CHEMISTRY REVISION NOTES

● Atom Structure
○ nucleus, number of protons 11, group 1, period 3, charge +1

● Group 1 of the Periodic Table

○ tick the statements (1, 4, 5)
■ potassium reacts more vigorously than sodium when added to water
■ a lilac flame is seen
■ potassium moves around
○ value for pH
■ 13
○ formula of ion
■ OH-
○ complete the equation
■ 4Na + 1O2 → 2Na2O

● Crude Oil
○ how kerosene is produced
■ Through fractional distillation. The crude oil is vaporized as it enters the
fractionating column, which has a temperature gradient (hotter at the
bottom and colder at the top). The fractions are at different heights,
where the hydrocarbons condense depending on their boiling points.
Shorter hydrocarbons lower boiling point, and rise higher up.
○ cracking of C12H26
■ C8H18
○ why cracking is useful
■ Fractional distillation produces more long-chain hydrocarbons than what
can be used, while cracking produces short chain alkanes. Short chain
alkanes have higher demand, as they are more flammable and can be
used as fuels. Cracking also produces alkenes, which can be used to
make polymers.
 CHEMISTRY REVISION NOTES

○ type of reaction
■ addition
○ why disposal of polymers is difficult
■ They are inert, meaning that they are non-biodegradable. When burned,
they produce toxic, harmful gasses.

● Alkenes and Alkanes

○ complete the table
■ propene, CH2, CnH2n
○ unsaturated meaning
■ contains a carbon-carbon double bond
○ describe a test to show that a compound is unsaturated
■ add bromine water, a positive result will change the color from
orange-brown to colorless
○ give the chemical equation
■ CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl
○ type of reaction
■ substitution
○ state the condition
■ UV light
○ isomers meaning
■ compounds with the same molecular formula, but a different structural
formula
● Group 7
○ liquid at room temperature
■ bromine
○ color of solid iodine
■ black
○ isotope meaning
■ same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons
 CHEMISTRY REVISION NOTES

● Covalent Bonds
○ covalent bond meaning
■ A covalent bond is formed between a metal and a nonmetal, when the
atoms share a pair of electrons. The bonds are held together by the
attraction between the shared electrons and the nuclei of both atoms.
○ why silicon dioxide has a higher melting point
■ Silicon dioxide has a giant covalent structure, where each silicon atom is
covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms in a rigid lattice. Lots of energy is
required to break the strong covalent bonds, which results in a very high
melting point. On the other hand, silicon chloride has a simple molecular
structure, where one silicon atom is covalently bonded to four chlorine
atoms. The forces between these molecules (intermolecular forces) are
weak, meaning that much less energy is needed to overcome these forces
and melt the silicon chloride.
○ complete the chemical equation :
■ SiCl4 (s) + 2H2O (l) → SiO2 (s) + 4HCl (g)

● Reaction
○ better to use a polystyrene cup
■ Polystyrene is an insulator, which means that thermal energy coming from
the surroundings is reduced.
○ anomalous result
■ The student may have recorded the temperature before adding the
sodium carbonate, or may have forgotten to stir the mixture.
○ all dilute acid has reacted
■ Both results are the same at the end.
○ type of reaction
■ The reaction is endothermic, as iit takes in thermal energy from the
surroundings and the temperature decreases.
○ reason for cotton wool
■ To prevent any liquid, or acid, from spilling out.
 CHEMISTRY REVISION NOTES

○ calculate max mass

■ Mr of sodium carbonate = 106
■ (moles of sodium carbonate) 2.12 ÷ 106 = 0.02
■ (mass of carbon dioxide) 0.02 × 44 = 0.88g
○ less than calculated max mass
■ The sodium carbonate may be impure, or some of the carbon dioxide
may have dissolved.

● Gaseous Hydrocarbon
○ calculate moles
■ amount in moles = 600 / 24000 = 0.025 (mol)
○ relative molecular mass
■ moles = mass / mr
■ 1.45 / 0.025 = 58
○ show the molecular formula
■ C4H10 = (4 x 12) + (10 x 1) = 58

● Saturated Solution
○ the term saturated solution
■ a solvent which contains as much solute as possible, at a given
temperature
○ equipment
■ burette or measuring cylinder
○ step 3
■ the solution would be heated too quickly
○ step 5
■ repeat and find the mean temperature
○ calculate the solubility
■ 4.5g (solid) in 10g (water)
■ 45g per 100g of water
○ state the temperature
■ 71C
 CHEMISTRY REVISION NOTES

○ calculate the mass of B

■ 124 x 2.5 = 310g
○ suggest why the values
■ some of the water may have been lost due to evaporation

● Mass Of Magnesium Oxide

○ two observations
■ white flame
■ white solid is formed
○ state why this is an oxidation reaction
■ magnesium gains oxygen, meaning it is oxidized
○ meaning of exothermic
■ releases energy to its surroundings
○ chemical equation
■ 2Mg + CO2 → 2MgO + C
○ not be suitable to use carbon dioxide fire extinguishers
■ the carbon dioxide would not put out the fire, instead, lots of heat would
be released
○ explain two changes to method
■ lift and replace the lid, to allow oxygen to enter the crucible
■ reheat and reweight to a constant mass, ensuring that all the magnesium
has reacted

● Chromatography
○ things that should be kept the same
■ same solvent
■ same type of chromatography paper
○ dye C
■ is insoluble in the solvent
○ which Rf value can’t be correct
■ student 2, dye D, as the Rf value cannot be greater than 1