Zybooks - (1. Unit Conversions)

1) Jennifer hosts a catered event that
will serve chocolate ice cream for

200 people. The ice cream has a
total volume of 1.79 gal. How many
gallons of ice cream will be served?
gal
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
Check Show answer
UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
2) Patrick hosts a birthday party and

will serve chocolate ice cream for
205 people. The ice cream has a
total volume of 2.34 gal and a
temperature of 4.15oC. How much
ice cream will be served per
person?
mL/person
Check Show answer
3) Susan and Michael hiked a 3.65

mile trail to a lake, enjoyed a picnic
lunch, and hiked back along the
same trail. The picnic basket
weighed 5.95 lbm before lunch and
2.63 lbm after lunch. They spent
6.21 hr hiking during the round trip.
What was the rate at which Susan
and Michael hiked?
ft/min
Check Show answer
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Enoch Tamale
Table 1.2.4: Common unit conversions.
Type of unit Equivalent values
1 kg = 2.20462 lbm
Mass
1 lbm = 453.593 g
1 m = 3.2808 ft
Length 1 ft = 12 in
1 ft = 30.48 cm
1 m3 = 1000 L
Volume 1 m3= 35.3145 ft3
1 ft3 = 7.4805 gal ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
1 N = 1 kg·m/s2 UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
Force 1 N = 0.22481 lbf
1 lbf = 32.174 lbm·ft/s2
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 Pa = 1.4504 X 10-4 lbf/in.2
(psi)
1 atm = 1.01325 x 105 Pa
Pressure 1 atm = 1.01325 bar
1 atm = 760 mmHg at 0°C
1 atm = 14.696 psi
1 atm = 33.9 ft H2O at 4°C
1 atm = 29.921 in. Hg at 0°C
1 J = 1 N·m
1 J = 1 Pa·m3
Energy
1 kJ = 0.94782 Btu
1 kWh = 3600 kJ
1 kJ/kg = 1000 m2/s2

1 W = 1 J/s
Power 1 W = 0.7376 ft·lbf/s
1 W = 9.4782 x 10-4 Btu/s
1 W = 1.341 x 10-3 hp
T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15

Temperature T(R) = T(°F) + 459.67
T(°F) = 1.8T(°C) + 32
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
1.8°F/1°C Enoch Tamale
Temperature 1.8°R/1K
difference 1°F/1°R
1°C/1K
1 hr = 60 min
Time
1 min = 60 s
Exploring further:
SI (International System of units)

English units
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Unit prefixes
Enoch Tamale
The Knovel unit converter is a free unit converter for many UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
different units.
Mars rover lost due to units mistake
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY 1.2.2: Calculations using unit conversions.
495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
Start
Convert between different units.
169 kg = Ex: 620 \(lb_m\)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Check Next
fitness_center EXERCISE 1.2.1: Performing unit conversions.

help_outline
Complete the unit conversions and report final answers with the same number of significant
figures as the starting value.
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
(a) 54 mg = _____ g
Solution keyboard_arrow_down
(b) 185 lbm = _____ kg
(c)
480,000 cm3 = _____ m3
(d) 1.35 m3 = _____ gal
(e) 5.2 × 106 ft/hr = _____ m/s ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
(f) 849 g∙cm/min2 = _____ lbf
1.3 Properties
Learning objectives
Distinguish between states, functions, intensive properties, and extensive properties.
Material
Characterizing the physical world requires numbers with units to be defined further. Several important
terms are listed in the table below.
Table 1.3.1: Defining important terms.
Definition Example
An atom is the smallest unit of matter. Atoms are also Hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O)
called elements. are two different atoms.
Hydrogen and
©zyBooks oxygen23:31
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A molecule is a grouping of one or more atoms by Enoch Tamale
bond together to form water
chemical bonds. UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
(H2O).
3 moles of methane are

A mole is 6.02 x 10 23 atoms.
burned.
The mass is an amount of matter. 3 kg of water are for drinking.

A component is any molecule. Species is another term Oxygen (O2) and methane
for component. (CH4) are two components.
Air is a material consisting of

A material is a component or mixture of components. primarily two components,
oxygen and nitrogen.
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
A mixture is the existence of two or more components, Enoch Tamale
two or more phases in contact with each other, or both. Oceans are a mixture,
All components in the same phase of a mixture have the primarily of water and salt.
same properties.
A phase is the range of conditions where the properties of At atmospheric temperature

a component are generally uniform. Solid, liquid, and gas and pressure, air is in the gas
are three common phases. phase.
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1.3.1: Matching common terms.
If unable to drag and drop, refresh the page.
Gasoline Gold C3H8
Atom
Component
Mixture
Reset
Property, state, and function ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Enoch Tamale
Table 1.3.2: Property, state, and function.
Definition Example
Charles is 5 feet 9 inches tall. Charles’s height is a
A property is a characteristic that
property of Charles. Charles’s location can change
does not change spontaneously.
quickly, so location is not a property.
A state is a condition described

When water is held at 70°F and 1 atm, the state is the
by the values of the state’s
liquid phase.
properties. ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
The wait time to check outUBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
at the grocery store
A function is the ability to change
changes as a function of the number of available
based on other properties.
checkout lanes.
Table 1.3.3: Common properties.
Definition Example
Temperature (T) is a quantitative measure of A temperature of 100°F is considered a

hot and cold. hot day.
The pressure of air at sea level is 1.01 x

Pressure (P) represents force over area.
105 N/m2.
Volume (V) quantifies three-dimensional

Milk is commonly sold by the gallon.
space.
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1.3.2: State, property, or function.
1) Temperature is a property.
True
False ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
2) Air in the room is at 72°F and 1 atm. UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
The condition of the air is a _____.

State
Property
3) The average high temperature changes
from 71°F on October 1st to 59°F on
October 31st. The average high
temperature is a _____.
Property
Function
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
Extensive and intensive properties
Properties are further divided into two categories. An extensive property is a property that depends on
mass or size. Ex: mass or volume. An intensive property is a property that does not depend on mass
or size. Ex: temperature, pressure, or density. The animation below provides a simple way to
characterize whether a property is intensive or extensive.
A specific property is an extensive property divided by mass or moles creating a new intensive
property. Ex: v is specific volume with example units of m3/kg. On the one hand, capital letters
symbolize extensive properties. Ex: Volume (V) can have units of mL. On the other hand, lowercase
letters represent the intensive properties, which have units per mass. Ex: Specific volume (v) can have
units of mL/g.
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 1.3.3: Intensive or extensive property.
Animation captions:
1. A vessel is divided in half with constant and equal volume and temperature.
2. The barrier is removed to see how the properties are affected.
3. The volumes change, so volume is an extensive property.
4. The temperatures remain equal after the barrier is removed, so temperature is an intensive
property.
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1.3.4: Intensive or extensive property.
1) Pressure is an intensive property. ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Enoch Tamale
True UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
False
2) Moles and volume are extensive
properties.
True
False
3) Mass is divided by volume, creating a

new property. The new property is an ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
______ property. Enoch Tamale
Intensive
Extensive
4) Seven people stand on a scale and

have a mass of 1280 lbs. A specific
property called the pep is defined as
the number of people divided by mass.
Pep is an intensive property.
True
False
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY 1.3.1: Types of properties.
495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
Start
Determine if the given information is a property or function:

V=S-L
1 2 3 4 5
Check Next
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Enoch Tamale
fitness_center EXERCISE 1.3.1: Property or function. help_outline

Determine whether the given information is a property or function.
(a) Density of water is 1.0 g/mL.
(b) The depth of water in Lake Michigan increased at a rate of 4.6 cm/week for 5 months.
(c) Peter and Martha bake some chocolate chip cookies, which takes 35 minutes. The cookies
are large and contain 58 calories per cookie. Are the calories©zyBooks 11/22/23
per cookie 23:31 or
a property 1858759
Enoch Tamale
function? UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
fitness_center EXERCISE 1.3.2: Intensive or extensive property. help_outline

Determine if the given the property is intensive or extensive.
(a) Volume
(b) Specific volume
(c) Temperature
(d) 75 lbm
(e) Density
(f) 5,000 m
Solution keyboard_arrow_down ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
1.4 Temperature and temperature calculations
Learning objectives
Calculate unit conversions for temperatures and temperature differences.
Temperature scales
Temperature (T) is a quantitative measure of hot and cold. Ex: A temperature of 100°F is considered a
hot day. Four unique temperature scales are common, shown in the table below.
Absolute temperature scales are defined from absolute zero and can be used11/22/23
©zyBooks for any23:31
calculation.
1858759
Rankine and Kelvin are absolute temperature scales. Ex: Calculations with theEnoch
idealTamale
gas law PV = nRT
should use absolute temperature scales. Relative temperature scales have arbitrary reference points
and should not be used in many operations, including multiplication and division. Celsius and
Fahrenheit are relative temperature scales. Ex: The difference between the high and low temperatures
in tomorrow’s forecast can be calculated using relative or absolute scales.
Temperature scales are often referred to as temperature units.
Table 1.4.1: Four temperature scales.
Temperature
Abbreviation Type Features
unit
0°F is defined as lowest temperature from

cooling brine.
Fahrenheit °F Relative
100°F is defined as the highest point for human
body temperature.
0°C is defined as freezing point of water.

Celsius °C Relative
100°C is defined as the boiling point of water.
0°R defines absolute zero.

Rankine °R Absolute
1°R = 1°F but is shifted 460°.
0 K defines absolute zero.

Kelvin K Absolute
1 K = 1°C but is shifted 273°.
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Enoch Tamale
PARTICIPATION 1.4.1: Choosing the appropriate relative or absolute temperature in
ACTIVITY
calculations.
1) Adding two temperatures with the
same units: Thot + Tcold
°F, °C, K, and °R
Only K and °R
2) Taking the ratio of two temperatures

with the same units: ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
T inlet UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
T outlet
K and °R
°F and °C
3) Using temperature in a common

formula:
n⋅R⋅T
P=
V
K and °R
°F and °C
Unit conversions with temperatures involve simple formulas rather than multiplying by conversion
factors as discussed elsewhere. Ex: Converting 200°C to °F uses a formula: 5⁄9 · (200°F - 32) = 93.3°C.
Table 1.4.2: Common temperature conversions.
9⁄ ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

5· T(°C) + 32 =
Enoch Tamale
T(°F) UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
T(°C) + 273.15 =
T(K)
T(K) = 5⁄9 · T(°R)

T(°F) + 459.67 =
T(°R)
Figure 1.4.1: Two thermometers with both Celsius and Fahrenheit

©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
temperature scales. Enoch Tamale
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 1.4.2: Converting common temperatures.
1) Human body temperature is 98.6°F . To

convert to °R:
98.6°F + ___ = 559°R.
273
460
2) Paper burns at 451°F. To convert to C:

(451°F - 32) ∙ ___ = 233°C.
9⁄ ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
5
Enoch Tamale
5
⁄9 UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
3) On Mount Everest, T = -35°F. Convert to
°C.
0°C
-37°C
-45°C
4) Water normally boils at 100°C. ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Enoch Tamale
Determine the temperature in °R. UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
672°R
212°R
460°R
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
1.4.1: Calculations using temperature conversions.
495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
Start
Convert between temperatures.
30.6 \(^{o}C\)Ex:
= 555 K
1 2 3 4 5
Check Next
Temperature differences
Temperature difference is the difference between two temperatures. Ex: If the high temperature in
Denver was 72°F and the low temperature was 42°F, then the temperature difference was 30°F.
Temperature differences are important when performing energy balances. Converting
©zyBooks between
11/22/23 23:31 units
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Enoch Tamale
of temperature difference uses conversion factors like most other unit conversions. Ex: A temperature
difference of 10°C is equivalent to a temperature difference of 10 K.
Table 1.4.3: Common temperature difference conversions.

ΔT(°R) = ΔT(°F)
ΔT(°R) = 9⁄5 ·
ΔT(K)
ΔT(K) = ΔT(°C)
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
ΔT(°F) = 9⁄5 ·
ΔT(°C)
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 1.4.3: Converting common temperature differences.
1) Patricia reports a 25 degree

temperature decrease in °C.
Convert to a temperature
difference in °F.
∆T= °F
Check Show answer
2) Water is used to cool other

streams in many chemical
operations. Water enters a process
at 9.6°C. The exiting temperature
probe broke and was replaced by
one reading in Fahrenheit. The
water exits at 120°F. Rita, the
engineer, needs to use the
temperature difference in other
calculations. What is the
temperature difference between
the exit and inlet in K? ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
∆T= K UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
Check Show answer
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY 1.4.2: Calculations using temperature and temperature difference conversions.
495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
Start
Convert between temperature differences.
\(\Delta T =\,282^{o}C\,=\)
Ex: 321 \(\,K\)
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Enoch Tamale
1 2 3 4 5
Check Next
Exploring further:
Each temperature system has a unique history, different reference points, etc.
Fahrenheit
Celsius
Rankine
Kelvin
fitness_center EXERCISE 1.4.1: Calculations with temperature.

help_outline
Complete a series of calculations involving temperature conversions and temperature
differences.
(a) A record high temperature of 106°F was recorded in Toledo, Ohio. This record temperature is
equal to _____°C.
©zyBooks is
(b) Antonio is running an experiment at 23 K. The very cold temperature 11/22/23 23:31
equal to 1858759
_____°C.
Enoch Tamale
Solution keyboard_arrow_down UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
(c) Bridget heats a reactor from 25.0°C to 274°C. The temperature difference in °F is _____.
(d) ΔT = 12°C = _____K
(e) 829 K ÷ _____°C = 199°C
(f) 75.8°F + 37.2°C = _____°R
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Solution keyboard_arrow_down Enoch Tamale
1.5 Pressure
Learning objectives
Identify different types of pressure, including absolute, gauge, and atmospheric, and their units.
Apply definitions of pressure when solving engineering problems.
Measuring pressure
Force is the push or pull on a component caused by interactions with other components. Force is also
mass times acceleration. Defining further, velocity is distance per unit time. Ex: miles per hour. And
acceleration is the change in velocity with time. Ex: Gravity is an acceleration. Specifically, gravity is
the acceleration between objects. Ex: The earth’s gravity keeps people from floating into space.
Pressure represents force over area. Ex: The pressure of air at sea level is 1.01 x 105 N/m2. Common
pressure units include N/m2 (or Pa) and lbf/in2 (or psi). Unit conversions use ratios, as covered in
another section. Pressure is important when studying the flow and properties of gases.
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 1.5.1: Pressure is defined as force over area.
Animation captions:
1. Pressure is force over area. The gas molecules move around and apply a force on the blue
piston, which is the area the force acts upon. ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
2. A smaller volume leads to a larger force because the gas molecules are closer together. The
area stays the same, so pressure increases.
Length units are also common for pressure (in H2O or mmHg). The relationship between pressure and
height, commonly called hydrostatic pressure, is P = ρ · g · h, where ρ is the density of the material, g
is gravity (9.8 m/s2), and h is height. With gravity and density taken as constants (at a specific
temperature), reporting pressure in length units is possible. Height is a length relative to a reference
point. A manometer is a type of pressure gauge that reports pressure in units of length. Links at this
section's end ("Exploring Further") describe more about manometers.
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1.5.2: Pressure and height.
Animation content:
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
undefined UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
Animation captions:
1. A cylindrical tank is viewed from the side and top. A person is lying under the tank.
2. The bottom of the tank and person feel no additional pressure because the tank is empty.
When liquid fills the tank, pressure is density times gravity times height.
3. When liquid fills the tank, the pressure on the bottom of the tank and person increases.
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1.5.3: Pressure units.
1) Identify the unit that cannot be used to

report pressure.
Pa = N/m2
atm
lbm/ft3
lbf / in2 = psi
2) Identify the unit that cannot be used to

report pressure.
mm Hg
in H2O
ft2 O2
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Enoch Tamale
3)
P
h=
?⋅g
g ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Enoch Tamale
P UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
ρ
4) Convert 830 mm Hg to atm.
1.0 atm
1.1 atm
1.2 atm
5) A pressurized tank is filled with water

to a height of 75 m. The pressure is
735,000 Pa. The density of water is:
1 kg/m3
950 kg/m3
1000 kg/m3
6) A pressurized tank is filled with solvent.

The solvent has a density of 946
kg/m3. The solvent fills the tank to a
height of 4.28 m. The pressure at the
bottom of the tank is:
45200 Pa
28400 Pa
39700 Pa
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY 1.5.1: Calculations using pressure. ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
Unit conversions can be found in the Appendix and may be needed to answer the questions.
495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
Start
Select the unit that cannot be used to report pressure.
a. \(\frac{lb_f}{ft^2}\)
b. \(in^2\,Hg\)
c. \(\frac{N}{m^2}\)
d. \(ft\,H_2O\) ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Enoch Tamale
e. \(bar\)
1 2 3 4 5
Check Next
Gauge pressure
The value read from a pressure gauge is called gauge pressure (Pg). An atmospheric pressure (Patm)
is the pressure of the environment around the object measured by the gauge. An absolute pressure
(P) is independent of the gauge location and is used for engineering calculations. Absolute pressure is
the sum of gauge and atmospheric pressures (P = Pg + Patm). Identifying the type of pressure being
reported is important in many calculations when using pressure. The table and animation below give
additional details on these three types of pressure.
Table 1.5.1: Types of pressure.
P = Pg + Patm
Type Notation Units Example
A pressure gauge on a mixing

g or gauge is appended
Gauge pressure Pg vessel reads 3.4 psig or 0.23 atm
to the pressure units.
gauge. ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
Atmospheric UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
At sea level, the atmospheric
Patm Pressure units
pressure pressure is 1.0 atm or 14.7 psi.
Absolute P Either an "a" is Pressure in a vessel is 18.1 psia or

pressure appended to the 1.23 atm.
pressure units
or no change occurs in
pressure units.
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1.5.4: Reading a pressure gauge.
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
Animation captions: UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
1. An empty tank with a pressure gauge is examined. The absolute pressure in the tank needs to
be found.
2. Absolute pressure is the sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure.
3. While the gauge reads zero for an empty tank, the absolute pressure should not be zero.
4. Now the absolute pressure is found for a filled tank. The gauge now reads 3.8 atm, and the
absolute pressure should be 4.8 atm.
Figure 1.5.1: Pressure gauge in units of bar and psi (top left), pressure
gauge in mmHg for measuring blood pressure (top right), and pressure
gauge in bar connected to a gas cylinder (bottom).
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Enoch Tamale
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 1.5.5: Using the different types of pressure.
1) A manometer connected to a pipe filled

with flowing gas reads 14 in H2O. The ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
type of pressure is: Enoch Tamale
Gauge pressure
Atmospheric pressure
Absolute pressure
2) Michele, a process engineer, correctly

uses 125 psi in her calculations related
to flow through a pump. The type of
pressure is:
Gauge pressure
Atmospheric pressure
Absolute pressure
3) A pressure gauge on a sealed tank

reads 34.9 psig. The tank is located
where atmospheric pressure is 13.6
psi. The absolute pressure in the tank
is:
34.9 psia
13.6 psia
48.5 psia
4) A pressure gauge on an open tank

reads 0 mmHg. The tank is located at
sea level, where atmospheric pressure
is 760 mmHg. The absolute pressure in
the tank is: ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
0 mmHg UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
760 mmHg
380 mmHg
5) A pressurized tank is filled with solvent.
The solvent has a density of 946
kg/m3. The solvent fills the tank to a
height of 4.28 m. Atmospheric
pressure is 101 kPa. The absolute
pressure in the tank is:
39700 Pa ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
101000 Pa UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
141000 Pa
6) Roger and Chris take a propane tank on

a camping trip. The tank’s pressure
gauge reads 21.8 psig at home in
Chicago (Patm=14.7 psi). Roger and
Chris travel to a campground near
Denver, where the atmospheric
pressure is 12.2 psi. In Denver, the
pressure gauge reads:
21.8 psig
24.3 psig
36.5 psig
Table 1.5.2: Gauge and absolute pressure units.
Gauge Absolute
psia or
psig
psi
Pa(gauge) Pa
mmHg(gauge) mmHg
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
atm(gauge) atm Enoch Tamale
bar(gauge) bar
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY 1.5.2: Using gauge pressure.
495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
Start
Select the pressure unit used for gauge pressure.

©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
a. \(cm\,H_2O\) Enoch Tamale
b. \(\frac{lb_f}{in^2}\)
c. \(\frac{N}{m^2}\)
d. \(atm\)
e. \(mm\,Hg(gauge)\)
1 2 3 4
Check Next
Exploring further:
Manometers
Pressure
fitness_center EXERCISE 1.5.1: Calculations with pressure. help_outline

Complete a series of calculations involving pressure. Assume atmospheric pressure is 1.00 atm
in all cases. ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
(a) Convert 1.14 atm to kPa. UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
(b) Convert 172 cmHg to psi.
(c) Al reads a pressure gauge as 294 psig. However, he needs the pressure in Pa for further
calculations. Find the pressure in Pa.
(d) Jane and Peter are camping in the mountains, where the atmospheric pressure is 11.9 psi.
The gauge on their propane tank reads 55 psi when they close the tank and return home. The
atmospheric pressure near Jane and Peter’s home is 14.2 psi. At home,
©zyBooks the gauge
11/22/23 23:31 on the
1858759
propane tank should read _____ psi. Enoch Tamale
1.6 Concentrations and fractions
Learning objectives
Calculate concentrations, such as applying definitions of density, molecular weight, fraction, and
percentage.
Convert between fractions, including mass, mole, and volume fractions.
Fractions and percentages
Mixtures of components are common in chemical and biochemical facilities. Ex: Air is a mixture of
oxygen and nitrogen. A concentration is the ratio of an individual component's amount to the total
amount. Ex: 3 green candies over 20 total candies of all colors. A concentration can be reported in
volume or mass, each being readily measurable. Molar concentration is also important when dealing
with reacting systems and separations.
A concentration is reported using a fraction or percentage. The composition of mixtures with multiple
components can be expressed as percentages (%) that add up to 100. Ex: A family with 5 children
includes 1 son. The fraction of male children is 20%. Fractions add up to 1 for a mixture of multiple
components. The symbol x is commonly used for fractions in equations and formulas. Ex: A pie is cut
into four slices and eaten by 4 people. The fraction of the pie consumed per person is 0.25.
PARTICIPATION ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

ACTIVITY
1.6.1: Common types of concentrations. Enoch Tamale
Match the concentration term with the correct example mixture.
Mass fraction Volume percent Mole fraction

A salad dressing contains 65 vol%
olive oil and 35 vol% vinegar.
Bronze contains a fraction of copper

of 0.88 by mass, and the balance is
tin.
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
Air has mole fractionsUBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
of 0.79 for
nitrogen and 0.21 for oxygen.
Reset
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1.6.2: Calculating concentrations.
1) A mixture contains 3.0 g of acetone

and 9.0 g total. The mass fraction of
acetone is:
0.33
0.30
0.67
2) 35 mol of glucose and 86 mol of

fructose is a sweet mixture. The mole
fraction of fructose is:
0.86
0.50
0.71
3) 35 mol of glucose and 86 mol of

fructose is a sweet mixture. The mole
fraction of glucose is:
0.41 ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
0.29 UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
4) A milk shake contains 475 mL of milk,
15.7 mL of chocolate syrup, and 1.89
mL of vanilla. The volume percent
(vol%) of chocolate syrup is:
0.384 %
3.19 %
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
0.0319 % Enoch Tamale
5) Acetone flows at 16.2 mol/hr in a
mixture with 29.5 mol/hr butanol and
31.7 mol/hr ethanol. The mole fraction
of butanol in this mixture is:
38.1
0.381
0.410
Converting among mass, moles, and volume
Converting between different amounts is common. Ex: When sugar is measured for baking cookies, 1
cup can be converted to 237 mL. 1 cup of sugar has a mass of 166 g because the density is 0.700
g/mL. Density and molecular weight are both properties that may be needed to convert between
mass, moles, and volume. Converting between volume, mass, and mole percentages or fractions is a
necessary skill to solve many material and energy balance problems.
Table 1.6.1: Defining density and molecular weight.
Term Abbreviation Example
Density is the ratio of

mass to volume for a ρ The density of water is nominally 1 g/mL.
component.
Water (H2O) has a molecular weight

©zyBooks of 18.
11/22/23 Adding
23:31 1858759
Molecular weight is the Enoch Tamale
2 molecules of hydrogen with an atomic weight of
ratio of mass to moles MW UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
1 and one molecule of oxygen with an atomic
in one component.
weight of 16 gives the molecular weight of water.
Other terms related to density are specific gravity or relative density. The specific gravity (SG) of a
component is a ratio of its density to a reference density, so specific gravity is dimensionless. Another
term for specific gravity is relative density. Common reference densities are water at 4oC for liquids
and air at 20oC for gases. Ex:
ρ ethanol 0.79 g / mL
SG ethanol = = = 0.79
ρ water 1.00 g / mL
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Example 1.6.1: Converting between mass, moles, and volume.
Enoch Tamale
Properties
From To Example Calculation
needed
Convert 15 g of
1 gmol
Mass Moles MW acetone (C3H6O) to 15 g ⋅ 58 g = 0.26 gmol
moles (gmol)
Convert 42 kg of
1L
Mass Volume ρ methanol (CH3OH) 42 kg ⋅ 0.786 kg = 53 L
to L
Convert 1.6 kgmol

114 kg 1L
Moles Volume MW and ρ of n-octane (C8H18) 1.6 kgmol ⋅ 1 kgmol ⋅ 0.699 kg = 261 L
to L
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1) Methanol has a density of 0.786 kg/L,

so the conversion of volume to mass
of methanol is:
1L
85 L ⋅ = 108 kg
0.786 kg
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Enoch Tamale
True
False
2) 32 g of ethanol (C2H5OH) are needed
for a reaction. Converting to moles
uses the molecular weight of ethanol.
The molecular weight of ethanol is
_____.
46
32 ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
3) 397 L of propanol (C3H7OH) are
converted to moles using density and
molecular weight by:
802 g 1 gmol
397 L ⋅ ⋅ = 5310 gmol
1L 60 g
True
False
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
Data found in the Appendix may be needed to answer the questions.
495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
Start
Enter the molecular weight for the element calcium (Ca).
Ex: 27.25
1 2 3 4 5 6
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Enoch Tamale
Check Next
Converting among mass, moles, and volume fractions

Concentrations are normally reported as fractions or percentages. Converting among mass, mole, and
volume fractions is necessary for many material balance calculations. One starts by choosing a
convenient base amount, such as 1 kg. Next, one converts each individual component to the new
amount. One then adds the new amounts to create a total. Finally, one creates new fractions by
dividing the individual component amount by the total amount.
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1.6.4: Converting mass fractions to mole fractions.
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
Animation captions:
1. Converting between mass fractions and mole fractions begins with a mixture of two or more
components.
2. The first step is to select a total mass and multiply the mass fractions by the total mass.
Component masses are found.
3. Dividing the component masses by molecular weight yields component moles.
4. Adding the component moles gives the total moles.
5. Dividing component moles by the total moles gives mole fractions.
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 1.6.5: Converting mass fractions to mole fractions.
Using the animation above as a guide, answer the following questions.
1) 100 g was selected as the total mass

in the animation. Which other mass
could be selected to complete the
mass fraction to mole fraction
conversion?
-100 g
138 kg
2) The molecular weight is needed to

convert mass to moles. The molecular
weight of propane is _____.
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
100 Enoch Tamale
32
44
3) Finish the calculation for the mole
fraction of oxygen:
_____ gmol
xO =
2 2.70 gmol total
1.14
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
1.56 Enoch Tamale
2.70
Example 1.6.2: Conversion from mole fractions to mass fractions for a

spice shaker.
A spice shaker contains cinnamon (cinnamaldehyde, C9H8O) and sugar (sucrose, C11H22O11).
The mixture contains 88.0 mol% sugar.
The first step in converting mol% to mass% is choosing a convenient total amount; 1 mol is
chosen. The individual components are converted to the new amount:
88 mol sugar
88 mol% sugar = ⋅ 1 mol Total
100 mol Total
= 0.88 mol sugar
12 mol cinnamon
12 mol% cinnamon = ⋅ 1 mol Total
100 mol Total
= 0.12 mol cinnamon
Moles of sugar is converted to grams by multiplying the number of moles by sugar's

molecular weight. Multiplying each atom (sucrose, C11H22O11) by the corresponding atomic
weight gives the molecular weight of sugar. The molecular weight of cinnamon
(cinnamaldehyde, C9H8O) is similarly calculated.
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Enoch Tamale
12 g 1g 16 g
molecular weight sugar = (11 C atom ⋅ ) + (22 H atom ⋅ ) + (11 O atom ⋅ )
atom C atom H atom O
g
= 330
mol
12 g 1g 16 g
molecular weight cinnamon = (9 C atom ⋅ ) + (8 H atom ⋅ ) + (111/22/23
©zyBooks O atom 23:31
⋅ )
atom C atom H atom1858759
O
Enoch Tamale
g UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
= 132
mol
Sugar and cinnamon are converted from moles to grams.
330 g sugar
0.88 mol sugar ⋅ = 290.4 g sugar
mol sugar
132 g cinnamon
0.12 mol cinnamon ⋅ = 15.8 g cinnamon
mol cinnamon
Finally, the total mass (g) and mass of each component are used to convert to mass
fractions.
290.4 g sugar + 15.8 g cinnamon = 306.2 g mixture
290.4 g sugar
Mass fraction sugar = = 0.95
306.2 g mixture
15.8 g cinnamon
Mass fraction cinnamon = = 0.052
306.2 g mixture
The mass fraction of sugar is 0.95. The mass fraction of cinnamon is 0.052.
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1.6.6: Converting fractions. ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
Using the spice shaker example above, answer the following questions.
1) The number of atoms in cinnamon is

16.
True
False
2) The mass fractions can be converted
into volume fraction if the density of
each component is known.
True
False
3) A fraction is a ratio of one component ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

to the total. A ratio can also relate one Enoch Tamale
component to another. The molar ratio
of sugar to cinnamon is 18.4 to 1.
True
False
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 1.6.7: Reviewing concepts related to concentrations.
1) If the molecular formula of each

component is known, mass fractions
can always be converted to mole
fractions.
True
False
2) The mole fractions of a 5-component

mixture, containing oxygen, nitrogen,
hydrogen, helium, and water, are
known. The total mass of the mixture is
unknown. The mass fractions can
always be found.
True
False
CHALLENGE
1.6.2: Conversions with fractions. ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
ACTIVITY
Enoch Tamale
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Start
Alberto is making a smoothie with four ingredients: coconut milk (637 g), cocoa (
g), banana (285 g), and peanut butter (41.7 g). Find the mass fraction of bananas
smoothie.
Ex: 0.236
1 2 3 4 5
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
Check Next UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
fitness_center EXERCISE 1.6.1: Mass percents to mole fractions for a ternary mixture. help_outline
 
(a) A mixture contains methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and propane (C3H8). The mixture contains
25.9% methane, 31.4% ethane, and the balance propane by mass. Converting the mass
percents to mole fractions for all three components gives:
fitness_center EXERCISE 1.6.2: Volume percents to mole fractions for a ternary mixture.
help_outline
Fermentation of bacteria may produce a liquid mixture containing acetone ((CH3)2CO), butanol
(C4H9OH), and ethanol (C2H5OH). The mixture contains 46% acetone, 32% butanol, and the
balance ethanol by volume. Converting the volume percents to mole fractions for all three
components is the goal.
(a) First, find the density of each component.
(b) Second, complete the conversion from volume percents to mole fractions for all three
components.
Enoch Tamale
1.7 Flow rates
Learning objectives
Identify mass, molar, and volumetric flow rates.
Calculate component flow rates for mixtures.
Flow rate
Flow rate is the amount of material (mass, moles, or volume) transferred per time. Flow rates are
necessary to describe systems designed and operated by chemical engineers. Flow rates vary greatly
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
depending on the industry, such as grams per month for a pharmaceutical facility
Enochor millions of
Tamale
barrels per year for an oil refinery. UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
Table 1.7.1: Definitions for flow rates.
Term Abbreviation Example

10 kg
Mass flow rate ṁ
hr
20 kgmol
Molar flow rate ṅ
min
Volumetric flow 40 L
V̇
rate s
Subscript notation
A subscript can provide specific information needed to define flow rates and fractions in complicated
chemical processes. One or two subscripts are common. A stream is moving material. The first
subscript is a number corresponding to the location of the stream. Ex: ṁ 1 is the mass flow rate of
Stream 1. A second subscript defines the component within a stream. Ex: ṅ 2 , O is the molar flow rate
of component O (oxygen) in Stream 2.
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1.7.1: Types of flow rates.
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Enoch Tamale
ṅ ṁ 1 V̇ 1 ṅ 1 , A ṁ V̇ 1 , A
Mass flow rate.

Molar flow rate.
Volumetric flow rate of Stream 1.
Mass flow rate of Stream 1.
Molar flow rate of component A in

©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Stream 1. Enoch Tamale
Volumetric flow rate of component A
in Stream 1.
Reset
Component flow rates
Two subscripts define a flow rate in terms of location and components. A component flow rate
combines amounts and concentrations and can be convenient when writing material balances. Ex:
ṁ 3 , C represents the mass flow rate of component C in Stream 3. This component flow rate can also
be written as the combination of a mass fraction and total flow rate: ṁ 3 , C = ṁ 3 ⋅ x 3 , C. Calculations
using different combinations of total flow rates, fractions, and component flow rates are common in
material balance calculations covered elsewhere.
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
1.7.2: Identifying component flow rates.
1) Identify the missing subscript for a

component molar flow rate:
ṅ 5 , D = ṅ 5 ⋅ y ? , D
1
5
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Enoch Tamale
2) Bottles of flavored water are filled at a
rate of 25.8 kg/min. The mass fraction
of water is 0.841, and the balance is
lemon juice with a mass fraction of
0.159. The component flow rate of
water is:
4.10 kg/min ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
25.8 kg/min UBCCHBE241BagherzadehFall2023
21.7 kg/min
3) Two mixtures are combined to create a

larger stream. Stream 1 contains 58
mol/hr benzene and 23 mol/hr toluene.
Stream 2 contains benzene with a mole
fraction of 0.62 and the balance
toluene. The total flow rate of Stream 2
is 45 mol/hr. The component flow rate
of toluene in Stream 2 is:
45 mol/hr
17 mol/hr
23 mol/hr
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
1.7.1: Flow rates.
495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
Start
Select the correct flow rate abbreviation or equation.
The volumetric flow rate is 57 mL/min.
a. \(\dot{n}_1 =\,57\,kmol/min\)
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
b. \(\dot{n}_A =\,57\,kmol/hr\)
c. \(\dot{m} =\,57\,mg/hr\)
d. \(\dot{m} =\,57\,kg/min\)
e. \(\dot{V} =\, 57\,mL/min\)

1 2 3 4 5 6
Check Next
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Enoch Tamale
fitness_center EXERCISE 1.7.1: Flow rate notation. help_outline
Translate the following sentences into an abbreviation or equation.
(a) Stream 1 is an air stream with two component mass flow rates, one for oxygen and one for
nitrogen.
(b) The volumetric flow rate of water is 3.8 gallons per minute.
(c) The total molar flow rate of Stream 3 involves hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and nitrogen.
fitness_center EXERCISE 1.7.2: Flow rate calculations. help_outline

Convert the following sentences into a flow rate.
(a) A hose waters a lawn, depositing 11 gallons of water over 1.8 hours. Find the volumetric flow
rate of the water.
(b) An air compressor outputs 740 kg/min of a mixture consisting of 23 mass% oxygen and the
balance nitrogen. Calculate the component mass flow rate of the nitrogen.
Enoch Tamale
(c) Humid air enters an air conditioner. The humid air contains a mass fraction of water of 0.048,
19 mass% oxygen, and the balance nitrogen. If the component mass flow rate of the nitrogen
is 3.9 kg/s, the total mass flow rate of humid air entering the air conditioner is _____ kg/s.
1.8 Quantities, units, and calculations problems
Additional problems involving quantities and units
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
1.8.1: Quantities and units vocabulary. ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
Select the term that best matches the following:
495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
Start
combines chemistry, physics, biology, math, and economics to improve products or proces
chemicals, materials, and energy.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Check Next
 
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY 1.8.2: Liquid tank pressure.
495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
Start
Emilia and Ahmed are modeling the filling of a cylindrical tank. The
tank is at 25\(^o\)C and has a diameter of 22.7 ft.©zyBooks
The component
11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
ethanol is fed at 822 lb\(_m\)/s for 15.8 min. Calculate the height
of liquid in the tank and the pressure at the bottom of the tank.
Ex: 8.09 m Ex: 105 kPa

1 2
Check Next
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
1.8.3: Changing flow rates in the lab. Enoch Tamale
495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
Start
Engineering students Alessandra and Conrad are trying to find the volumetric flow
of two liquids flowing to their reactor. They know the lab is maintained at 25\(^o\
1 atm. The total molar flow rate is 7.02 mol/hr with a mole fraction of n-decane e
0.585 and the balance acetic acid. Calculate the component volumetric flow rate
\(\dot V_{C_{10}H_{22}}=\,\)
\(\dot V_{CH_3COOH}=\,\)
Ex: 546 \(\tfrac{cm^3}{hr}\)

Ex: 2.30E+2 \(\tfrac{cm^3}{hr}\)
1 2
Check Next
 
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
1.8.4: Volume to mass fractions for two components.
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Data found in the Appendix may be needed to answer the questions. Enoch Tamale
495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
Start
Isidora and Peregrine know the volume fractions of two liquid components at 25\
(^{\textsf{o}}\)C and 1 atm: 0.113 for acetone and 0.887 for water. Calculate the m
fractions.
\(x_{C_3H_6O}=\) \(x_{H_2O}=\)
Ex: 0.0621 Ex: 1.16
1 2
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Enoch Tamale
Check Next
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY 1.8.5: Mass to mole fractions for two hydrocarbons.

 
495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
1.8.6: Fractions for a ternary mixture.

495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY 1.8.7: Many pressures.
495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
1.8.8: Airplane pressure and temperature differences.
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759
Enoch Tamale
495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
1.8.9: Pumping a mixture.
495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
1.8.10: Pumping a pure component.
495688.3717518.qx3zqy7
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Enoch Tamale
©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Enoch Tamale

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1) Jennifer hosts a catered event that

will serve chocolate ice cream for

2) Patrick hosts a birthday party and

Check Show answer

3) Susan and Michael hiked a 3.65

Check Show answer

©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Type of unit Equivalent values

1 kJ/kg = 1000 m2/s2

T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15

SI (International System of units)

Convert between different units.

169 kg = Ex: 620 \(lb_m\)

fitness_center EXERCISE 1.2.1: Performing unit conversions.

Distinguish between states, functions, intensive properties, and extensive properties.

Table 1.3.1: Defining important terms.

3 moles of methane are

The mass is an amount of matter. 3 kg of water are for drinking.

Air is a material consisting of

A phase is the range of conditions where the properties of At atmospheric temperature

If unable to drag and drop, refresh the page.

Gasoline Gold C3H8

Property, state, and function ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Table 1.3.2: Property, state, and function.

A state is a condition described

Table 1.3.3: Common properties.

Temperature (T) is a quantitative measure of A temperature of 100°F is considered a

The pressure of air at sea level is 1.01 x

Volume (V) quantifies three-dimensional

The condition of the air is a _____.

1) Pressure is an intensive property. ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

3) Mass is divided by volume, creating a

4) Seven people stand on a scale and

Determine if the given information is a property or function:

fitness_center EXERCISE 1.3.1: Property or function. help_outline

fitness_center EXERCISE 1.3.2: Intensive or extensive property. help_outline

1.4 Temperature and temperature calculations

Temperature scales are often referred to as temperature units.

Table 1.4.1: Four temperature scales.

0°F is defined as lowest temperature from

0°C is defined as freezing point of water.

0°R defines absolute zero.

0 K defines absolute zero.

©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

2) Taking the ratio of two temperatures

3) Using temperature in a common

Table 1.4.2: Common temperature conversions.

9⁄ ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

T(K) = 5⁄9 · T(°R)

Figure 1.4.1: Two thermometers with both Celsius and Fahrenheit

1) Human body temperature is 98.6°F . To

2) Paper burns at 451°F. To convert to C:

4) Water normally boils at 100°C. ©zyBooks 11/22/23 23:31 1858759

Convert between temperatures.

Table 1.4.3: Common temperature difference conversions.

1) Patricia reports a 25 degree

Check Show answer

2) Water is used to cool other