v‡K wZb Mªy‡c wef³ K‡i cÖwZwU
MÖæ‡ci A±vj gvb emv‡j wb‡Y©q A±vj gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vnib t ( 3A5.2 C)16 msL¨vwU‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iæcvšÍi Ki|
mgvavb t ( 3A5.2 C)16 = 3 A 5 . 2 C
= 0011 1010 0101 0010 1100
= (001110100101.00101100)2
= (1110100101.001011)2
= 001 110 100 101 . 001 011
= 1 6 4 5 . 1 3
= (1645.13)8
AZGe, ( 3A5.2 C)16 = (1645.13)8
7| wPýhy³ msL¨v Kx ? FbvZœK msL¨v †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ Kx Kx MVb c×wZ cwijwÿZ nq ? 1-Gi I 2-Gi
cwic~iK msL¨v c×wZ ej‡Z wK eyS ? 2-Gi msL¨v MV‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2-Gi cwic~iK
msL¨v c×wZ‡Z †hv‡Mi wbqgvejx wjL|
wPýhy³ msL¨v t MvwYwZK Kv‡R msL¨vi gvb †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ `ywU Ae¯’v i‡q‡Q h_v abvZœK Ges
FbvZœK| abvZœK I FbvZœK msL¨v †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ h_vµ‡g Ó+Ó I Ó-Ó wPý e¨envi Kiv nq| GB Ó+Ó ev
Ó-Ó wPýhy³ msL¨v‡K mvBÛ (Signed) bv¤^vi e‡j| evBbvwi c×wZ‡Z GB wPý †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ GKwU weU
e¨envi Kiv nq hv‡K wPý weU e‡j| wPý weU 0 n‡j msL¨vwU abvKèK Ges wPý weU 1 n‡j msL¨vwU
FbvZœK| 8 weU †iwRóv‡i wPýhy³ msL¨v †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ ‡jLvi c×wZi †ÿ‡Î Wvbcvk¦© n‡Z 7 weU †WUvi
Rb¨ Ges me© ev‡gi 1 weU wP‡ýi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|

‡hgb (+5)10 †K 8 weU ‡iwR÷v‡i wb‡b¥v³fv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq-

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

wPý weU †WUv weU

‡hgb (-5)10 †K 8 weU ‡iwRóv‡i wb‡b¥v³fv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq-

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

wPý weU †WUv weU

FbvZœK msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î msL¨vi gvb †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ wZbwU wfbœ wfbœ c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv nq-
(1) cªK…Z gvb MVb
(2) 1-Gi cwic~iK MVb
(3) 2-Gi cwic~iK MVb
bx‡bœ G¸‡jvi eY©bv †`Iqv n‡jv t
(1) cªK…Z gvb MVb t †Kv‡bv msL¨vi wPý weUmn evBbvwi gvbB n‡”Q cÖK„Z gvb| A_©vr †Kv‡bv
msL¨vi evBbvwi gvb‡K 8 weU †iwR÷v‡i Wvb w`K n‡Z ewm‡q duvKv Ni¸‡jv‡Z k~b¨ ewm‡q Ges wPý
we‡U Z_v 8g we‡U 0 ev 1 emv‡j cÖK…Z gvb cvIqv hvq| †hgb-
(-5) Gi cÖK…Z gvb = 10000101
(2) 1-Gi cwic~iK MVb t ‡Kv‡bv evBbvwi msL¨vi weU¸‡jv‡K Dwë‡q A_©vr 0-Gi ¯’v‡b 1 Ges 1-Gi ¯’v‡b
0 emv‡j ( †h msL¨v cvIqv hvq Zv‡K 1-Gi cwic~iK msL¨v c×wZ e‡j|) msL¨vwUi 1-Gi cwic~iK MVb cvIqv
hvq|
‡hgb t 101011 Gi cwic~iK MVb n‡jv 010100
(3) 2-Gi cwic~iK MVb t ‡Kv‡bv evBbvwi msL¨vi weU¸‡jv‡K Dwë‡q A_©vr 0-Gi ¯’v‡b 1 Ges 1-Gi ¯’v‡b
0 emv‡j ( †h msL¨v cvIqv hvq Zv‡K 1-Gi cwic~iK msL¨v c×wZ e‡j|) msL¨vwUi 1-Gi cwic~iK MVb cvIqv
hvq| Ges D³ 1-Gi cwic~iK MV‡bi mv‡_ ( msL¨vi mv‡_) 1 †hvM Ki‡j ( †h msL¨v cvIqv hvq Zv‡K 2-Gi
cwic~iK msL¨v c×wZ e‡j ) 2-Gi cwic~iK MVb cvIqv hvq|
2-Gi cwic~iK MV‡bi ¸iæZ¡/cÖ‡qvRbxqZv t
(i) 2-Gi cwic~iK ‡hvM I we‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î GKB hyw³ eZ’bx ( †hv‡Mi eZ©bx ) e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e|
(ii) 2-Gi cwic~iK MVb e¨envi K‡i mij jwRK eZ©bx ˆZix Kiv hvq hv `v‡g m¯Ív Ges `ªæZ MwZm¤úbœ |
(iii) AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii MvwYwZK I hyw³g~jK As‡k 2-G cwic~iK c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
(iv) GB c×wZ‡Z wPýhy³ msL¨v I wPýwenxb msL¨v †hvM Kivi †ÿ‡Î GKB eZ©bx e¨envi Kiv nq|
2-Gi cwic~iK c×wZ‡Z †hv‡Mi wbqgvejx t
(i) we‡Ui msL¨v mgvb n‡Z n‡e|
(ii) FbvZ¡K msL¨v‡K 2-Gi cyic~iK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| abvZ¡K msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î Zv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv |
(iii) wPý we‡Ui ci AwZwi³ K¨vwi weU ev` †`Iqv nq|
(iv) djvdj FbvZ¡K n‡j ( wPý weU 1 nq) Zv 2-Gi cwic~iK K‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq|

evBbvwi †hvM t =
D`vnib-1 t (15)10 I (9)10 msL¨v `yBwU 2-Gi cwic~iK c×wZ‡Z †hvM Ki|
mgvavb t (+15)10 = (1111)1
(+9)10 = (1001)2
8-weU †iwRóv‡ii Rb¨ ;
(+15)10 = (00001111)2
(+9)10 = (00001001)2
(+24)10 = (00011000)2
GLv‡b wPý weU 0 †mRb¨ msL¨vwU abvZ¡K| AZGe wb‡Y©q DËi (+24)10 = (+11000)2 A_ev
(00011000)2

D`vnib-2 t (+15)10 I (-9)10 msL¨v `yBwU 2-Gi cwic~iK c×wZ‡Z †hvM Ki|
mgvavb t (+15)10 = (1111)2
(-9)10 = (1001)2
8-weU †iwRóv‡ii Rb¨ ;
(+9)10 Gi evBbvwi gvb = (00001001)2
(+9)10 Gi 2-Gi cwic~iK gvb = (11110111)2
A_©vr (-9)10 = (11110111)2

GLb, (+15)10 = (00001111)2

(-9)10 = (11110111)2
(+6)10 = (100000110)2
GLv‡b K¨vwi weU 1 hv ev` †`Iqv nq Ges wPý weU 0 †mRb¨ msL¨vwU abvZ¡K| AZGe, wb‡Y©q DËi
(+6)10 = (+110)2 A_ev (00000110)2
D`vnib-3 t (-15)10 I (-9)10 msL¨v `yBwU 2-Gi cwic~iK c×wZ‡Z †hvM Ki|
mgvavb t (-15)10 = (1111)2
(-9)10 = (1001)2
8-weU †iwRóv‡ii Rb¨ ;
(+15)10 Gi evBbvwi gvb = (00001111)2
(+15)10 Gi 2-Gi cwic~iK gvb = (11110001)2
A_©vr (-15)10 = (11110001)2
(+9)10 Gi evBbvwi gvb = (00001001)2
(+9)10 Gi 2-Gi cwic~iK gvb = (11110111)2
A_©vr (-9)10 = (11110111)2

GLb, (-15)10 = (11110001)2

(-9)10 = (11110111)2
(-24)10 = (111101000)2
GLv‡b K¨vwi weU 1 hv ev` †`Iqv nq Ges wPý weU 1 †mRb¨ msL¨vwU FbvZ¡K A_©vr DËiwU‡K Avevi 2-
Gi cwic~iK Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡m‡ÿ‡Î 1101000 Gi 2-Gi cwic~iK n‡e 0011000| AZGe, wb‡Y©q DËi (-24)10 = (-
11000)2 A_ev (10011000)2

D`vnib-4 t (-22)10 I (-13)10 msL¨v `yBwU 2-Gi cwic~iK c×wZ‡Z †hvM Ki|
mgvavb t (-22)10 = (10110)2
(-13)10 = (1101)2
8-weU †iwRóv‡ii Rb¨ ;
(+22)10 Gi evBbvwi gvb = (00010110)2
(+22)10 Gi 2-Gi cwic~iK gvb = (11101010)2
A_©vr (-22)10 = (11101010)2
(+13)10 Gi evBbvwi gvb = (00001101)2
(+13)10 Gi 2-Gi cwic~iK gvb = (11110011)2
A_©vr (-13)10 = (11110011)2

GLb, (-22)10 = (11101010)2

 (-13)10 = (11110011)2
(-35)10 = (111011101)2
GLv‡b K¨vwi weU 1 hv ev` †`Iqv nq Ges wPý weU 1 †mRb¨ msL¨vwU FbvZ¡K A_©vr DËiwU‡K Avevi 2-
Gi cwic~iK Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡m‡ÿ‡Î 1011101 Gi 2-Gi cwic~iK n‡e 0100011| AZGe, wb‡Y©q DËi (-35)10 = (-
100011)2 A_ev (10100011)2

evBbvwi we‡qvM t =
D`vnib-1 t (15)10 I (9)10 msL¨v `yBwU 2-Gi cwic~iK c×wZ‡Z †hvM Ki|
mgvavb t (+15)10 = (1111)1
(+9)10 = (1001)2
8-weU †iwRóv‡ii Rb¨ ;
(+9)10 Gi evBbvwi gvb = (00001001)2
(+9)10 Gi 2-Gi cwic~iK gvb = (11110111)2
A_©vr, (-9)10 = (11110111)2

GLb, (+15)10 = (00001111)2

(-9)10 = (11110111)2
(+6)10 = (100000110)2
GLv‡b K¨vwi weU 1 hv ev` †`Iqv nq Ges wPý weU 0 †mRb¨ msL¨vwU abvZ¡K| AZGe wb‡Y©q DËi
(+6)10 = (+110)2 A_ev (00000110)2
8| †KvW wK ? †KvW KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx ? wewmwW †KvW,A¨vmwK †KvW,AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW Ges
BDwb‡KvW m¤ú‡K© hv Rvb wjL| wewmwW †KvW Ges evBbvwi msL¨vi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki| (K) wewmwW
†KvW I AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †Kv‡Wi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL| (L) wewmwW †KvW Ges A¨vmwK †Kv‡Wi g‡a¨
cv_©K¨ wjL|
‡KvW t Kw¤úDUvimn Ab¨vb¨ B‡jKUªwb· hš¿B evBbvwi msL¨v Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb msL¨v †ev‡S bv| ZvB
BbcyUK…Z wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g BbcyUK…Z eY© A_ev msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq cÖKvk K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡i
†cÖiY Ki‡Z nq| AsK, Aÿi Ges Ab¨vb¨ wPý‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ e¨eüZ we‡Ui web¨vm‡K †KvW ev
Z_¨ ms‡KZ ejv nq|
wewfbœ cÖKvi †Kv‡Wi g‡a¨ bx‡b¥ eûj e¨eüZ KZK¸‡jv †Kv‡Wi bvg †`Iqv n‡jv t
(1) AKUvj †KvW (2) †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †KvW (3) wewmwW †KvW (4) AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW (5) A¨vmwK
†KvW (6) BwewmwWAvBwm †KvW (7) BDwb‡KvW
(1) wewmwW †KvW t BCD †Kv‡Wi c~Y©iæc n‡jv Binary Coded Decimal | `kwgK c×wZi msL¨v‡K
evBbvwi msL¨vq cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ wewmwW †KvW e¨eüZ nq | 0 †_‡K 9 GB `kwU As‡Ki cÖwZwU‡K
wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨ 4 weU evBbvwi As‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb| 4 wU weU Øviv 24 A_©vr 16 wU wfbœ Ae¯’v wb‡`©k
Kiv hvq| ZvB 16 wU Ae¯’v e¨envi K‡i K‡qK cÖKvi wewmwW †KvW ˆZix Kiv m¤¢e| wewmwW †KvW
g~jZ cuvP cÖKvi h_v t wewmW 8421, wewmwW 5421, wewmwW 2421, wewmwW 7421, wewmwW 642-
3|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii –BIOS-Gi ZvwiL msiÿ‡Y, IBM-Gi cyiv‡bv mycvi Kw¤úDUv‡v, wewfbœ B‡jKUªwb·
wWm‡cø †ev‡W© ( K¨vjKz‡jUi, wWwRUvj Nwo, wWwRUvj †fvë wgUvi BZ¨vw`‡Z ) ZvwiL msiÿ‡b
wewmwW †KvW e¨eüZ nq|
wewmwW †Kv‡Wi ˆewkó t
(i) GwU GK ai‡bi wbD‡gwiK †KvW
(ii) ïay gvÎ †Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi‡Z cÖKvk Kiv hvq
(iii) `kwgK c×wZi msL¨v‡K ( 0 †_‡K 9 ) evBbvwi msL¨vq cÖKvk Ki‡Z 4 weU evBbvwi As‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb|
(iv) 4 wU weU Øviv 24 A_©vr 16 wU wfbœ Ae¯’v wb‡`©k Kiv hvq|
wewmwW †Kv‡Wi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv t †Kv‡bv †Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi‡Z iæcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡j 2 Øviv
ch©vqµwKfv‡e fvM Ki‡Z nq,Ges fvM‡kl¸‡jv msMÖn Ki‡Z nq | B‡jKUªwb· hš¿ ˆZixi mgq GiKg fv‡Mi
eZ©bx ˆKix Kiv A‡cÿvK…Z RwUj Ges LiP mv‡cÿ| Aciw`‡K wewmwW c×wZi R†b¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
B‡jKUªwbK eZ©bx A‡bK mij| †QvULvU hš¿cvwZ †hgb nvZNwo, K¨vjKz‡jUi, B‰iKUªwb· wWm‡cø
BZ¨vw`‡Z evBbvwi c×wZ e¨envi Ki‡j eZ©bx A‡bK RwUj n‡q hvq Ges LiPI †ewk c‡o| G Kvi‡b Gme
hš¿cvwZ‡Z evBbvwi c×wZi e`‡j wewmwW c×wZ e¨eüZ nq|
Ab¨fv‡e/
(i) †Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi‡Z iæcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z G †Kv‡Wi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
(ii) wewmwW c×wZi R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq B‡jKUªwb· eZ©bx A‡bK mij|
(iii) †QvULvU hš¿cvwZ †hgb nvZNwo, K¨vjKz‡jUi, B‰iKUªwb· wWm‡cø BZ¨vw`‡Z wewmwW †KvW
e¨eüZ nq|
(iv) Zzjbvg~jK KiP Kg c‡o|

wewmwWi †Kv‡Wi mv‡_ evBbvwi msL¨vi g‡a¨ Zzjbv t

(i) `kwgK, evBbvwi, AKUvj ev †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZi g‡Zv wewmwW †Kv‡bv msL¨v c×wZ bq| GUv
Avm‡j `kwgK c×wZi wfbœ cÖKvk hvi cÖwZwU AsK mgZzj¨ evBbvwi‡Z †KvW Kiv nq| Avi ZvB
¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡jv wewmwW I evBbvwi msL¨v GK bq| †hgb t
(137)10 Gi mgZzj¨ evBbvwi ( 1000100)2
(137)10 Gi mgZzj¨ wewmwW ( 000100110111)BCD
(ii) ‡Kv‡bv msL¨v‡K wewmwW †Kv‡W cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ weU jv‡M| GLv‡b †`Lv †M‡Q (137)10 Gi evBbvwii
Rb¨ 8 wU weU , wK¯‘ wewmwW‡Z cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ 12 weU jv‡M|
(iii) `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq cÖKv‡ki †P‡q wewmwW †Kv‡W cÖKvk Kiv Lye mnR| ïay 0 †_‡K
9 ch©šÍ `kwgK msL¨vi evBbvwi mgZzj¨ g‡b ivL‡jB h‡_ó|
AvjdvwbD‡gwiK ‡KvW t †h †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g eY© ev Aÿi ( a-z, A-Z) A¼ (0-9) Ges wewfbœ MvwYwZK
wPýmn (+,-,× ,÷ BZ¨vw` ) KZK¸‡jv we‡kl wPý ( !, #, @, %, * BZ¨vw` ) e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K
AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW e‡j| msL¨v QvovI Kw¤úDUvimn wewfbœ cÖhyw³i c‡Y¨i Kg©`ÿZv‡K Kv‡R
jvMv‡bvi j‡ÿ¨ Aÿi I Ab¨vb¨ wP‡ýi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o †mB Rb¨ AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q|
AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW wewfbœ cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i †hgb – AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †Kv‡Wi A¨vmwK †KvW 7
we‡Ui, BDwb‡KvW 16 we‡Ui, EBCDIC †KvW 8 we‡Ui nq|
eZ©gv‡b mKj Kw¤úDUvi Ges Kw¤úDUvi mswkøó h‡š¿ GB †KvW †ewk e¨eüZ nq| AvjdvwbD‡gwiK
†Kv‡Wi Kvi‡b †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I †WUv UªvÝdv‡ii †ÿ‡Î k„•Ljv G‡m‡Q|
A¨vmwK †KvW ( ASCII ) t ASCII †Kv‡Wi cy‡iv bvg n‡jv American Standard Code for Information
Interchange | GwU GKwU eûj cÖPwjZ 7 we‡Ui †KvW hv 1965 mv‡j ievU© wegvi D™¢veb K‡ib| G
†KvW Øviv 27 ev 128 wPý‡K wbw`©ó Kiv hvq|
A¨vmwK †Kv‡Wi evg w`‡K wZbwU †Rvb Ges Wvbw`‡Ki PviwU msL¨vm~PK weU wnmv‡e aiv nq| Z‡e
GKev‡i ev‡g GKwU c¨vwiwU weU †hvM K‡i A¨vmwK‡K ( ASCII-8 ) 8-weU †Kv‡W iæcvšÍi Kiv nq|
eZ©gv‡b A¨vmwK †KvW ej‡Z ASCII-8 †KB eySvq|
†hgb A AÿiwUi ASCII-8 †KvW A= c¨vwiwUweU

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡i GB †Kv‡Wi e¨vcK cÖPjb Av‡Q| GQvovI Kw¤úDUvi Ges BbcyU/ADUcyU Gi Rb¨
e¨eüZ hš¿ †hgb- Kx‡evW©, gwbUi, wcÖ›Uvi BZ¨vw`i g‡a¨ AvjdvwbD‡gwiK Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡b e¨eüZ nq|

bx‡b¥ wewmwW †KvW Ges A¨vmwK †Kv‡Wi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`Iqv njt-

A¨vmwK †KvW wewmwW †KvW

1| ASCII †Kv‡Wi cy‡iv bvg n‡jv American 1| BCD †Kv‡Wi c~Y©iæc n‡jv Binary Coded
Standard Code for Information Interchange Decimal
2| ASCII †KvW n‡”Q 7 we‡Ui †KvW| 2| BCD †KvW n‡”Q 4 we‡Ui †KvW|
3| GB †Kv‡W 7 wU weU Øviv 27 ev 128 wU wfbœ 3| GB †Kv‡W 4 wU weU Øviv 24 ev 16 wU wfbœ
Ae¯’v wb‡`©k K‡i| Ae¯’v wb‡`©k K‡i|
4| gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡i G †Kv‡Wi e¨vcK cÖPjb 4| `kwgK c×wZi msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq cÖKvk
Av‡Q| Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|

bx‡b¥ wewmwW †KvW Ges AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †Kv‡Wi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`Iqv njt-

wewmwW †KvW Avjdv wbD‡gwiK †KvW

1| `kwgK msL¨v c×wZi cÖwZwU AsK‡K 4 weU
evBbvwi msL¨vq cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †h †KvW e¨eüZ nq
Zv‡K wewmwW †KvW e‡j|
2| GB †Kv‡W 4 wU weU Øviv 24 ev 16 wU wfbœ
Ae¯’v wb‡`©k K‡i|
3| GwU 4 we‡Ui †KvW|
4| BCD 8421 we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †KvW|
1| †h †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g eY© ev Aÿi ( a-z, A-Z) A¼ (0-
9) Ges wewfbœ MvwYwZK wPýmn (+,-,× ,÷
BZ¨vw` ) KZK¸‡jv we‡kl wPý ( !, #, @, %, *
BZ¨vw` ) e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K AvjdvwbD‡gwiK
†KvW e‡j|
2| A¨vmwK-7 †Kv‡Wi 7wU weU Øviv 27 ev 128 wU
wfbœ Ae¯’v wb‡`©k K‡i|
3| GwU 7 weU ev 8 we‡Ui †KvW
4| ASCII-7, ASCII-8 D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †KvW|

bx‡b¥ wewmwW †KvW Ges evBbvwi msL¨vi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`Iqv nj t-

wewmwW †KvW evBbvwi msL¨v

1| `kwgK msL¨v c×wZi cÖwZwU AsK‡K 4 weU
evBbvwi msL¨vq cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †h †KvW e¨eüZ nq
Zv‡K wewmwW †KvW e‡j|
2| wewmwW †KvW †Kvb msL¨v c×wZ bq|
3| `kwgK msL¨v‡K wewmwW †Kv‡W cÖKvk Kiv
Lye mnR|
4| †Kv‡bv msL¨v‡K wewmwW †Kv‡W cÖKv‡ki
Rb¨ †ewk weU jv‡M|
1| †h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z `yBwU ( 0, 1 ) AsK ev wPý
e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ e‡j|
2| evBbvwi GKwU msL¨v c×wZ|
3| `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq cÖKvk Kiv
KwVb|
4| †Kv‡bv msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq cÖKv‡ki Rb¨
Kg weU jv‡M|

BDwb‡KvW t- Uni Code-Gi c~Y©iæc n‡”Q Universal Code| we‡k¦i mKj fvlv‡K Kw¤úDUvi †Kv‡W
AšÍf©~³ Kivi Rb¨ eo eo Kw¤úDUvi †Kv¯úvwb¸‡jv 1991 mv‡j GKwU gvb ˆZix K‡i‡Qb hv‡K BDwb†KvW
ejv nq| GwU GKwU 16 we‡Ui AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW | G †Kv‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ 216 ev 65536wU AwØZxq
AsK, eY© A_ev we‡kl wPý‡K wbw`„ó Kiv hvq d‡j Pxb, Rvcvb, †Kvwiqvb fvlv‡K BDwb‡Kv‡W AšÍf©~³
Kiv hv‡”Q|
wewfbœ ai‡bi K¨v‡i±i ev †U·U‡K cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ BDwb‡KvW e¨envi Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b Windows 2000,
OS/2 BZ¨vw` Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g BDwb‡KvW mv‡cvU© K‡i| eZ©gv‡b evsjv fvlv‡KI BDwb‡KvWf©~³ Kiv
n‡q‡Q hv Windows 7 bvgK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g P‡j|
BDwb‡Kv‡Wi ‰ewkó t
(i) B&nv 16 weU wewkó †KvW d‡j 65,536 wU AwØZxq wPý‡K wbw`©ó Kiv hvq|
(ii) we‡k¦i ‡QvU eo mKj fvlv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡I †KvWf’³ Kiv hvq|
(iii) K¨v‡i±i‡K †KvW Kivi Rb¨ 16 weUB e¨envi Kiv hvq|
(iv) BDwb‡KvW †_‡K Ab¨vb¨ ÷¨vÛvW© †Kv‡W cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|