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[150]

See Baker, Employment for the Microscope, ed. 2, 1758.

[151]

Saville Kent's valuable Manual of the Infusoria (1880-1882), which

gives figures of every genus and descriptions of every species
known at that date, includes the Flagellates in its scope.

[152]

Orders 1 and 2 constitute together the Holotricha of Stein; Bütschli

regards 3 to 6 as sections of Spirotrocha.

[153]

Dextrorse in all but Lichnophora and Spirochona.

[154]

Each membranella is a transversely elongated oval in reality, and

below it is a double row of basal granules, corresponding to the
individual cilia that constitute it. Similarly, the undulating
membranes have a single row of basal granules.

[155]

Tail-like appendages are found in Scaphiodon and in Dysteria and

its allies (Gymnostomaceae), Urocentrum (Aspirotrichaceae),
Discomorpha and Caenomorpha (Heterotrichaceae). In the first
two and last two cases they are prolongations of the body; in the
third an aggregate of cilia. One or more long caudal setiform cilia
are present in the genera Lembadion, Pleuronema, Cyclidium,
Lembus, Cinetochilum, Ancistrum, and Uronema; all these are
addicted to making springing darts. Tufts of cilia of exceptional
character often serve for temporary attachment. The stalk (or at
least its external tube) of the Peritrichaceae appears to be the
chitinous excretion of a zone of such cilia. Fauré-Fremiet terms
such a zone or annular brush a "scopula" ("Struct. de l'app.
fixateur chez les Vorticellides," Arch. Protist. vi. 1905, p. 207). For
a discussion of the finer structure of the cilia in Ciliata, and the
mechanism of their action, see Schuberg, Arch. Protist. vi. 1905, p.
61.

[156]

See Mitrophanow "Sur les Trichocystes ... du Paramoecium," Arch.

Protist. v. 1904, p. 78.

[157]

The "neurophane" fibrils of Neresheimer, Arch. Protist. ii. 1903, p.

305 f.

[158]

Sometimes the number of afferent canals is limited to five

(Paramecium), or even one. There may be one or more contractile
vacuoles, and in the latter case the different ones have an
independent rhythm.

[159]

It is from such conclusive cases that the universal character of a

discharge to the surface has been inferred in the rest of Protista
possessing this organ.

[160]

Gruber (Ber. Ges. Freib. 1888) has shown that in several marine
Ciliata the meganucleus is represented by an enormous number of
minute granules disseminated through the endosarc, which, on the
approach of fission, unite into a single meganucleus. As an
adjacent micronucleus makes its appearance at this stage, he
infers that the micronucleus must be also resolved in the
intermediate life of the cell into granules too small for recognition
under the highest magnification attainable, and that they must then
coalesce.

[161]
In the peculiar Peritrichan Spirochona the division of the
meganucleus is a much more complex process than usual, and
recalls that of the undifferentiated nuclei of many Rhizopods (see
Rompel in Z. wiss. Zool. lviii. 1894, p. 618). Opalina has neither
mouth nor anus, nor contractile vacuole, but a large number of
similar nuclei, that divide by a true mitotic process, like
micronuclei. We have referred it (pp. 114, 123) to the Flagellates,
next to the Trichonymphidae.

[162]

Save the Opalinopsidae, which are usually termed "Opalinidae";

but which cannot retain the latter name on the removal of the
genus Opalina to the Flagellates.

[163]

Phil. Trans. clxxxv. 1895, pp. 355 f.

[164]

Arch. Zool. Exp. (2) vi. vii. 1888-1889.

[165]

Calkins has recently found that the vitality within a cycle is

rhythmical, with alternations of more and of less frequent fissions,
under the same set of conditions; and that minute doses of beef-
tea or various mineral salts will not only keep up the higher rate,
but even stave off senescence. Minute doses of alcohol will keep
up the higher rate, but not avert senescence. He considers that
Maupas' generalisations are in most respects too sweeping (Arch.
Entw. xv. 1902, p. 139). But Dr. James Y. Simpson informs me that
the possibility of stimulative regeneration has been found to be
limited. See also Calkins and Lieb, Arch. Prot. i. 1902, p. 355.

[166]

As inferred by Hickson from the prolongation of the union.

[167]

When there are at the outset two or more micronuclei all undergo
the first two fissions, but only one undergoes the third.

[168]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxxiii. 1880, p. 439.

[169]

Bezzenberger has given a key to the species of these two genera

in Arch. Prot. iii. 1903, pp. 149, 157.

[170]

We note that Lacrymaria is prolonged in front into a long, slender

flexible "neck," with the mouth terminal. This swan-like
conformation is "mimicked" by Dileptus and Lionotus, where the
neck, like the prostomium of worms, is a mere extension of the
front of the body above and beyond the mouth; all three swim with
peculiar grace. Trachelius (Fig. 56) has a distinct cup-shaped
sucker behind the mouth, and is remarkable, like Loxodes, for the
branching disposition of its endosarc.

[171]

The pigment of this species has been examined and described by

Lankester under the name of "blue stentorin" (Quart. Journ. Micr.
Sci. xii. 1873).

[172]

For a full account of Caenomorpha, Metopus, and allied forms, see

Levander, Beitr. z. Kenntn. einiger Ciliaten, Dissert. Helsingfors,
1894.

[173]

Torquatella typica, described by Lankester as possessing a

continuous undulating membrane for its peristomial wreath, is
identified by Bütschli as a Strombidium, possessing exceptionally
large membranellae.

[174]

Outside the principal wreath is another of fine cilia ("paroral"),

standing out at an angle.

[175]

Covered with a rather lax structureless membrane (sarcolemma),

which is spirally wrinkled when the muscle contracts. I am unable
to verify Geza Entz's observations, adopted by Calkins and
Delage.

[176]

Of the composition of cellulose (Halliburton, in Quart. Journ. Micr.

Sci. xxv. 1885, p. 445).

[177]

As does the Hypotrichan Kerona polyporum.

[178]

Permanently ciliate in Hypocoma and Suctorella.

[179]

In this case the débris of the live prey torn up by the Cyclops on
which they live.

[180]

The spiral ridge figured by Hertwig (Fig. 61, 1. c) is probably an

incorrect representation of this structure, exceedingly minute in all
genera but Choanophrya.

[181]
In Choanophrya I have failed to find any pore, and believe the bud-
formation to be strictly endogenous.

[182]

See Quart. Journ. Micr. Sc. xlv. 1902, p. 325.

[183]

In Journ. Coll. Sc. Japan, x. 1896.

[184]

Étude monographique sur le groupe des Tentaculifères, Ann. Soc.

Belge Micr. xxiv.-xxvi. 1901.

[185]

To Professor W. J. Sollas, Sc.D., F.R.S., who undertook to write

the chapters on Porifera when the work was first planned, the
Author and the Editors are indebted for his kind assistance in
reading and criticising this article.

[186]

Rarities belonging to the Royal Society preserved at Gresham

College, 1686.

[187]

Gerarde's Herbal, enlarged and revised by Thomas Johnson,

1636, p. 1587.

[188]

Phil. Trans. lv. p. 280.

[189]

Histoire Phys. de la Mer, 1725.

[190]
Mem. Boston Soc. i. 1867, p. 305.

[191]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxxi. 1878, p. 262.

[192]

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xiii. 1884, p. 381.

[193]

Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxiv. 1884, p. 612.

[194]

The name was coined by Dr. Fleming from χάλιξ "silex" and
χόνδρος "cartilage," and as these roots could only give Chalic-
chondria it is not surprising that those who have not referred to Dr.
Fleming's statements give the derivation as ἅλς "sea" and
χόνδρος.

[195]

Monograph of British Sponges, vol. iii. pl. xxxix.-xl. For revision of

nomenclature in this Monograph, see Hanitsch, Tr. Liverp. Biol.
Soc. viii. 1894, p. 173.

[196]

Journ. Physiol. ix. 1888, p. 1.

[197]

Sollas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 1877, p. 285; Bütschli, Zeitschr.
f. wiss. Zool. xix. 1901, p. 236.

[198]

Minchin, "Sponges" in Treatise on Zoology, edited by E. Ray

Lankester, p. 87. See also Bidder, Proc. Roy. Soc. li. 1892, p. 474.
[199]

Zool. Jahrb. Anat. vii. 1894.

[200]

Materials for the Study of Variation, 1894, p. 30.

[201]

Arch. de Zool. Exp. (2) x. 1892, pp. 345-498. On the general

subject of adhesion of species, see Bowerbank, Brit. Ass. Rep.
1857, p. 11, who quotes Grant as the first to observe the
phenomenon.

[202]

Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxii. 1882, p. 229.

[203]

But see Gamble and Keeble, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlvii. 1904, p.
363, who show that various green animals really owe their colour
to "algae," though the infection with the "alga" is difficult to detect
because it takes place by means of a colourless cell. See also
Zoochlorella, on p. 126.

[204]

Sollas, Tr. Dublin Soc. (2) iii. 1884, p. 87.

[205]

Arch. Naturg. lix. 1893, p. 246.

[206]

Weltner, Blatt. Aquar. Fr. vii. 1896, p. 277, and

"Spongillidenstudien," Arch. Naturg. ii. 1893, p. 271.

[207]

Evans, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xliv. 1900, p. 72.

[208]

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), x. 1882, p. 365.

[209]

P. Ac. Philad. 1887, pp. 158-278.

[210]

Evans, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlii. 1899, p. 363.

[211]

Francé, Organismus der Craspedomonaden, Budapest, 1897, p.

217.

[212]

Sollas, Encyclopædia Britannica, art. "Sponges," 1887.

[213]

Sollas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iii. 1879, p. 23; Challenger Report,
vol. xxv. pt. lxiii. 1888, p. lii.

[214]

Minchin, Lankester's Treatise on Zoology, pt. ii. 1900.

[215]

Minchin, loc. cit. p. 110.

[216]

Bidder, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxii. 1891, p. 631, and Minchin,
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxiii. 1892, p. 266.

[217]

Minchin, Lankester's Treatise on Zoology, p. 30.

[218]
Vosmaer and Pekelharing, Verh. Ak. Amsterdam, (2) vi. 3, 1898, p.
1.

[219]

Dendy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxv. 1894, p. 230.

[220]

Maas, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lxvii. 1899-1900, p. 215.

[221]

"Die Kalkschwämme," 1871.

[222]

Dendy. loc. cit. p. 159.

[223]

Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxvi. 1894, p. 127.

[224]

Doederlein, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Anat. x. 1896, p. 15, pl. ii. and iii.

[225]

Hinde, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. lvi. 1900, p. 50.

[226]

Hinde, Tr. R. Micr. Soc. 1904, p. 3.

[227]

Počta, Bull. Acad. Bohème, 1903.

[228]

J. J. Lister in Willey's Zoological Results, pt. iv. 1900, p. 459.

[229]

Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1896, p. 119.

[230]

Arch. Zool. Exp. (3) iii. 1895, p. 561, pl. xxiii.

[231]

F. E. Schulze, Challenger Monograph, xxi.

[232]

Chun, "Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres," 1900, p. 481.

[233]

Shipley, "Fauna of the Antarctic Regions." See also p. 216.

[234]

J. Coll. Japan, xv. 1901, pp. 128, 147, 190.

[235]

Fauna Arctica (Roemer and Schaudinn), i. 1900, p. 84; and Sitzb.

Akad. Berlin, 1899, p. 98.

[236]

Sollas, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1880, p. 362.

[237]

Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xl. 1884, p. 795.

[238]

"Monograph British Fossil Sponges," Palaeont. Soc. xl. and xli.

1887 and 1888.

[239]

Sollas, Challenger Monograph, xxv. 1888.

[240]

Marine Investigations in South Africa, i. 1902, p. 224.

[241]

Cf. Sollas, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1887, art. "Sponges," and

Schrammen, Mitth. Mus. Hildesheim, 14, 1901.

[242]

Sollas, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxxiii. 1877, p. 790.

[243]

Ridley and Dendy, Challenger Monograph, lix. 1887.

[244]

Ibid. p. 262; cf. also p. 197.

[245]

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xli. 1901, p. 477.

[246]

Loisel, J. de l'Anat. et Phys. xxxiv. 1898, p. 1.

[247]

R. v. Lendenfeld, Acta Ac. German. lxix. 1896, p. 22.

[248]

Challenger Report, lix. 1887, p. 214.

[249]

Topsent, Zoologie Descriptive, i.; also Cotte, C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris,

1902, pp. 638-639.

[250]

Topsent, Arch. Zool. Exp. (3) viii. 1900, p. 36.

[251]

Sollas, Challenger Monograph, xxv. pt. lxiii. 1888, p. lxxxix.

[252]

Topsent, Arch. Zool. Exp. (3) viii. 1900, p. 226. For an account of
certain very remarkable structures termed diaphragms in Cliona
mucronata and C. ensifera, see Sollas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i.
1878, p. 54.

[253]

R. von Lendenfeld, Monograph of Horny Sponges, 1889, p. 831.

[254]

Cf. Minchin in E. Ray Lankester's Treatise, p. 77.

[255]

Maas, Zool. Centralbl. v. 1898, p. 581.

[256]

Arch. Zool. Exp. viii. 1879, p. 59.

[257]

"Biological Lectures, Wood's Holl," 1894, p. 43.

[258]

F. E. Schulze, Zool. Anz. ii. 1879, p. 636.

[259]

Maas, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lxx. 1901, p. 263.

[260]

Maas, loc. cit. p. 284.

[261]
J. Coll. Japan, xv. 1901, p. 180.

[262]

Perkins, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ. xxi. 1902, p. 87.

[263]

For details of this interesting process see Minchin, Quart. J. Micr.

Sci. xl. 1898, p. 469.

[264]

Maas, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lxvii. 1900, p. 225.

[265]

Maas, SB. Ak. München, xxx. 1900, p. 553, and Zeitschr. wiss.
Zool. lxx. 1901, p. 265; see also Sollas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) ix.
1880, p. 401.

[266]

Sollas, Challenger Monograph, xxv. 1888, p. xlv.

[267]

Sollas, ibid. pp. 13 and 34, pl. v.

[268]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lii. 1891, p. 294.

[269]

I. Sollas, P. Zool. Soc. London, ii. 1902, p. 215.

[270]

Sollas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) ix. 1880, p. 402.

[271]
Bowerbank, and also Vosmaer and Pekelharing, Verh. Ak.
Amsterdam (2) vi. 3, 1898.

[272]

J. Coll. Japan, xv. 1901, p. 193.

[273]

Vosmaer and Pekelharing, Verh. Ak. Amsterdam, 1898.

[274]

See Bidder, P. Camb. Soc. vi. 1888, p. 183; Sollas, Challenger

Monograph, xxv. 1883, pp. xviii.-xxi.; and Vosmaer and
Pekelharing, loc. cit.

[275]

Carter and Lieberkühn in 1856, Haeckel in 1872, Metschnikoff in

1879, and many later workers.

[276]

Die Kalkschwämme, 1872, i. p. 372.

[277]

J. Anat. Physiol. 1898, pp. 1, 6, 234.

[278]

Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. (7) xxvi. 1878, p. 10.

[279]

Sollas, Challenger Report, xxv. pt. lxiii. p. lxxxviii.

[280]

Vergl. Physiologie d. niederen Thiere, 1903, p. 441.

[281]
For further details see Zittel, Lehrbuch der Palaeontologie, and
Felix Bernard, Eléments de Palaeontologie, 1894.

[282]

For further details see Sollas, "The Formation of Flints," in The

Age of the Earth, 1905, p. 131.

[283]

Willey's Zool. Results, pt. ii. 1899, p. 127.

[284]

Murbach, Archiv f. Naturg. lx. Bd. i. 1894, p. 217.

[285]

G. H. Grosvenor, Proc. Roy. Soc. lxxii. 1903, p. 462.

[286]

H. Jung, Morph. Jahrb. viii. 1881, p. 339.

[287]

Verh. Ver. Rheinland, xlix. 1893, pp. 13, 14, 40, 41.

[288]

For an account of the development and of the chitinous membrane

see A. Brauer, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. lii. 1891, p. 9.

[289]

Trembley, Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire d'un genre de Polypes

d'eau douce, 1744.

[290]

G. Wagner, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlviii. 1905, p. 589.

[291]
See p. 126.

[292]

Hydra pallida, Beardsley, has been found to be very destructive to

the fry of the Black-spotted Trout in Colorado, U.S. Fish. Rep. Bull.
1902, p. 158.

[293]

For figures of Protohydra see Chun, Bronn's Thier-Reich,

"Coelenterata," 1894, Bd. ii. pl. ii.

[294]

Sitzber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, ix. 1894, p. 226.

[295]

M. Ussov, Morph. Jahrb. xii. 1887, p. 137.

[296]

This organism is usually described as a fungus (Achlya), but it is

probably a green Alga. See J. E. Duerden, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist. xvi. 1902, p. 323.

[297]

Bibl. Univ. de Genève, Arch. des Sciences, v. 1859, p. 80.

[298]

Phil. Trans. cxlvii. 1876, p. 117.

[299]

S. J. Hickson, Willey's Zool. Results, pt. ii. 1899, p. 127.

[300]

Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlii. 1899, p. 341.

[301]

"Gymnoblastic Hydroids," Ray Society, 1871, p. 359.

[302]

Hincks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 74.

[303]

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) x. 1892, p. 207.

[304]

Fewkes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xiii. 1887, p. 224.

[305]

Hartlaub, Wiss. Meeresunt. deutsch. Meere in Kiel N.F.I. 1894, p.

1.

[306]

Carter, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xix. 1877, p. 44; (5) i. 1878, p. 298.

[307]

The aberrant genus Hypolytus (p. 262) may belong to this family.

[308]

Spencer, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict. 1892, p. 8.

[309]

Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, xiii. 1900, p. 235 (with a beautiful coloured
illustration).

[310]

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 818.

[311]

Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. lxiii. 1898, p. 489.

[312]

Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlvi. 1902, p. 1.

[313]

Zool. Zentralbl. x. 1903, p. 27.

[314]

For a discussion of the origin of the polysiphonic stem in

Calyptoblastea see Nutting, "American Hydroids," Smithsonian
Institution Special Bulletin, pt. i. 1900, p. 4.

[315]

Loc. cit. p. 33.

[316]

The term "sarcostyle" is usually applied to the dactylozooid of the

Calyptoblastea.

[317]

Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1890, p. 121.

[318]

See C. C. Nutting, Proc. U.S. National Museum, xxi. 1899, p. 747.

[319]

E. T. Browne, Bergens Museums Aarbog, 1903, iv. p. 18.

[320]

Cf. Schepotieff, Neues Jahrb. f. Mineralogie, 1905, ii. pp. 79-98.

[321]

S. J. Hickson and H. England, Siboga Exped. viii. 1904, p. 26.

[322]
"Life-History of the Hydromedusae," Mem. Boston Soc. iii. 1885, p.
359.

[323]

Journ. Morph. xi. 1895, p. 493.

[324]

H. F. Perkins, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Nov. 1902, p. 773.

[325]

E. T. Browne, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 495.

[326]

Mark Anniversary Volume, New York, 1903, p. 1.

[327]

C. Vaney et A. Conte, Zool. Anz. xxiv. 1901, p. 533.

[328]

S. Goto, l.c.

[329]

G. H. Fowler, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxx. 1890, p. 507.

[330]

Limnocnida has recently been discovered by Budgett in the river

Niger. See Browne, Ann. Nat. Hist. xvii. 1906, p. 304.

[331]

"The Tanganyika Problem," 1903, p. 298.

[332]

Cf. Boulenger, Presidential Address to Section D of the British

Association (Cape Town, 1905).