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2nd Preliminary Examination

Time : 3 Hrs. Physics Marks : 70

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SECTION - A
A.1 Select and write the correct answer.
1. (a) decrease 1

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2. (a) 2 is always positive 1
3. (b) Resistance 1
4. (d) n 1
C
hc 12.4 × 10 –7
5. (d) K.E. = –  = =5
 5 × 10 –7
 K.E. = 2.48 – 5 = –2.52 ev
 K.E. can’t be negative
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Hence no emission will take place.

l cos θ 1
(c) 4π
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6. 4g

The bob has no vertical displacement. Hence,

1
T cos  = mg
mv 2
T sin  =
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r
Eliminating T, we get :
v2 1
tan  =
rg
v = rg tan θ
1
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r r
= rg  tan θ
h h

r 2gL 1
v =
D

hL

r 2g h
=  cos θ
L cos θ L

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 Time period of conical pendulum is
2r
T =
v

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2 L cos θ
=
g

l cos θ
T = 4 4g

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7. (b) 0.04 1
a+r+t=1  a= e
a = e = 1 – (r + t)
e =1 – (0.22 + 0.74)

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= 1 – (0.96) = 0.04
8. (c) 8000 V
1
di
e = L
dt
C
(50 – 10)
= 20 ×
0.1
= 20 × 400 = 8000 V
9. (b) 200A 1
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Fmax = il B
Fmax
i =
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lB
18 × 100 –4
=
0.1 × 9 × 10 –5
18
= × 10 2 = 200A
9
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1
10. (a) 1
2
V = 100 2 sin (1000 t)
R = 500, L = 0.5 H
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 V = Vo sin t
  = 1000, XL = L = 1000 × 0.5 = 500
Z = R 2 + XL2
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= (500) 2 + (500) 2 = 500 2

500 1
power factor cos f = R/Z = 500 2 =
2

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A.2 Answer the following.

1. Angular S.H.M. is defined as the oscillatory motion of a body in which the torque 1

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for angular acceleration is directly proportional to the angular displacement and its
direction is opposite to that of angular displacement.
d 2
 I + c = 0
dt 2

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2. Output characteristics : The graphical representation of the relation between 1
collector current IC and collector emitter voltage V CE at constant base current is
called output characteristics.
3. In the world of sub-atomic particles, the -particles are regarded as massive. Moreover 1

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they have large nuclear cross-section. Due to both these reasons, the -particles
have a high ionising power.
4. Properties of fluid : 1
1. They do not oppose deformation, they get permanently deformed.
C
2. They have ability to flow.
3. They have ability to take the shape of the container.
   
5. 
F = q E + v×B 
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1
6. Given: Emissive power R = 0.5 Kcals –1 m–2 area A = 0.02m2 1
t = 20 second
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To find: Amount of heat radiated

Solution :
Q
R = [By definition]
At
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 Q = RAt
= 0.5 × 0.02 × 20
= 0.2 k cal
7. Consider a particle describing uniform circular motion. Let its angular velocity, 1
time period and frequency be , T and time = T (time period).
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s
2π 1 
= =f
T
= 2f  T 

8. Waves which are consisting of vibrating, electric and magnetic field carrying 1
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electromagnetic radiant energy are called as electromagnetic waves.

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SECTION - B
A.3 Waves of different wavelengths in the visible rain are perceived by our eyes as 2

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different colours, with violet having the shortest and red having the longest wavelength.
White light is a mixture of waves of different wavelengths. The refractive index of
medium depends on the wavelengths used. Because of this the same angle of incidence,
the angle of refraction is different for different colours and therefore the colours

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present in the white light get separated on passing through a transparent medium.
This is the reason for formation of a spectrum and of a rainbow.

White Light

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Transparent Medium

A.4 1. Quality of sound is that characteristic which enables us to distinguish between 2

two sounds of same pitch and loudness.
2. We can recognize the voice of a person or an instrument due to its quality of
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sound. Quality depends on number of overtones present in the sound along with a
given frequency.
A.5 The limitation of electric and hybrid vehicles in the life-time of a battery which is
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2
not long enough to get similar drive from a full tank of fuel/petrol.
In order to increase the amount of charge in the battery, the car acts as a generator
whenever it is applying brakes.
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At the time of applying brakes, the frictional force between the tyres and the ground
provides the necessary torque to the magnets inside the generator. Thus, the car
takes the advantage of back emf which helps in charging the battery and consequently
leads to a longer drive.
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A.6 Centripetal force Centrifugal force 2

1. The force acting towards the centre 1. The pseudo force that balances the
on a particle performing circular motion centripetal force is called centrifugal
is called centripetal force. force.
2. It is directed towards the centre along 2. It is directed away from the centre
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the radius. along the radius.

3. It is a real force and it may be 3. It is not a real force and it arises
mechanical, electrical, magnetic etc. due to acceleration of rotating frame.
4. Without centripetal force, there can 4. Even though centrifugal is equal and
be no circular motion. opposite to centripetal force, it can
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exist without centripetal force.

5. Eg : Electrons move in permitted orbits 5. Eg : The passengers in a vehicle taking
round the nucleus due to centripetal a sudden turn are thrown outwards
force. due to centrifugal force.
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A.7 1st postulate : In an hydrogen atom, the electron revolves around the nucleus in a 2
circular orbit. The centripetal force necessary for circular motion is provided by
the electrostatic force of attraction between the positively charged nucleus and

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negatively charged electron.
2nd postulate : The electron revolves around the nucleus without radiating the
energy in those selected orbits in which its angular momentum is integral multiple
h

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of where h is Planck’s constant.
2π
3rd postulate : When an electron jumps from outer stationary orbit to inner stationary
orbit, it radiates the energy equal to the difference between the energies of an
electron in those two orbits in the form of photons.

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A.8 1. The quantity Z = R 2 + (X L – X C ) 2 represents the effective opposition offered 2
by the inductor, capacitor and resistor connected in series to the flow of AC
current. This total effective resistance of LCR circuit is called as impedance.
2. So when a capacitor is added in series, impedance decreases because of (XL –
C
XC)2 in impedance equation, if XC is not connected, then impedance is Z = R 2 + X L
which will be greater in (L – R) circuits.
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A.9 1. The region where gas pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure is called 2
vacuum.
2. Vacuum refers to conditions when the gas pressure is considerably smaller
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than the atmospheric pressure.

3. Perfect or absolute vacuum is when no matter, i.e., no atoms or molecules are
present.
A.10 It is the amount of current required to produce one scale deflection in the galvanometer. 2
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 k 
Since I =  nAB 
 
I k k
θ = nAB , G = nAB
Where G is called figure of merit.
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A.11 Given : Density of oxygen,  = 1.44 kg/m3 2

pressure P = 10 5 N/m 2
To find: Root mean square velocity of oxygen molecules
Solution:
D

We know that
3RT 3PV
Vr ms = =
M M

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3P
3P
Vr ms = M = 

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V

3 × 10 5
 Vr ms = = 2.083  10 5
1.44
 Vr ms = 4.564 × 10 2 m/s

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A.12 Given : r = 5.3  10–11 m 2
v = 2  10 6 m/s
e = 1.6  10–19 C
me = 9.1  10–31 kg

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To find : (i) m (ii) L
Solution :
(i) Resultant orbital magnetic moment of electron is,
evr
m =
C
2
1.6 × 10 –19 × 2 × 10 6 × 5.3 × 10 –11
 m =
2
 m = 8.48  10–24 Am2
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(ii) Angular momentum of electron is,

L = mevr
L = 9.1  10–31  2  106  5.3  10–11
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 L = 9.65  10–35 Nms

A.13 1. To protect a delicate instrument from the disturbing effects of other charged 2
bodies near it, place the instrument inside a hollow conductor where E = 0.
This is called electrostatic shielding. Thin metal foils are used in making the
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shields.
2. During lightning and thunder storm it is always advisable to stay inside the car
than near a tree in open ground, since the car acts as a shield.
A.14 Given : = 5  1014 Hz 2
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h = 6.63  10 –34 Js
To find : E
Solution :
We know that,
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E = h
  =  –34  5  10 14
= 3.31   –19

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  = –19 J
3.31 × 10 –19
= = 2.07 eV

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1.6 × 10 –19

  = 2.07 eV

SECTION - C
A.15 1. The phenomenon of beats is used to determine the unknown frequency of any

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3
sound note.
2. Musical instruments can be tuned by noting the beats produced when two
different instruments are sounded together.
3. The phenomenon of beats can be used to produced low frequency notes used

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in Jazz Orchestra or Western music.
4. Beats are used to detect the presence of dangerous gases in mines.
5. The superposition of waves is used in superheterodyne oscillators.

A.16 Magnitude of magnetic flux per unit area is called magnetic induction (B). It is 3
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given by
 d 
B = ds (Here ds is area vector)
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Wb
SI unit of B is or tesla.
m2
F  MLT –2 
B = qx =  –1 
= [MLº T –2A–1]
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T   AT 
 
dimensions of magnetic flux
The phenomenon of producing an induced emf in a conductor or conducting coil
due to changing magnetic flux is called as electromagnetic induction.
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There are two laws of Faraday's –

1. First law / Qualitative law : Whenever there is a change of magnetic flux in
a closed circuit, an induced emf is produced in the circuit. It is known as a
qualitative law as it indicates the characteristics of induced emf.
2. Second law / Quantitative law : The magnitude of the induced emf produced
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in the circuit is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux

linked with the circuit.
This law is known as a quantitative law as it gives the magnitude of induced emf.
A.17 Let the wavefront AB reach the boundary surface PQ at time t = 0 and the next 3
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wavefront CD which is at distance of 1 from AB, reach PQ at time t = T.

As the speed of the wave is v1 in medium 1 and T is the time period in which the
distance 1 is covered by the wavefront is T = 1 \ v 1

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Also, in medium 2 the distance travelled by the wavefront in time T will be 2.
T = 2 \ v 2
It shows that the velocity in a medium is proportional to the wavelength in that

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medium and give
2 = 1 v2 \ v1 = 1 n1\ n 2
If medium 1 is vacuum where the wavelength of light is 0 and n is the refractive index
of medium 2, then the wavelength of light is medium 2,  can be written as

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 = 0 v2/c = 0/n
A.18 1. Let us consider a metal plate P1 having area A. Some positive charge +Q be 3
Q
given to this plate. Let its potential be V. Its capacity is given by C 1= .
V

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2. Now consider another insulated metal plate P2 held near the plate P1. By induction
a negative charge is produced on the nearer face and an equal positive charge
develops on the farther face of P 2. The induced negative charge lowers the
potential of plate P1, while the induced positive charge raises its potential.
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(a)
(b)
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P1 P2 P1 P2

(a) and (b) Parallel plate capacitor.

As the induced negative charge is closer to P1 it is more effective, and thus there is
a net reduction in potential of plate P1. If the outer surface of P2 is connected to
earth, the induced positive charges on P2 being free, flows to earth. The induced
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negative charge on P 2 stays on it, as it is bound to positive charge of P 1. This

greatly reduces the potential of P 2, If V1 is the potential on plate P 2 due to charge
(– Q) then the net potential of the system will now be V – V 1.
Q
Hence the capacity C 2 = V – V  C2 > C 1
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1
Thus capacity of metal plate P1, is increased by placing an identical earth connected
metal plate P2 near it.
Such an arrangement is called capacitor. It is symbolically shown as .
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A.19 1. As we know, static friction is always greater than or equal to kinetic friction. 3
2. When car is moving along road its motion (ideally rolling motion) is along the
road and static or kinetic frictional force apply along radius of a road.

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3. As car ideally is assumed to be in a stationary position along horizontal axis,

we consider static friction. If car is moving towards or away from centre, we
have to consider kinetic friction, but this allows skidding of vehicle which

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shall be avoided. Hence we consider static friction.
4. Kinetic friction is only considered when vehicle skids as it involves motion of
a vehicle along the particular axis.
A.20 1. The graph plotted between the energy emitted by a perfectly black body 3

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and wavelength is called spectrum of black body radiation.
2. The graph plotted between radiant power and wavelength for various temperatures
represent black body spectra.
3. From experimental curves, it is observed that:

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(a) at a given temperature, the energy is not uniformly distributed in the spectrum
(i.e., as function of wavelength) of blackbody.
(b) at a given temperature, the radiant power emitted initially increases with
increase of wavelength, reaches it’s maximum and then decreases. The
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wavelength corresponding to the radiation of maximum intensity, max is
characteristic of the temperature of the radiating body
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(c) area under the curves represents total energy emitted per unit time per
unit area by the blackbody at all wavelength.
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(d) the peak of the curves shifts towards the left - shorter wavelength, i.e.,
the value of max decreases with increase in temperature.
(e) at higher temperatures, the radiant power or total energy emitted per unit
time per unit area (i.e., area under the curve) corresponding to all the wavelengths
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increases,
(f) at a temperature of 300 K (around room temperature), the most intense
of these waves has a wavelength of about 5 ×10 -6 m; the radiant power is

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smaller for wavelengths different from this value. practically all the radiant
energy at this temperature is carried by wave longer than those corresponding
to red light . These are infrared radiations.

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A.21 1. Strain gauges are commonly used for measuring strain. Their electrical resistance 3
is proportional to the strain in the device. In practice, the range of strain gauge
resistance is from 30 ohms to 3000 ohms. For a given strain, the resistance
change may be only a fraction of full range.

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2. Therefore, to measure small resistance changes R1 R 3

with high accuracy, Wheatstone bridge

A B RG
configuration is used.
The figure shows the Wheatstone bridge where R2
Strain gange

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the unknown resistance is replaced with a strain
V
gauge. in

3. In this circuit, two resistors R 1 and R 2 are equal to each other and R 3 is the
variable resistor. With no force applied to the strain gauge, rheostat is varied
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and finally positioned such that the voltmeter indicates zero deflection, i.e.,
the bridge is balanced. The strain at this condition represents the zero of the
gauge.
4. If the strain gauge is either stretched or compressed, then the resistance changes.
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This causes unbalancing of the bridge. This produces a voltage indication on

voltmeter which corresponds to the strain change. If the strain applied on a
strain gauge is more, then the voltage difference across the meter terminals is
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more. If the strain is zero, then the bridge balances and meter shows zero
reading.
This is the application of precise resistance measurement using a Wheatstone
bridge.
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C1 1
A.22 Given : = 2 i.e. C2 = 2C1 , U S = UP 3
C2
Vp
To find :
Vs
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Solution :
In parallel combination of capacitors,
Cp = C1 + C2 = C1 + 2C1 = 3C
1 3
 UP = CpVp 2 = C1Vp 2 ...(i)
2 2
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In series combination of capacitors,

C1C 2 2C1 2 2
Cs = C + C = 3C = C1
1 2 1 3

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1 1
 Us = C SVS 2 = C1VS 2 ...(ii)
2 3

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Since, Us = UP
1 3
 C1VS 2 = C1Vp 2
3 2
V p2 1 2 2
 = × =
Vs2 3 3 9

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Vp 2
 Vs
=
3

A.23 Given : m = 2  10 –2 Am2 3

I = 7.2  10–7 kg m2

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 Needle performs 10 complete oscillations in 6 second.
6
 T = = 0.6 second
10
To find : B
C
Solution :
We know that,
2
4 2 I 4 × 3.14 × 7.2 × 10 – 7
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B = =
T 2m 0.6 2 × 2 × 10 – 2

 B = 39.48  10–4 Wb/m2

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A.24 The phenomenon of resonance in a system, which have a tendency to oscillate at a 3

particular frequency, which is called the natural frequency of oscillation of the
system.
1
f =
2 LC
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When, XL = XC
1 1 1
 ωL =  2 =  =
ωC LC LC
1
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 2f =
LC
1
 f = f is called the resonant frequency
2 LC
Total reactance = XL + X C OR Z = R 2 + (X L – X C ) 2
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= –XC + XC OR Z = 0 + (0)
= 0 OR = 0 [ R = 0, XL = XC]
Reactance of the circuit of this frequency is zero.

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A.25 Given : I = 5A, r = 2cm = 0.02m 3

= 4 × 10 –7 Wb/Am

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To find : Magnetic field
Solution :
For long straight wire;
μ oI 4  10 –7  5
B = =

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2πr 2π × 0.02
 B = 5 × 10–5 T
At any end of the wire, field will be B = 5 × 10 –5 T

A.26 Given : e = 96mV = 96 × 10–3 V 3

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dI
= 1.20 A/S
dt
To find : M
Solution :
– M dI
C
As e =
dt
e
M = dI / dt
(magnitude only)
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96 × 10 –3 96
= = × 10 –2 = 8 × 10 –2 H
1.2 12
M = 80 mH
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SECTION - D
A.27 Yes, because any radio wave travels at the speed of light. A radio wave is an electromagnetic 4
wave – in a very real sense a low frequency light wave. On the other hand, a sound
wave is a mechanical disturbance propagated through a material medium by material
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particles that vibrate against one another. In air, the speed travels faster in other
media but in no case at the speed of light. No sound can travel as fast as light.
Fine structure constant is given by,
e2 e2
 = =
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4πε o hc  h 
4πε o  c 
 2π 
e2 1
 = 2ε o hc = 137
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e2 e2 c
Since Vn = = ×
2ε o nh 2ε o hc n

αc 1 c
Vn = = 137 ×
n n

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A.28 Limitations of the First Law of Thermodynamics : 4

1. It does not tell about the direction of heat flow.

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2. It does not tell about the extent of convertibility of one form of energy into
another i.e. how much heat energy would be transferred from one form to
the other.
Given : r = 6.05m, = 0.5, M = 50kg, V = V min + 20%

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To find : V min
Frictional force for velocity ‘v’ = ?
Solution :
Inside cylindrical well, Min speed

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Vmin = rg / μ

6.05  10
= ... [g = 10m/s 2]
0.5
Vmin = 11m/s
C
In well of death, the force of friction is depend on weight, you can refer text book
for figure.
 f = fs = mg
= 50 × 10
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f = 500 N
 Friction acting on given mass = 500N
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A.29 1. Let us consider a perfect gas of fixed mass ‘m’ enclosed in a cubical vessel of 4
each side ‘L’ and with perfectly elastic walls.
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.
A cubical box of side L. It contains
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n moles of an ideal gas, the figure shows a

molecule of mass m moving towards the
shaded wall of the cube with velocity v

2. The gas molecules are constantly moving in all directions with all possible
velocities. Therefore, the gas molecules passess momentum and they also impart
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their momentum to the wall of the container

3. As a result the pressure is exerted by gas molecules on the walls of the container.

4. A typical molecules is shown in the figure moving with the velocity v about to
collide with the shaded wall of the cube.

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5. The wall is parallel to yz - plane. As the collision is assumed vx of the velocity

will get reversed, keeping vy and vz components unaltered.
6. Let us consider all the molecules, their average y and z components of the

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velocities are not changed by collisions with the shaded wall, This can be molecules
remain evenly distributed throughout the volume and do not get any additional
motion in +y or –y and + z or –z directions.
Thus the y and z components remain unchanged during collision with the wall

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parallel to the yz-plane.
7. Hence the change in momentum of particle is only in the x component of the
momentum, P x is given by
P x = final momentum – initial momentum

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= (–mvx) – (mvx) = –2mvx
Thus, the momentum transferred to the wall during collision is +2mvx. The
rebounced molecule then goes to the opposite wall and collides with it.
8. We now set the average force exerted by one molecules on the wall equal to the
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average rate of change of momentum during the time for one collision. To find this
average rate, we have to divide the change in momentum by the time taken for one
collision.
After colliding with the shaded wall, the molecule travels to the opposite wall
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and is reflected back. It travels back towards the shaded wall again to collide
with the shaded wall. This means that the molecule travels a distance of 2L in
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between two collisions. Hence to get the average force, we have to divide by
the time between two successive collisions.
9. As L is the length of the cubical box, the time for the molecule to travel back
2L
and forth to the shaded wall is t = v
x
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Average force exerted on the shaded wall by molecule 1 is given as

Average force = Average rate of change of momentum
2mv x1 mv 2x1
= 
2L/v x1 v
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where vx is the x component of the velocity of molecule 1.

1
10. Considering other molecules 2,3,4...with the respective x components of velocities
vx2, vx3, vx4 ...the total average force on the wall from above equation is

= 
m 2
v x1  v 2x 2  v 2x3  ... 
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Average force m(v 2x + v 2x + ...)

1 2
 P = Area of shaded wall =
L L
2

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11. The average of the square of the x component of the velocities is given by
v 2x1 + v 2x 2 + v 2x 3 +...v 2N
v 2x =

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N

mN v x2
 P =
V

where v 2x is the average over all possible values of vx.

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Now v 2  v x2  v 2y  v z2
2 2 2 2 1
By symmetry, v x  v y  v z  v since the molecules have no preferred direction
3
to move.

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Therefore, average pressure P  1 N mv 2
3V
Equation has been obtained for a cubical shaped container.
A.30 It is a circuit which converts bidirectional voltage or current into a unidirectional 4
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voltage or current. An electric device which converts AC power into DC power is
called a rectifier.
There are two types of rectifiers -
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(a) Half wave rectifier (b) Full wave rectifier.

Given : T = 27ºC = 300 k

2 =
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3
To find : T 2
Solution :
We know that,
1
 
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T
  1T 1 =  2T 2
1T1
 T2 = 2
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 × 300
 T2 = 
= 900 K = (900 – 273)ºC
3
 T2 =627 ºC
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A.31 A simple pendulum whose period is equal to two seconds is called the seconds 4
pendulum. This means that, time taken for half oscillation is one second.
L
For a simple pendulum, T = 2 g

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For a second’s pendulum. 2 = 2 g

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Where, Ls is the length of second’s pendulum having period T = 2s
g 9.8
 Ls = 2= (3.14)2 = 0.9940m (approx 1 m)

Also, experimentally, if Ls is known it can be used to determine acceleration due to
gravity (g) at that place.

SS
Given: 1 = 6000Å = 6 × 10 –7m
W1 = 0.32mm = 3.2 × 10 –4m
2 = 4800Å = 4.8 × 10 –7m
To find : W = |W1 – W2|

LA
Solution :
D
W =
d
i.e. W  
C
W2 2
 W1 = 1
4800
 W2 = 0.32 × = 0.256 mm
'S

6000
 Change in width = W1 – W2
 W= 0.32 – 0.256
AR

  W = 0.064 mm
AK
IW
D

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U - G / Physics (AP) - Paper - 2 Page No. 16