Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Air Regulations Compiled

    Uploaded by

    arnavpilot
    3 views122 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    3 views122 pages

    Air Regulations Compiled

    Uploaded by

    arnavpilot

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 122
    AIR REGULATIONS Capt. MANSIMRAN SINGH MANSIMRAN SINGH INDEX S.no TOPICS INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS & ORGANIZATIONS PERSONNEL LICENSING RULES OF THE AIR Aircraft Nationality & Registration Marks valeys AIRWORTHINESS OF AIRCRAFT 6.(A) AREA CONTROL SERVICE (B) APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE AERODROME CONTROL SERVICE (©) AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES PROCEDURE FOR AIR NAVIGATION SERVICES(PAN-OPS) VISUAL AIDS FOR NAVIGATION NATIONAL LAW AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION SERVICES(AIS) 12. SEARCH AND RESCUE 13. AIRCRAFT AND INCIDENT 14, SPECIAL OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES & HAZARDS 15. HUMAN PERFORMANCE & LIMITATIONS 16. OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE 17. MISCELLANEOUS MANSIMRAN SINGH Topic 1 International Agreements & Organizations o The Chicago Convention (Convention on International Civil Aviation ) - Signed of December 7, 1944 - Led to formation of ICAO ach oP ACs, o ICAO ( International Civil Aviation organizSiAF RWC -Formed on 4 Apr 1947 - No. of Members - 193 Ne - Headquarters- Montreal, Quebec, Canada eq - Regional Offices — 7 (Asia &Pacific -> Bangkok, Thailand) ICAO is a specialized agency of the UN charged with coordinating international air travel. The Convention establishes rules of airspace, aircraft registration and safety, security, and sustainability, and details the rights of the signatories in relation to air travel. It comprises of the Assembly, the Council (elected by the Assembly every 3 years and consists of 36 members elected in 3 groups), the commissions plus committees, and the secretariat. MANSIMRAN SINGH o Hague Convention, 1970 (Convention for suppression of unlawful seizure of aircraft) Act of unlawful seizure and the measures to be taken by contracting states to enforce severe punishment upon perpetrators. o Rome Convention, 1952 Damage caused by foreign aircraft to third parties on the surface of the Earth. o Montreal Convention, 1971 Acts of violence on-board Action that damages and aircraft or navigation system in service o Tokyo Convention, 1963 Offences committed on board (Penal Law). Gives the commander the authority to detain unruly passengers and he/she may deliver such a person to the competent authorities o Warsaw Convention Responsibility of international air carriers for the carriage of passengers, baggage, and freight. o SARPS (Standard & Recommended Practices) Finalized by Air Navigation Commission MANSIMRAN SINGH Standards Recommended Necessary Desirable Mandatory Advised If any standard can't be followed, council has to be notified otherwise they're considered binding No obligation to inform the council if can’t be followed « Any difference from a standard needs to be notified within 60 days to ICAO by the state & publish such differences in the national AIP if they find it impracticable to comply with an international standard. o PANS ( Procedure for Air Navigation Services) Which haven't yet been adopted as SARPs e Regional Supplementary Procedures (SUPPS) Similar to PANS but for respective regions e ICAO Circulars make available specialized information of interest to Contracting States. MANSIMRAN SINGH ICAO STANDARDS ANNEXURES Annex1__| Personnel Licensing Annex 2__| Rules of the Air Annex 3 | Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Annex 4__| Aeronautical Charts Annex 5 | Units of Measurement to be used in Air and Ground Operations Annex 6 __| Operation of Aircraft Annex 7 | Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks Annex 8 __| Airworthiness of Aircraft Annex 9 | Facilitation Annex 10_| Aeronautical Telecommunications Annex 11_| Air Traffic Services Annex 12__| Search and Rescue Annex 13 | Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation Annex 14 _|Aerodromes Annex 15_| Aeronautical Information Services Annex 16__| Environmental Protection Annex 17 | Security: Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference Annex 18 |The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air Annex 19 | Safety Management MANSIMRAN SINGH -refer to last section for subparts ICAO Recommended Practices ¢ Documents !) DOC 9756- Manual of aircraft accident and incident investigation Il) DOC 4444- PANS ATM — Procedure for Air Navigation Services — Air Traffic Management Ill) DOC 7030 — SUPPS — Regional Supplementary Procedures IV) DOC 8400 - ICAO Abbreviation & Codes V) DOC 8168 - Aircraft Operations (PANS —OPS ) Vl) DOC 7910 — Location Indicators VIl) DOC 7333 — Search & Rescue Manual VIII) DOC 9432 — Manual of Radio Telephony IX) DOC 8643 - Aircraft Type Designator MANSIMRAN SINGH Freedoms o International Air Services Transit Agreement 11944 (Two Freedom Agreement) Drawn up in Chicago convention Each contracting state grants to the other contracting states the following ‘Technical Freedoms of the Air’. Technical Freedoms Freedom Description Example 45 The privilege to fly over a foreign country without A flight from India to UK, flown by an Indian airline, flying over landing Pakistan. a The privilege to | A flight from the India land for non- to the Europe, flown by traffic purposes an Indian airline, refueling at an Iran airport. Commercial Freedoms of the Air 3°¢ |The privilege granted by one State to another State to put down, in the territory of the first State, traffic A flight from India to Japan, flown by an Indian airline. MANSIMRAN SINGH coming from the home State of the carrier an The privilege granted by one State to another State to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic destined for the home state of the carrier A flight from China to India, flown by an Indian airline. 5m The privilege granted by one State to another State to put down and to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from or destined toa third State A flight from Dubai to India, with a stop in Pakistan flown by an Emirati airline. Passengers and cargo may travel between Dubai and Pakistan, with no intention to continue on to India. MANSIMRAN SINGH 10 e Every country has their own rules, let’s see which tule to follow where- Scenario 1 — If an aircraft is flying over high sea, then rules established under ICAO to be followed. Scenario 2 — If an aircraft is flying over territory of another state, then rules of the state of registration Indian Organizations : ¢ Ministry of Civil Aviation g (MoCA) Ministry of Civil Aviation Government of India It is responsible for formulation of national policies and programmes for the development and regulation of the civil aviation sector in the country. HQ- Ministry of Civil Aviation, Rajiv Gandhi Bhawan, New Delhi pr totter: Other organizations under MoCA- Gb Orncavanr NRA PF « DGCA (Directorate General of Civil Aviation) Regulatory body in the field of civil aviation in India HQ - Office of Director General Of Civil Aviation, opp. Safdarjung Airport, New Delhi MANSIMRAN SINGH Proposal to give effect to an International convention in India initiated by them ¢ AAI (Airport Authority of India) HQ- Rajiv Gandhi Bhawan, Safdarjung Airport, New Dethi Formed — 1“ April, 1995 From the merger of International Airports Authority of India & the National Airports Authority It is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure in India. It provides Communication Navigation Surveillance / Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) services over Indian airspace and adjoining oceanic areas. « BCAS (Bureau of Civil Aviation Security) HQ- Janpath Bhawan,New Delhi It is the regulatory authority for civil aviation security in India. It is headed by an officer of the rank of Director general of police and is designated as Director general of Security (Civil Aviation). Director General of security (DG BCAS) is the appropriate authority for implementation of Annexure 17(Security). e AAIB (Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau) MANSIMRAN SINGH Important Terms- 1) Cabotage- It is the right to operate a domestic flight (ie within a country’s borders) by an aircraft that is from a different country — (domestic air services). 2) AOC —Air Operators Certificate/Permit- a document issued by the authority of a state allowing an operator to conduct public transport flights. Issued by DGCA in India. 3) Lease-A lease is a contractual arrangement calling for the lessee (user) to pay the lesser (owner) for use of an asset. In aviation, Wet Lease — Airplane operated under AOC of the lessor (owner) — Crew & a/c leased out Dry Lease — Airplane operated under AOC of the lessee (the company leasing the a/c) — only the aircraft given Damp Lease- Partial crew Liability lies on the party to which the crew belongs MANSIMRAN SINGH 4) Prohibited Areas—An airspace of defined dimensions above the land areas or territorial waters of India within which the flights are not permitted at any time under any circumstances. Such areas are designated as Prohibited Areas e VA(P)-2, indicates Prohibited Area No. 2 in Mumbai FIR. List of Prohibited Areas in India 1)Rashtrapati Bhawan, New Delhi 2)Mathura Refinery , UP 3) Tower of Silence, Malabar Hills, Bombay 4) Kalpakkam Nuclear Plant, Tamil Nadu 5) Baroda Refinery, Gujarat 6) Near Bhubaneshwar, Orissa Restricted Areas - An airspace of defined dimensions above the land areas or territorial waters of India within which the flight of aircraft is restricted e VO(R)-81, i.e. Restricted Area No. 81 in Chennai FIR. s«) Danger Areas - An airspace of defined dimensions within which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft exist at the specified times. Such times are notified by NOTAM's MANSIMRAN SINGH e VE(D)-72,indicates Danger Area No. 72 in Calcutta FIR MANSIMRAN SINGH TOPIC 2 Annexure 1 Personnel Licensing (Aircraft Rules 1937 - CAR 07 Schedule II) “Types of Licenses SPL- Student Pilot’s License PPL — Private Pilot's License CPL (IR) — Commercial Pilot's License (Instrument Rating) ATPL - Airline Transport Pilot’s License FRTOL -— Flight Radio Telephone Operator's License ( R- Restricted) + Privileges- 1) SPL-Under authority/supervision of a Fl or an approved examiner Only VFR,No passengers, animals, goods, or fly for remuneration of any kind 2) PPL — Can carry passengers but NO remuneration of any kind 3) CPL - Can act as PIC only up to 5700kg AUW and entered in his license MANSIMRAN SINGH 16 License [Min [Exams | Total PIC |X-Ctry [IF Nigh | Other req. Hours t 4)SPL | Age- | Oral( Ohrs V-5 16 Regs, yrs Nav, Met, PCC A&E) 2)PPL Age - | Regs 40 hrs 20hrs |5 50% (A) 17 Nav hrs(150 gliding Met with 2 A&E FSL) 3)CPL Age- |W(Regs, |200hrs_ | 100 20 10 5 hrs | 5 yrs (A) 18 Met, Nav, hrs hrs(300 | hrs PIC A&E,), NM with | (Max. | with RT 2FSL) |5sim)|10 TO & Ldg 4)CPL Age- |Sameas |200hrs | 100 50 Hrs(_ | 40 5 hrs | Same ag CP (A) with /18 | CPL hrs 300NM |hrs | PIC IR with 2. | (Max | with FSL) |20 |10 sim) |T/O & Ldg 5) ATPL | Age — 1500 hrs | 250 500 hrs | 75 100 | Copilot (A) 21 hrs (100XC/ | (Min | hrs 50% 50N) | 50 AC) “If holder of a license suffers from any illness which won't allow him to undertake the functions of his license for more than 15 days needs to inform the authority. “Type rating needed for any a/c considered necessary by authority MANSIMRAN SINGH Duration of currency of a medical assessment starts from date of medical examination *tLevel of English proficiency laid down by the DG necessary for applicants of PPL, CPL, ATPL, Fit. Navigator & Fit Engg. Medical validity for commercial crew licenses goes down to 6 months after 40 years of age EIR is valid for 1 Yr. MANSIMRAN SINGH Topic 3 Annex 2 RULES OF THE AIR The rules have to be followed by all a/c flying over Indian territory and a/c bearing the N&R marks, wherever they may be, to the extent that they don’t conflict with rules published by the state having jurisdiction over the territory over flown. A P-I-C may depart from these rules if necessary for the safety of the a/c. “+ Flights operate in either A)VER — Visual Flight Rules Main reference - Horizon B)IFR — Instrument Flight Rules Main reference — Instruments Acrobatic Flights 1) Not allowed in vicinity of by AD at a distance of less than 2nm unless flown = 4 higher than 1800m or — * 6000ft. 2) In populated areas, permission needed from DG of DGCA & MANSIMRAN SINGH maneuver completed by a height of 600m (2000ft) “Formation Flights No civil aircraft shall be to flown in formation in India. Right of way A/c which has the right of way shall maintain its heading & speed while the other gives way. The one on right has the R of W. Case 2: Converging On same level, P WILL NOT FLY FURTHER INTO PROHIBITED AREA > WILL NOT DESCEND While still above prohibited area > Give the signal of distress MAYDAY,MAYDAY,MAYDAY by R/T > Immediately Squawk distress code 7700 and land to the nearest aerodrome outside prohibited area In case of unlawful interference(HIJACKING) MANSIMRAN SINGH 32 > Fly a level which differs by (for IFR), 150m (500ft) where vertical separation minimum of 300m (1000ft) is applied. > Otherwise, 300m (1000ft) where sep. is of 600m (2000ft) MANSIMRAN SINGH 3 « Visual Ground Signals A white double cross means that glider fying is in Progress. ‘Two or more white crosses indicate that the section of the runway or taxiway (yellow) is unfit for aircraft movement. Orange and white boundary markers will delineate the limit of the unusable ground or runway MANSIMRAN SINGH 34 A white "T’ signifies that takeoffs and landings- shall be in the direction of the shaft of the "T" (as indicated by the arrow), A white disc added to the "T", means that take-off and landing direction do not necessarily coincide. A white dumb-bell indicates that aircraft movement on the ground is confined to paved, metalled or similar hardened surfaces. A white dumb-bell with black stripes signifies that take offs and landings are to be on a runway, but movement on the ground is not confined to pavements. y MANSIMRAN SINGH 35 A red and yellow striped arrow signifies that a right hand circuit is in force. A red panel with a yellow diagonal stripe signifies that the manoeuvring area is poor and pilots must exercise special care Ared panel with a yellow cross signifies that the aerodrome is unfit for aircraft movements, and landings are prohibited. A white "H" signifies that helicopters shall take-off and land only ‘within the area designated by the marking. VA i i" MANSIMRAN SINGH Marshalling Signals AIRCRAFT MARSHALLING SIGNALS A i a yi it MANSIMRAN SINGH 37 TOPIC 4 Annexure -7 irerat GR ; Annex 7 sets out proceduces for selection by ICAO contracting state of nationality marks & the standards associated with them. It also deals with registration of aircraft and the certificate of registration is valid from date of registration till it is cancelled by DGCA. MANSIMRAN SINGH 38 Nationality Mark LS PNa el S 7 VBE The first two letters (VT) denotes the nationality of the a/c which in be this case is VT which implies (eae the aircraft is of Indian Cw § nationality and is a CIVIL a/c (Defence A/C — VU) ead ean rg “U” for unmanned aircraft followed by 6 Alpha-Numeric characters, e.g., UB67DFC. =& India has been allotted (AT) to (AW) by ITU MANSIMRAN SINGH 39 Registration Mark Poomitieicte | is allotted by the State of Registry& is unique to each alc. It’s a combo of letters, numbers consisting of 1 to 5 digits or characters. Lae old Registry Q- Codes, Distress signals or 3 letter combinations listed below cannot be used. SOS - Distress PAN - Urgency XXX - Urgency Also, 5 letter combi signals can't be used. Size of the markings (Minimum) “CASE 1: Heavier than air a/c Wings— 50 cm Fuselage — 30 cm “CASE 2: Lighter than air a/c - 50 cm MANSIMRAN SINGH Annexure 8 AIRWORTHINESS OF AIRCRAFT All operational aircrafts are issued with a ‘CERTIFICATE OF AIRWORTHINESS ' to signify that the aircraft is ‘Fit to fly’ once they meet the minimum standards set by ICAO. This also allows that aircraft to operate in other contracting states since they know that the aircraft is airworthy as per ICAO standards. Annexure 8 deals with airworthiness from engineering point of view unlike annex 6 which is from operational CofA ARC Certificate of Airworthiness Airworthiness Review Certificate Issued by DGCA Continuing Airworthiness of an aircraft i.e. the validity or renewal of the CofA shall be determined by the State of Registry even if the aircraft has sustained damage. MANSIMRAN SINGH C of Aas per rules of state of registry in an international flight. The technical standards for certification of aircrafts at present limited to multi engine aircraft over 5700Kg maximum certificated take-off mass so for such a/c, state of design required to ensure that a structural integrity programme exists to ensure airworthiness. MANSIMRAN SINGH a2 TOPIC -6 PART-A Area Control Service Controlled Traffic is usually separated from each other either A) Horizontally/ Longitudinally B) Vertically C) Composite (Combo of Vertical & Horizontal Separation) A) Horizontal Separation Divides into 3 types- 1) Lateral separation 2) Longitudinal separation 3) Separation minima based on ATS surveillance system 1)Lateral Separation Can be achieved either by knowing the geographic location (visually or via NAV-aid) a)VOR Both a/c established on radials diverging by 15 deg. & at least one a/c 15NM from facility (RNAV — 15 deg) b)NDB -30degrees c)DR ( Dead Reckoning) MANSIMRAN SINGH 43 -45 degrees B)Longitudinal Separation Track meanings Crossing track A) Same Track eet ie $ wee DN ine B) Reciprocal Track we rl "Bay C) Crossing Track A) Aircraft at the same cruising level e Alc flying on the same track(Sepration based on Time) a) 15 minutes (without NAV-aid); b) 10 min, if NAV-aids present to give position; c) 5 min, if preceding a/c is 37 kmph (20 knots) or more; d)3 min, if preceding a/c is 74 kmph (40 knots) or more. Navigation Navigation > a6 > > aid 15> b—t0 min —>| Aersrome Aerodrome or 37 kanth (20 it) or 74 ken/h (40 kt) Reporting point oF more faster Reporting point ‘or more faster [aa MANSIMRAN SINGH e Alc flying on crossing tracks 6 Navigation ; a a)15 min b)10 min, if NAV-aids present B) Alc climbing or descending same track a)15 min b)10 min, with NAV- aids c) 5 min(If they report =" within 10 min from same | NAV-Aid) ¢ Longitudinal separation based on distance using DME (DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT) e Same cruising level A) Same Track 1)20NM (37km) 2)10NM if leading a/c TAS is 20kts or more MANSIMRAN SINGH 45 B) Cross Tracks 1)20NM provided that the relative angle between the tracks is less than 90 degrees 2)10NM if the leading alc’s TAS is 20 kts or more Cc) Climbing/Descending 10NM D) Reciprocal Track 10NM Separation minima based on ATS surveillance system 5NM horizontal separation upto 60NM from radar 10NM horizontal separation beyond 60NM from radar MANSIMRAN SINGH 46 « RNAV Distance-based Separation(150km (80NM)) It may be applied between RNAV equipped a/c when operating on designated RNAV routes or on ATS toutes defined by VOR. « Essential Traffic is that controlled traffic to which the provision of separation by ATC is applicable, but which, in relation to a particular controlled flight is not, or will not be, separated from other controlled traffic by the appropriate minimum separation. « Separation between departing traffic Leading | Following | Separation Minim¢ Time alc alc Heavy Med/ Light a) Same runway |2 min Medium — | Light b) Parallel runwa (less than 760m) Heavy Med/ Light | Departing from 3 min Using full | __ a) An intermediate runway Light part of runway Medium b) Intermediate parti of a parallel runway MANSIMRAN SINGH « Separation between arriving traffic a7 Leading a/c Following a/c | Sep. Minima Heavy Medium 2 min Heavy/Medium | Light 3 min = When taking off behind a heavy jet, rotate prior to his rotation point to avoid vortices. Maximum hazard for incoming a/c is during a light tailwind. + Vortices circulate outward, upward, & inwards in clockwise direction for left wing. Wake Turbulence Category (As per MTOW) [Light L 7000kg or less Medium M 7000kg < X < 136,000 kg Heavy H More than 136,000 kg MANSIMRAN SINGH 1) If departing a/c are going on tracks diverging by at least 45 degrees immediately after T/O 1 Min 2)Same track after departure and preceding alc is 40kts or more faster Ton 0k) more alr FN SSUES 2 min 2 3) If a departing a/c is to be flown FL40(2450 through the level of a preceding FL70(2 150m) departing a/c FLO (1 850m), 5 min MANSIMRAN SINGH 49 e Separation of departing aircraft from arriving aircraft No take-fts in this area after procedure tum is Started nor within the last fe mines of & Sirlghtin approach x 3 Take-ofs permited inthis erea upto tree rincies belore estimated aval of aicraft Ror Ber, In tho case ofA. unit ft crosses ' designate fa on the approach track A Staightin approach — B Startof procedure tun In straight in-approach 1)5 min before arriving a/c to be estimated over the instrument runway 2) If the direction of departure is different by at least 45 degrees from reciprocal of direction of approach of arriving a/c 3 min e Reduction of separation minima/time 1)When each a/c visible to controller and separation can be maintained 2)Each a/c visible to flight crew of other a/c and the pilots report that their own separation can be maintained 3)In case of one a/c following another- MANSIMRAN SINGH 50 Commander of following a/c report that the other a/c in sight and separation can be maintained e Information for Arriving aircraft Info such as rwy-in-use, met. Info, current rwy surface conditions, etc. to be passed on to the a/c. 1) If change in wind information in form of components by- Mean head-wind — 10 kts Mean tail-wind — 2 kts Mean cross-wind — 5 kts e Visual Approach Can be performed by IFR flights too if request by pilot or initiated by controller Also, needed if that the flight crew has runway in sight and the pilot can maintain visual referent to terrain and they are not completely unfamiliar with the terrain In visual approach, the ATC controller will provide traffic separation with other controlled traffic while PIC responsible for terrain clearance. Onward Clearance Time- The time at which an aircraft can expect to leave the fix at which it is being held. eln case of arrival under IFR flight plan in VMC condition, the traffic avoidance is responsibility of PIC. MANSIMRAN SINGH sl Time Approach Procedure — Requested by aircraft to pass the specified point inbound at the previously notified time Aerodrome (AD) control towers shall issue information and clearances to aircraft under their control to achieve a safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic on and in the vicinity of an AD with object of preventing collision between: AD Traffic Alc flying within designated area of responsibility of control tower, a/c on maneuvering area, landing and taking off; etc. Different working positions in AD control tower: 1) Aerodrome Controller — For operations on the runway and a/c flying within control area of tower 2)Ground Controller — For traffic on the maneuvering area with exception of runways. 3)Clearance delivery position — For delivery of start- up and ATC clearance for departing IFR flights. Controlled AD- An AD with a control tower giving an ATC service. MANSIMRAN SINGH 52 Priority for landing 1) A/c in distress (engine failure, shortage of fuel, etc.) 2) Medical A/c 3) A/c engaged in SAR operation 4) VVIP aircraft Circuit Pattern Short Finals —- Up to 4NM Long Finals — Beyond 4NM, up to 8NM EN ie Ry Maa bree eer a Ps | Base Leg | | Clare { {upwind oe a —_ AD Terms 1) Apron (APN) — A defined area, on a land AD, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers, nail, or cargo, fuelling, parking, or maintenance. 2)Maneuvering Area- The part of an AD to be used for T/O, Landing, and taxiing of aircraft, excluding aprons. MANSIMRAN SINGH 3 3)Movement Area —Maneuvering Area + Apron(s) o A person should remain at least 60m (200’) away from a jet engine. Runway-Holding Position Unless cleared by ATC, No a/c can be held closer to a runway-in-use than at a runway-holding position. All taxiing a/c and vehicles shall stop and hold here unless otherwise authorized by ATC. In no condition, should any part of a/c extend past the hold line. Broken line towards runway Coefficient of Friction Estimated surface friction, for each third of a runway as seen from pilot's point of view needs to be informed, if needed. MANSIMRAN SINGH Measured coefficient 0.40 and above 0.39 to 0.36 0.35 to 0.30 0.29 to 0.26 0.25 and below Estimated braking action Good Medium to good Medium Medium to poor Poor 54 Code KH rNwau MANSIMRAN SINGH 55 Topic 7 Annex 11 Air Traffic Services © Objectives of Air Traffic Services (ATS) 1) Prevent collision between aircraft 2) Prevent collision between aircraft on the maneuvering area, and from obstacle 3) Expedite & maintain an orderly flow of traffic 4) Notify appropriate organizations if Search and Rescue required ¢ Divisions of ATS a) Area Control Service — For controlled flights b) Approach CS - For arrival & departure of controlled flights c) Aerodrome CS- For Aerodrome traffic ¢ Units providing ATS— Area CC, FIC, Approach Control Office, AD control tower& ATS reporting office. MANSIMRAN SINGH 56 « Classification of Airspace Class | Type ot | Separation ‘Service provided ‘age presided communication | toon requirement | ATC dlearance » | surcrat a service Cntr fox ae [BR] attaicrn [ airwatic coat Notappabie | Como Ty oR All aisceaft Air traffic control service | Not applicable = Ves n two-wey I ven | ataicat | Airmaticcomrtserice | Notaptcabie | Comme | vex FR fom FR — we | teccevre | Aésaticcourtserice | Notppiabie | Cuma | 4 1) Ar waic contol serie fr parton P ‘rom IFR; 280 kIAS below | vin | vinonre | ayvrnvrnvatie | 2080mc0008) | Commas | yy 3 information (and traffic AMSL esha wie on sees) Tceemete I trafic information about | 250121AS below | continuous two- vn | mneare | BEssrere | SEMRS mmm aa cavordance advice an “AMSL iol , — aT a Pa ‘efi information and | 35991 Sey my | Contimoustwo- | yo, Scat | St =, Remote [wonusiis [oma rm | manne | Serer | Seutcs femmmm| : a a 0 ve Ni Trafic information +) 3050 m (10000) Ne No bat AMSL_ Tasw wien [mney [eo eee | ee [uate [em | oe, : anaes vm | st [nigricans | ma sent PN Eo es _AMSL ay =k ew [poms Sans | a Implementation of Claax A & Class B Airspace under consideration ‘When the height of the tansition ata is ower than 3080 m (1000 ft) AML FLIOO shoul be used in ew of 1000 MANSIMRAN SINGH 7 ¢ FIR — Flight Information Region Portions of airspace where it is determined that Flight Delhi -1 Kolkata —- E Mumbai - A Chennai —-O Information Service & Alerting service will be provided * Location Indicators Letters - 15 -> AFSRA (AFSRA - Aeronautical Fixed Service Routing Area.) 2"4 _ State/Country 3'484'*_ Station E.g.: VIDP (DELHI) OPKC- PAK KARACHI OAKB — AKGHANISTAN KABUL MANSIMRAN SINGH 58 * Control Area and Control Zone CTA -Min. 200m (700ft) above ground CTR- Lateral limit 9.3km (5NM) from center of AD Ground level « RNP (Required Navigation Performance) is a family of navigation specifications under Performance Based Navigation (PBN) which permit the operation of aircraft along a precise flight path with a high level of accuracy and the ability to determine aircraft position with both accuracy and integrity. Accuracy is 95% Example — RNP 4 — Accuracy 95% containment basis within +/- 4NM « RCP (Required Communications Performance) is the number of seconds it takes for an instruction to travel from the ground to the aircraft and acknowledgement back to the ground. MANSIMRAN SINGH 59 e ATIS (Automatic Terminal Information Service) (D- Data link/ DIGITAL) 1) It is a continuous broadcast of recorded aeronautical information in busier terminal areas, i.e. airports and their immediate surroundings. ATIS broadcasts contain essential information, such as current weather information, active runways, available approaches, and any other information required by the pilots, such as important NOTAMs 2)It helps reduce controllers’ workload & relieve frequency congestion. 3)The responsibility of preparation and dissemination lies with the ATS. 4)ATIS shall not be transmitted on voice channel of ILS 5)Max duration — 30 sec 6)ATIS is updated on any significant official weather change, otherwise 30 min/1 hour depending on airport. ¢ Alerting Service Provided to a) For all a/c with ATC service b) As far as practicable to all other a/c with filed FPL or known to ATS c) To any a/c known or believed to be subject to unlawful interference How is emergency handled by ATS? A) Uncertainty Phase (INCERFA) MANSIMRAN SINGH 1)No communication within a period of 30 min from when com. Should have been received 2) A/c fails to arrive within 30 min of ETA last notified B) Alert Phase (ALERFA) 1) Following INCERFA 2) A/c cleared to land but failed to land within 5 min of estimated time of landing and no communication re- established 3) Operating efficiency of a/c impaired but not to the extent for a forced landing (apprehension to the safety of the aircraft and its occupants) 4) A/c known or believed to be the subject of lawful interference Cc) Distress Phase (DETRESFA) 1) Following ALERFA 2) FOB considered exhausted, or insufficient for a/c to reach safely 3) Operating efficiency impaired and forced landing is likely 4) Forced landing is about to be done or already made * ATS Clocks to be within +/- 30 sec of UTC at all times. « ATS Routes A, B, G, R — Domestic + Non- RNAV L, M, N, P—Domestic + RNAV , J, V, W — International + Non- RNAV 1) 2) 3)H 4)Q, T, Y, Z — International + RNAV MANSIMRAN SINGH 61 K — Low level helicopter route U — Upper airspace S - Supersonic route Flights prohibited within 15NM of the international border of India TOPIC - 8 DOC 8168 Procedure for Air Navigation Services ft (PANS-OPS) PANS ATM (Air Traffic Management) Obstacle Clearance- MOC( um obstacle clearance) equals zero at DER (Departure end of the runway). From that point, it increases by 0.8%(48ft per Nm) of the horizontal distance in the direction of flight.Assuming a max turn of 15 degrees. MANSIMRAN SINGH a In turn initiation area & turn area, a MOC of 90m (295ft) provided OCA/H- Obstacle Clearance Altitude/Height for an approach procedure established by the state. When determining OCA for a precision approach, obstacle height is referenced to MSL PDG- Procedure Design Gradient — PDG of 3.3% assumed, (200ft per nm) Relationship of MOC in primary & secondary area in cross-section AREAS MANSIMRAN SINGH 8 1.Primary Area- MOC provided for its whole width ie. 100% assured of obstacle clearance 2. Secondary Area- MOC provided at the inner edges reducing to zero at the outer edges _ eee « Minimum Gradient for MAP — 2.5% Departure runway — 3.3% Distance measurin juipment (DME) +/- 0.46 km (0.25NM) + 1.25% of distance to the antenna + Departures When a departure route requires 1)A turn more than 15 degrees — Turning departure 2)A turn within 15 degrees — Straight-in-departure ¢ Straight Departure -In which initial departure track is within 15 degrees of the alignment of the runway centre line. MANSIMRAN SINGH * SID (Standard Instrument Departure) -Takes you from runway to route through ATS by your SID charts -Straight flight assumed until - 90m (295 ft) for Helicopters & 120m (394ft) for a/c -SID terminates at the first fix of the en-route phase +Omni-directional departure -Takeoff from runway & go in any direction. -A turn at 120m (394 ft) above elevation of the AD is not initiated sooner than 600m from the beginning of the runway Types of Approach 1) Straight-in- approach -If a/c aligned to the runway centre line -In NPA, if angle between FAT & runway centre line is 30 degrees or less 2) Circling Approach -A visual approach/ visual flight maneuver keeping runway in sight for landing MANSIMRAN SINGH 65 PA- Precision Approach It is an instrument direct approach using bearing, elevation & distance information.(Lateral and Vertical Guidance provided) e.g ILS NPA-Non Precision Approach An instrument approach and landing which utilizes lateral guidance but not does not utilis vertical guidance. e.g, Loc “MDA — Minimum Descent Altitude - In NPA The height at which you do a MAP (Missed Approach Procedure) if no visual contact with runway in non- precision approach DA - Decision Altitude - In PA Altitude at which you decide whether or not to doa missed approach in a precision approach ¢ ILS glide slope must be intercepted between 3-10NM, 300-900m MANSIMRAN SINGH + Segments of Instrument Approach Poor Cee end ial Approach ment- The initial approach segment begins at the initial approach fix (IAF) and ends at the intermediate fix (IF). In the initial approach, the aircraft has left the en- route structure and is maneuvering to enter the intermediate approach segment. Aircraft speed and configuration will depend on the distance from the aerodrome, and the descent required. Normally track guidance is provided along the initial approach segment to the IF, with a maximum angle of interception of: a) 90° for a PA; and MANSIMRAN SINGH 7 b) 120° for a NPA MOC: 300 m (1 000 ft) of obstacle clearance. 2)Intermediate Approach Segment This is the segment during which the aircraft speed and configuration should be adjusted to prepare the aircraft for final approach. MOC: the obstacle clearance requirement reduces from 300 m (984 ft) to 150 m (492 ft) in the primary area. 3) Final Approach Segment This is the segment in which alignment and descent for landing are made. Final approach may be made to a runway for a straight-in landing, or to an aerodrome for a visual maneuver. The optimum distance for locating the FAF relative to the threshold is 9.3 km (5.0 NM).The maximum length should not normally be greater than 19 km (10 NM). The FA segment begins and ends at: For PA For NPA At Final Approach Point | At the FAF and ends (FAP) or glide slope at MAPt intercept at the minimum intercept altitude MANSIMRAN SINGH Note: FAP is for PA while FAF is for NPA 4)Missed Approach Seqment Missed Approach never to be initiated below MDA (H)/DA(H) MAP Climb Gradient — 2.5 percent Final ce a rece eC ee Initial Missed Approach CATEGORIES OF AERO PLANES CATEGORY SPEED ON THRESHOLD IAS (1.3 TIMES THE STALLING SPEED) Lower limit included Less than 91kts (169 km/h) 91kts(169 km/h) to 121kts(224 km/h) 121 kts (224 km/h) to 141 kts (261 km/h) 141 kts (261 km/h) to 166 kts (307 km/h) oO] O|W|> MANSIMRAN SINGH 69 E 166 kts (307 km/h) to 211 kts (391 km/h) Holding Procedures Holding (or flying a hold) is a maneuver designed to delay an aircraft already in flight while keeping it within a specified airspace. eStandard Hold -> Right Turn eAll turns are 3 deg/sec or bank angle of 25 degrees (whichever requires lesser bank) Zone of flexibility — 5 deg. either side ¢ Shuttle — In approach procedure, a / descent or climb conducted in a holding pattern * Outbound Leq 41 min below 4250m (14,000ft) 1.5 min above 4250m (14000ft MANSIMRAN SINGH 70 Parallel Direct Tear Drop MANSIMRAN SINGH 1 +Transition Level, Layer, & Altitude Transition Altitude — When QNH set to QNE (1013 hPa) Transition from altitude to FL & vice-versa is done, at TA during climb & TL during descent During flight through TL, altitude above MSL during descent “TA of an AD should not be below 4000ft “4A pre-flight check should be carried out at a known elevation on the AD Airborne Collision Avoidance System For avoidance of potential collisions, enhancement of situational awareness, and active search for, and visual acquisition of, conflicting traffic. MANSIMRAN SINGH Interrogates other a/c within 26km (14NM) 1)Pilots shall not maneuver their a/c in response to traffic advisories (TAs) only; TAs is intended to alert pilots to the possibility of a resolution advisory (RA) In case of RA, 1) Respond immediately to RA, unless doing so is unsafe 2) Follow RA if receiving conflicting information from ATC 3) Not maneuver in opposite sense to RA RA is only in vertical plane and for a/c reporting altitude 4) ASAP, notify ATC of RA including of any deviation from any ATC clearance MANSIMRAN SINGH B TOPIC 9 isual Aids for Navigati + Aerodrome Reference Code *t Reference code used for construction & planning purposes ose [Aeropane Rleranc| cade | Wingspen | Oar main gear ‘tithas 2elements ™™__sitlra ae wea span + lesstning00m | A | wptotuteat | upto bat not irtutieg 15m | cing 45m £418 Number based 2 eomuptotatna 8 | tSmuptobutnat | 45mupto bunt on the aero plane inducing 1200 m Tedaeg tm | edeg 8m : 3 | o0mupwobutnat| G | Z6muptobutnat | 6mupiobuat reference field intr 1800 m incdrg 36m | —_nhudng 9m length 4 | 1800mandover | D | 26muptobutnot | Smuptobutret Tnautng $2 | lnoudng 4m E | S2muptobutnot | @muptobutrot Including 65m | including 4 m 42" Based on the F | éSmuptobuial | ¥muptobut nt a/c wing span & indudeg 80m | incudng 16m outer main gear wheel span — |S A LETTER MANSIMRAN SINGH 74 *» PCN — Pavement Classification Number Example: TOPF PCN 22/F /A/ WIT e-fetie ‘A~High W-Unlimited T=Technical + = Experience c-tow 7 ¥ Medium (181 psi limit) Lae. R- Rigid To indicate strength of a runway, taxiway or apron 4+ Only used for paved areas * ACN - Aircraft Classification Number ™& Single unique number expressing the relative effect of an a/c on a paved area relating to pavement type & thickness “&From 0 to no upper limit *tEach a/c has an ACN If ACN > PCN, that a/c can’t land on that runway RUNWAY MARKINGS RUNWAY -> WHITE MANSIMRAN SINGH 75 Runway Designation Ma iq Two Digit Number along with a letter for parallel runways Runway orientations are based on Magnetic Heading. Min distance between two aircraft on approach is 610m. 2-UR 3-U,C, R 4-U,R, LR = TCR LR: = TRL “UC RUC, Precision Instrument Runway Markings

    You might also like