fEST exam ssentia s

, R1 Reading and ••
pAPE use of English •. You are going to .read a magazine article For questions 31 36 ch
• - , oose th e answer
Part 3 (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
pAPER 2 Writing
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
PAPER 3 Listening Part 5
PAPER 4 speaking
Part 6
Part 7
Part 8
Australia's lost giants
Thousands of years ago, Australia had large populations of huge animals. What happened to them 7

Across Australia, scientists have ddisc?vertehd tph o_usands of foTshsils of ~nci~nt megafauna, huge animals that
. d 100 000 to 40,000 years ago, unng e IeIstocene era. e remains include those of giant snakes huge
I
~r\tless' birds, two-and-a-half-metre-tall kangaroo~, hippo-l_ike _beasts and six-metre-long lizards. These a~imals
d1gminated their ecosystems, and then were gone 1n an extinction spasm that swept away nearly every animal
~ighing 50 kilogrammes or more. What happened exactly? Given how much ink has been spilled on the
:xtinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, it's a wonder that more hasn't been devoted to the fate of the
Pleistocene megafauna, creatures that were both dramatically large and, for some time, co-existent with humans.

In the Americas, native megafauna died out relatively soon after the arrival of humans, about 13,000 years ago.
In the 1960s, scientist Paul Martin developed what became known as the 'blitzkrieg hypothesis' to explain the
extinction process: humans created havoc as they spread through the Americas, wielding stone-tipped spears
11
to annihilate animal populations. But it wasn't comprehensive; North America kept its deer, bears, bison and
moose, while South America retained jaguars and llamas.

What happened to Australia's megafauna is one of the planet's most baffling paleontological mysteries.
Kangaroos - hardly giants - are the largest indigenous land animals to have survived on the continent. For
years, scientists blamed climate change. Indeed, Australia has been drying out for a million years or more,
and megafauna were faced with a continent that became increasingly parched and denuded of vegetation.
PaleontologistTim Flannery suggests, somewhat differently, that humans, who arrived on the continent around
50,000 years ago, used fire to hunt, which led to deforestation and a dramatic disruption of the water cycle.
What's certain, Flannery says, is that something dramatic happened to Australia's large creatures - abruptly (how
abruptly is a matter of debate) - around 46,000 years ago, strikingly soon after the invasion of a tool-wielding,
intelligent predator. There does appear to be more than mere coincidence here.

Flannery advanced the Australian version of Martin's 'blitzkrieg hypothesis' in a book called The Future
Eaters. He also put forward an even more ambitious thesis that human beings, generally, are prone to ruining
ecosystems and destroying their own futures. The book proved highly controversial. Some viewed it as critical
of the Aborigines, the first Australians, who pride themselves on living in harmony with nature. The more basic
P~oblem is that nothing has been found to prove that humans killed any megafauna - not one animal skeleton
with a spear tip in it, for example. Such kill sites have been found in the Americas, but there's no archaeological
28
analog in Australia. One scientist said: "If this were a murder trial, it wouldn't get past first base:'

;hhe debat~ about megafauna pivots, substantially, on dating old bones and sediments. If scientists can_ show
hat th e animals disappeared within a few hundred years, or even a couple of thousand years, of the ar~ival of
h~~an s, there's a strong case that one thing was the direct result of _the other. Flann_ery contends_that island~
40 d another clue to the mystery. Some species of megafauna survived on Tasmania and other 1_slands until
rei'i~~O Years ago, when falling sea levels allowed humans to finally reach them, Flannery says. T~is arg~ment
that hon th e lack of fossil evidence for a prolonged human-megafauna overlap. If, however, ~e find e~id~nce
woulduman beings and megafauna co-existed for thousands of years, then the role of hu':'an~ in the extinctions
become blurry at best. Certainly it would rule out a rapid, Martin-Flannery-style blitzkrieg.
Although th
What ha e data currently available is limited and inconclusive, there would seem t? be gre~t va Iu~ 1•.n inves
• f f
iga ing
numbe PPen~d. The blitzkrieg hypothesis paints an alarming picture of _hu':'an b~m~s rapidly wiping out a gre~t
but r t~ of animals. But there's an even more ominous scenario: the extinctions did~ t happen because 0 overkill !
cou1J nir th rou~h an incremental sequence of events, including clin:,ate _change, during v:'hich the pe~ple ~nvolved
are livin t ~ully discern what was happening to their environment. This brings ~st~ today. The wa~ we ve lt~ed a nd
World angdis destroying our future; Flannery says. Yet we're only g~ad~ally figuring out ~ow we re changing our
th e extent to which we're harming or even driving to extinction countless species.

c1 Advanced rest 4 PAPER 1 Reading and use of English Part s

 . est in the first paragrap h about the large anirna1s
31 What does the reviewer sugg
of the Pleistocene period? . rtant than the dinosaur s.
A They were historically less impo dinosaur s.
B More is known about them ~han about
C Relatively little has been written about them.
D They were larger than is often thought.

32 What does the word 'it' in line 11 refer to?

A the spread of humans in the Americas
B the disappear ance of megafaun a
C the human practice of hunting
D the theory Martin put forward

33 What point does the writer make about the extinction of ancient Australia n
megafaun a in the third paragraph ?
A The idea that humans contribute d to it is plausible .
A
B It is likely to have been more gradual than previous ly thought.
C The theory that it resulted from climate change has been disprove d.
D It is hard to understan d why kangaroo s survived while other species didn't.

34 The writer quotes a scientist in line 28 in order to emphasis e that

A it is a mistake to compare different continent s.
B humans are being unfairly characterised as criminals .
C there is no real evidence to support Flannery's theory.
o Australian Aborigine s should be allowed to defend themselv es.
35 According to the fifth paragraph, what is the key informaf d . .
need to prov,"d e.7 ion at1ng technique s
A how long humans have lived on various islands
B when humans became capable of long sea journeys
c when megafauna first appeared in certain locations
o how long humans and megafauna lived alongside ea h •
c other
36 What is the writer doing in the final paragraph?
A anticipatin g further research developm ents
B introducin g an opposing point of view
C illustrating a point made previously
D raising some wider concerns
pAPER 1 Reading and Part 1
use of English Part 2 You are going to read four comments by media analysts about the future of printed
Part 3 newspapers. For questions 37-40, choose from the comments A-D. The comments
pAPER 2 writing may be chosen more than once.
Part 4
Listening Part 5 Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
pAPER 3
R speaking
PAPE 4 _

Does the printed newspaper have a future?

As more and more people use T\I, the internet and various forms of social media as sources of
news and information, the future of the traditional newspaper is the subject of much
debate. Can the printed format survive? Four media analysts offer their thoughts.

A
The traditional newspaper clearly faces stiff co~petiti~n from television ~nd the !nternet, but reports of its
terminal decline are greatly exag~erated. In C~1na_, India an? mu?h of_ Latin America, n~":"spap~r sales ~~ve
actually risen in recent years, and 1f news organIsatIons work In an 1ntell1gent way - comb1n1ng print and d1g1tal
operations as many already do - then the future of news on paper should be assured. The format has a lot
going for it, not least that people generally trust newspapers as sources of reliable, detailed information. Print
journalists have time to check facts carefully and are able to present stories in well-written, coherent forms. So
much reporting on TV and online, on the other hand, is instant, speculative and lacks the bigger picture. The
other key factor is that people like to touch and hold paper, and newsprint tends to be much easier on the eyes
than text on a screen.

B
There is something very satisfying about turning the pages of a newspaper, glancing across the headlines, then
settling down to read an article that catches your eye. It is a feeling many people miss when accessing news in
a digital format, but for the generations who have grown up reading electronic media, it is not something they
will have any great attachment to. For most younger people, printed newspapers make little sense. The entire
contents of a newspaper, and so much more, can be found on the website of the same title. Some people have
welcomed the replacement of newspapers with digital media for environmental reasons - fewer newspapers
mean fewer trees cut down - but this is not a real issue as most newspapers nowadays are printed on recycled
pa~er. The key point is that, with rapidly declining readership, printed newspapers represent an increasingly
antiquated business model, which is unlikely ever to recover.

A respected media analyst recently looked at current trends in the American printed newspaper industry and
cfIcu lated that within 30 years it would be extinct. And there is no reason to believe that the fate of newspapers
: sewhere in the world would be very different. Those who champion the traditional format have some strong
a~~uments to make: that newspapers are friendlier objects to handle than electronic gadgets, that forestry
tech pafer production are no less sustainable as industries than those which manufacture and power digital
in a~o ogy, and that the content of newspapers tends to be of greater depth, accuracy ~nd_trustworthines~_than
new Yothe~ form of media. These are all fine points worth making, but the bottom line Is that the trad1t1onal
spaper 1s an obsolete format and, as such, is destined to perish sooner or later.
D
The •
how~nnte_d ~ewspaper has had a long life: over 500 years since the invention of the printing press. Fundamentally,
~igitar~~,c~ IS just a piece of technology, a device now approaching the end of its natural lifespa~. Its successor,
it can ~ol~gy, can do everything the newspaper does and much more. The vastness of the internet ~eans
brief :r~vide information in a great variety of ways. Long, detailed investigations can be found as easily as
as n~: emeral updates. Technological developments mean that digital devices are as easy to handle and re?d
resourcspap~r~, and give far wider and more flexible access to information. In terms of energy and material
Wherea!~ digital technology is much more efficient, as you only use it when _cont_ent is ~ct~?lly re~uired,
technolo e~spapers are printed whether they are read or not. The demise of a historically s1gnif1cant piece of
gy is bound to cause distress but it will happen, whether we like it or not.

c1 Advanced Test 4 PAPER 1 Reading and use of English Part 6 77

Which analyst
has a diff ere nt opi nio n fro m the
oth ers ab ou t the
physical experience of reading
pri nte d ne ws pa pe rs? I 31 l
takes a sim ilar vie w to C reg ard
ing the qu alit y of ne ws
reporting in printed newspaper
s as com pa red wit h dig ita l
media? [ _38 j

shares B's opi nio n abo ut the env

iro nm ent al imp act of
printed newspapers?
I 39 I J
takes a diff ere nt vie w fro m the
others reg ard ing the
lon g-t erm via bili ty of printed new
spapers?
[ 40 IJ
 ..- ' :·;')!·.'·'.:
.....
.,......
•

f EST ._ :~ --- ----- Exa m Essentials

pER 1 Reading and Part 1
removed from
PA use of English Part 2 You ar~ going to read a magazin e article. Six paragraphs have been
phs A-G the one which fits each gap (41-46).
Part 3 the art~cle. Choose from the paragra
PAPER 2 Writing There Is one extra paragra ph which you do not need to use.
Part 4
PAPER 3 Listening Part 5 Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
Part 6
PAPER 4 speaking

Part 8

The Wo nde rs of the Alaskan Wilderness

Traditions and natural beauty under threat

CC] The Alaskan wildern ess is a vast expans e of majesti c,
and occasionally, inhospi table landsca pes. Coverin g
in excess of 57 million acres of wildern ess, Alaska is
one of the few places in the United States that has
undisturbed natural landscapes. Thanks to numero us
organisations and charitab le institut ions, much of the
wilderness is now being protect ed and conserv ed.
Among other places, the league focuses its work on
the Arctic refuge to the north of the region. The Arctic
wilderness itself covers around 19.6 million acres and
is enriched with hundre ds of species of animals and
birds, including bears and snowy owls. One of the
most endangered animals , the polar bear, gives birth
in the coastal area so it is vital to keep it protected.
However, indigenous people also call the Arctic refuge
home.
Porcupine caribou, who are relative s of reindee r and
t
~oose, ~s? t~e Arctic region to raise their young.
fac~, it Is likely to be the most importa nt place
hor this_ particular species of caribou . Each year, the
erd migrates from their winter lands in Canada and
:~~ern Al_a~ka to the coastal areas of norther n Alaska,
an· ing their Journey the longest land migrati on of any
maI on earth.
1
The deman d for timber for building purposes is
higher than ever, and activist s are campai gning for a
perman ent ban on logging in the Tongass Forest.
The Tongass forest is not only essential for the
wildlife it protects , but also for the good of the
environ ment. Because of its large size, the forest is
importa nt for absorb ing pollutio n and storing carbon.
The forest takes about eight per cent of America's
global warmin g pollutio n and keeps around ten per
cent of the country 's carbon. Even though the forest
perform s such an importa nt function , the landscape
also provide s econom ic benefits.
I 4s I
Tourists mainly arrive via cruise ship and can see
natural wonder s such as glaciers and mounta ins as
well as the wildlife that inhabit the state. One of the
greates t things about Alaska is the rich diversit y of
the landscape, from rainfore sts to sea ice, one can see
almost everyth ing within its boundaries. In spite of the
diversit y, the landscape is under constan t threat from
climate change.
This research is particul arly useful, both for scient_ists

(fil:--------------i and schoolc hildren, who are studyin g how glaciers

Unfortu I ..
Which . nate Y, It Is not only the Arctic region of Alaska
State ~ under threat. The largest forest in the United
1
rnilliosn is also ~eing threate ned. Spanni ng around 17
forest i acres in south-e astern Alaska, the Ton~ass
s Under attack from defores tation and logging .
react to changes in ocean temperatures_ and as results
have shown conclus ions are alarmin g. Not only
does Alaska 'have to contend with ~Ii mat? .change
problem s it also has to face issues with drilling and
defores tation. One of the most diverse ecosystems on
the planet is under attack on multiple fronts.

79
c1 Advanced Test 4 PAPER 1 Reading and use of Part 7

A For coun tless gene ratio ns, the Gwic h'in peop
le
have been livin g in the Arct ic regio n of Alas
ka.
The nam e 'Gwi ch'in ' mea ns 'peo ple of the
land '
and they are intric ately linke d to the anim
als of
the area , espe ciall y the carib ou. These anim
als
not only prov ide food , but also cloth ing
and
tools and are deep ly respected by the peop
le
who se lives depe nd on them . Inha bitin g
just
fiftee n villa ges, the Gwic h'in, their uniq ue
lifes tyle and trad ition s dese rve to be pres
erved.
B Sim ilar to othe rs arou nd the worl d, glac iers
in
Alas ka are bein g stud ied by scien tists who
wan t
to calc ulate the rate of melt ing over time
. It has
been disc over ed that the glac iers in the Alas
kan
wild erne ss are actu ally melt ing 100 time
s faste r
than had been prev ious ly thou ght. Som e
of
this proc ess is natu ral as the seasons pass
, but
glob al warm ing is acce lerat ing the process.
C If this dest ructi ve activ ity retur ns to the fores
t,
it will disp lace wolv es, bear s and bald eagl
es,
to nam e but a few of the anim als who call
it
hom e. In fact, the area cont ains the high
est
conc entr ation of brow n bears on the entir
e this
plan et with an estim ated popu latio n of 30,0
00.
Loca ted on Alas ka's Insid e Passage, the regio
n
is also hom e to wha les, inclu ding the area
and
hum pbac k.
D One of the orga nisa tions invo lved in
cons erva tion is the Alaska Wild erne ss Leag
ue.
The leag ue was form ed to fully supp ort the
peop le and wild life of the regio n to help
create a
sust aina ble futur e. They belie ve that the natu
ral
dive rsity of the area is inex trica bly tied to
the
econ omy of the futur e and sust aina bility .
It is
orga nisa tions like thes e that help to keep
both
the natu re and trad ition s of Alaska alive.
----l!'ils;ai;::::11--
~lr.:r I
E Due to the stun ning scen ery and abundance
natu re, Alas ka •Is on man y peop Ies
' bucket lists
o
as a plac e to visit . Tou rists flock to man y
of th
natio nal park s, in~lu ding the To_ngass Fores
t, :nd
as such , tour ism Is a fast- grow ing secto
r of the
regio nal econ omy . Mor e than two milli on
visitors
are expe cted to com e to the state each
year, and
this acce lerat es muc h need ed econ omic
growth.
It is impo rtan t to reco gnis e the importanc
F e of
fores ts all over the wor ld, whe ther they
are in
Alas ka or else whe re. Fore sts are essential
for
givin g prot ectio n to vari ous spec ies and
they
can also help by stor ing carb on. The impo
rtance
of fores ts shou ld neve r be unde resti mate
d but
shou ld be pres erve d as muc h as possible.
G How ever , desp ite best effo rts to pres
erve the
areas upon whic h the carib ou and Gwic
h'in rely,
there are thre ats to the regi on in the form
of
drilli ng. Dev elop men ts for oil and gas drillin
g
are bein g cons idere d in the very area which
is
depe nded upon by so man y anim als and
people.
It wou ld be incre dibly dest ruct ive to allow
to happ en in such an area and it is wide
ly hoped
that it will not.
Part 2 You are goin g to read an articl e in whic h four comp oser
s write abou t their own
Part 3 favou rite mod ern comp osers . For ques tions 47-5 6,
choo se from the comp oser (A-D).
The write rs may be chos en more than once .
Part 4
Part 5 Mark your answ ers on the separate answer sheet.
Part 6
Part 7
Part 8 Which writ er says the follo win g abo ut the ir favourit
e
composer?

He work s close ly with the peop le who inter pret his musi
c.

All his comp ositio ns have a dram atic quali ty to them

. I 4s I
He comp oses musi c with spec ific locat ions in mind .

He creat es musi c that defie s analysis.

I so I
He may not be the ideal teacher.
I 51 I
His comp ositio ns tend to be diffic ult to play.
I 52 I
His artist ic outp ut will outliv e that of many of his conte
mpor aries . r s3 I
His comp ositio ns vary cons idera bly in style.
I I
His comp ositio ns seem to be ahead of their time.
I s5 I
The musi c he comp oses is insta ntly recognisable as his.
I 56 I
 Modern composers
A Mark-AnthonyTumage on Louis c Sal ly Beamish on Peter Ma xwe ll Daviei
Andriessen Wha t I love abo ut M~x is that he
is. COnsta!'II,
I marv el at the extre me indiv idua lism pris ing_ from the inte nse com plex ity
of Louis of F,gJr
Andriessen. Every time you hear a piec ~;ng s For a Mad King, to the u_naffecte
e of h!s d simplicity
mus ic, you know it's by him. Whe n I first f Farewell to Stro mne ss, whic h I rece
heard his ntly heard
com posi tion De Staat, I was struck by the ~lay ed by guit aris t _Alla n N_eave.
fact that His OJ>era
altho ugh it was mini mali st music, it was Taverner was my first 1ntr oduc t1on to the
so much world of
mor e harm onic ally inter estin g and hard 'con tem pora ry' mus ic, at 16, and I was
-edged fascinated
than mos t work s in that genre. He's influ by it. 1 then disc over ~d St Thomas
lot by Stravinsky, who is prob ably my idol,
enced a
toug hnes s of the mus ical lang uag e
Wake: the
and he thro wn into
has in turn grea tly influenced me in his direc relie f by foxt rots . I fina lly met Max
tness, in person
bold colo urs and harm onic language. whe n I joine d the Sco ttish Cha mbe r
He has an Ordlestra as
emo tiona l dept h and a sense of mag ic a viola play er, and he was cond uctin
that a lot g. I was on
of mod ern mus ic lacks. A big part of me the brin k of takin g the plun ge as a com
regrets poser, and
not stud ying with him, altho ugh he's he enco urag ed and adv ised me, invit
such an ing me to
over whe lmin g figur e I migh t have beco
me mere ly be his assi stan t on his com pos ers'
a bad copy. Andriessen's rigo ur wou ld course. I fel
have been uneq ual to the job and wish ed prof oun
goo d for me because he is a mas ter of dly I had
structure simp ly app lied as a part icipa nt, but
and plan ning , whic h I strug gle with . He I learnt an
is one of imm ense amo unt, thin gs I hav e neve
the few com pose rs work ing toda y who r forgotten.
se mus ic His work s still enth ral me; eve ry new
will surv ive, whe reas man y of the curre piece brings
nt big fresh surp rises and is alwa ys an inter
nam es will sink with out trace. actio n with
his perf orm ers, and ofte n with the com
munity in
Orkney, the Sco ttish islan d whe re he
B Michael Berkeley on Harrison Birtwis lives.
tle
I like several mod ern composers, but D David Sawer on Benedict Mason
the one
who , for me, seems to build inex orab
ly on his
own inten sely personal visio n with ~ene dict Mas on's piec es alwa ys seem
consistent to walk the
integ rity, is Harrison Birtw istle . Take a tigh trop e betw een perf ecti on and tota
as The Triu mph of Time, seem ingly hew
piece such l chaos.Ther
n from are fresh , play ful and ridic ulou s and
stone, yet a simp le little melo dic mot usually d
if rises up such impo ssib le com plex ity that they
and soon takes on a haun ting and unfo threaten to
rget table self- dest ruct. Anim als and The Orig ins
qual ity, like the cry of som e ancient of Dance.•
creature. I sequ ence of 12 dan ce mov eme nts each
seized the oppo rtun ity to create a cant preaselr
ata (Lov e ~O seco nds long , has the ens~ mble
Cries) based on the love mus ic from playin9
Birtwistle's Jitter~ugs and boss a nov as at up to
opera, The Seco nd Mrs Kong, because I 12 diffe nd
knew that ~!"P1, c~or dina ted by 12 diffe rent
in com pilin g iJ I wou ld learr~ so much. And click
I did_ inter sto,s ser Trav erse is a 12-m inut e piece
Harry mov es ideas arou nd hke children's
build ing t,ased
bricks. 'Try. that passage upsi de-d own ; note .T~e seri es of piec es Mus ic"!' co(ld
he wou ld play s with the acou stica l prop ertie s llf
say. A sense of thea tre permeates not of thB
only the ~::~ es for ~hic h they wer e writ ten. The
operas, but even chamber work s such
as Rit y are rn!>'9
Frag men t and Secr et Theatre. Ultim ately 1 n stallat1ons for orch estr a eleg antly evo
it's wha t I cann ot quan tify that transfixe~ tho u~ :ac e and dista nce thro ugh the chor =
me ug ' eograP tll8
Pierre Boulez said of him: 'Whe re does w~~ ~m~ n!s ~f the mus ician s in and
it as aroun~
from , this music?'
com e th · uild ing, whil e the aud ienc e remain ill
eir seat s Hi _..
unco m • . . s exp erim ents are extreme-~ apu
push ~;0: •sing, but enti rely logic al.
The tture
Pos sibil itie bou nda ries and poin t ~o
s or the conc ert-g oing expenence-