Neutralization

sodium hydroxide hydrochloric

+
acid =
109
=

(sodium chloride) salt + water =

109
Mass of reactants and products is conserved .

I Applications
.

1 . Brushing teeth with toothpaste

mouth in food into acid
Bacteria in change sugars
.

our

tooth decay
It damage the surface of our teeth and cause
.

can

2 Treating stomach ache with antacid

.

Our stomach produces an

acid to help digest food .

It
may irritate
the stomach of wall and cause a

stomach ache .

Extra Stomach wall mucus -> protect the stomach

:
:

stomach acid -> pH1 hydrochloric acid

.
3 Regulating soilpH
Crops do not grow well in acidic soil .

Add lime to acidic soil .

4
. Treating insect stings and bites

Wasp stings alkaline -> add vinegar

are

Beestings and ant bites are acidic -> add baking soda

5 Treating chemical waste

.

Chemical waste from factories may contain acid or alkalis

#. Effects of acid on metals

1 .
Reactions of dilute acid with some metals

It burns with a 'pop" sound .

,
-
-

hydrogen
U burni
Gas
Metal bubble
What happens Hydrogen Change in metal

Burn with a Become smaller

Zinc pop' sound in size

Burn with a Become smaller

Magnesium pop' sound in size

Burn with a Become smaller

Iron
pop' sound in size

No sound is Remain unchanged

Copper produced
 Magnesium Zinc Iron Copper
Metal+acid ->hydrogen-> burning
burns with a 'pop' sound
splint
Dilute acids corrode some metals .

When dilute acids react with metal , hydrogen is

produced .

2 . Equations
Metal+ Acid -> salt-hydrogen
E
. Zinc+Hydrochloric acid
g
.

↓
Zinc

chloride
+

hydrogen
Iron +

Sulphuric acid
↓
Iron +

hydrogen
sulphate
#. Effects of acids on buildings materials

1 Reactions
.

some buildings are built using marble ,

limestone
and sandstone .
- delivery tube

Dilute

· N
I
hydrochloric

In
-
· rble
in
lime water

Building Change in building material

Grubble
Change in Carbon dioxide

material lime water Co

Turns
Marble Become smaller
milky

Turns
Limestone Become smaller
milky

Turns
sandstone Become smaller
milky

Material acid -> carbon dioxide -> lime

water
+

colourless -> M1 -ky

·
Dilute acids corrode building materials
containing
calcium carbonate , e .

g marble
.
.

calcium carbonate ,
When dilute acids react with
carbon dioxide is produced .

2 Equations
.

Carbonate acid -> salt-water

+
+
carbon dioxide

Eg. Calcium carbonate +

hydrochloric acid
J
Calcium
chloride+ water
+
carbon dioxide

Magnesium carbonate +
sulphuric acid
I
Magnesium
water + carbon dioxide
sulphate
+
IV Acid .
rain

Rainwater is around 5 6
. pH value
Acid rain < 5 6 .
PH value
0 03 %
.
Cotwater -> carbonic acid 5 . 6 pH

1 . Causes

Burning of fossil fuels in power station ,

vehicles and factories -> pollutants

Eg. Sulphur dioxide , nitrogen oxides
.
2 Effects
a .
Corroding metal objects and building
materials

Eg. car bodies and metal pipes

buildings and statues made of marble ,

limestone and sandstone

b killing living things in water
.

not
Water is too acid
->
living things may
Die E produce

Acid rain dissolve minerals in the soil

t vie =
↳livingthingsdieI carry
C .
Damaging plants
cannot grow
Acid rain -> soil acidic -> well
-> damage the
cannot
leaves
out
carry
photosynthesis
the
soil]
-> dissolve minerals in

weak and die

Extra :