Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems

ASME B31.8 (2018)

𝑖𝑖 = in-plane stress intensification factor; the product 0.75ii shall not be less than 1.0
𝑖𝑜 = out-of-plane stress intensification factor; the product 0.75io shall not be less than 1.0
𝑀𝑖 = in-plane bending moment
𝑀𝑜 = out-of-plane bending moment
𝑀𝑡 = torsional moment
𝑅 = axial force component for external loads (other than thermal expansion and pressure)
𝐴 = un-corroded cross-sectional area (i.e., before deducting for corrosion)
𝑍 = un-corroded section modulus; for reduced outlets, effective section modulus
𝑆 = Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS) from para. 841.1.1 (a)
𝑇 = Temperature derating factor from para. 841.1.8 and Table 841.1.8-1
𝐸 = Young’s modulus at ambient temperature = Tref in CAEPIPE
𝑇𝑖 = installation temperature = Tref in CAEPIPE
𝑇𝑜 = warmest or coldest operating temperature
𝛼 = coefficient of thermal expansion at T0 in CAEPIPE
Note 1:
If there are more than one thermal load, for example T1 and T2, then CAEPIPE calculates
longitudinal stress due to thermal expansion from T1 to T2 in restrained pipeline as follows.
𝐸𝛼(𝑇𝑛 − 𝑇𝑚 ) = 𝐸𝛼𝑛 (𝑇𝑛 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) − 𝐸𝛼𝑚 (𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 ), where n = 1 and m = 2
Combined Stress for Restrained Pipe
The combined biaxial stress state of the pipeline in the operating mode is evaluated using the
calculation given below by default in CAEPIPE.
S𝑒𝑞1 = max{|𝑆𝐻 − 𝑆𝐿𝑝 |, |𝑆𝐻 |, |𝑆𝐿𝑝 |}
S𝑒𝑞2 = max{|𝑆𝐻 − 𝑆𝐿𝑛 |, |𝑆𝐻 |, |𝑆𝐿𝑛 |}
Alternatively, the stresses may be combined in accordance with the maximum distortion
energy theory as follows (see Note 3 below):
2
S𝑒𝑞1 = √(𝑆𝐿𝑝 ) − 𝑆𝐻 𝑆𝐿𝑝 + (𝑆𝐻 )2

S𝑒𝑞2 = √(𝑆𝐿𝑛 )2 − 𝑆𝐻 𝑆𝐿𝑛 + (𝑆𝐻 )2

S𝑒𝑞 = max{𝑆𝑒𝑞1, 𝑆𝑒𝑞2 } ≤ 0.9𝑆𝑇

where
S𝑒𝑞 = equivalent combined stress

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