Building Materials Part 1

1.
EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard
Tests
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I
1.03 Riprap
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.01 ACRONYMS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Materials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK Transportation Officials
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical ANSI American National Standards Institute
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier ASTM American Society for Testing Materials
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS & DPWH Dept. of Public Works and Highways (Phil Govt)
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base USCS Unified Soil Classification System
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.02 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- AASHTO SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK • classifies inorganic soils for suitability as subgrade materials
PROOFING
2.01 Termite in terms of good drainage and bearing capacity.
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier AASHTO defines particle sizes as:
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait • Boulders – above 75mm
System
3. ROADS &
• Gravel – 75mm to No.10 sieve
PARKING • Coarse Sand – No.10 to No.40 sieve
3.01 Subgrade • Fine Sand – No.40 to No.200 sieve
and Base
Course • Silt-Clay Particles – passing No.200 sieve
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control ATTERBERG LIMITS
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING • are tests performed on soils passing the No.40 sieve as follows:
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
Liquid Limit (LL) The liquid limit is that moisture content at
b. Chemical which a soil changes from the liquid state
Barrier to the plastic state, measured when soil in
c. Bait
System a shallow dish flows to close a 12.5 mm
3. ROADS & groove after 25 drops from 1 cm.
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base Plastic Limit (PL) the water content at which a silt or clay
Course
material will just begin to crumble when
Materials
a. Borrow rolled into a thread approx 3.2mm (1/8
Material inch) in diameter.
b. Base
Course
c. Choker Plasticity Index (PI) is defined as the Liquid Limit minus the
Aggregate
3.02 Paving Plastic Limit :
and LL – PL = PI , that is the range of water
Surfacing
a. Concrete content over which sediment behaves.
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control a. Fill materials - soil, crushed stone, and sand used to
Materials
raise an existing grade, or as a man-made-deposit;
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING generally used under footings, pavers, or concrete slabs on
2.01 Termite
Proofing
grade; classified under the Unified Soil Classification
b. Physical
Chemical
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
System (USCS) as:
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier • GW, GM, GP – Gravels with >
c. Bait
System 50% retained on No. 200 sieve
3. ROADS & and > 50% further retained on
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade No.40 sieve.
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base • SW, SM – or Sands with > 50%
Course are retained on No. 200 sieve
c. Choker
Aggregate and 50% or more passes No.40
3.02 Paving
and
sieve.
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control b. Granular Fill or Filters – soil materials with sand
Materials
equivalent of not less than 50%; used to prevent the
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING movement of fine particles out of soils and other natural
2.01 Termite
Proofing
materials through which seepage occurs; conforming to
b. Physical
Chemical
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
ASTM C 33, size 67.
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
c. Borrow Fill - selected laboratory-approved pit-run gravel,
Materials disintegrated granite, sand, shale, cinders or other similar
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
materials with not more than 35% fraction passing the No.
2.01 Termite 200 sieve.
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control d. Base Course Materials -
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
hard durable fragments of
PROOFING stone and a filler of sand or
2.01 Termite
Proofing other finely divided mineral
b. Physical
Chemical
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier matter, free from vegetable
Barrier
b. Chemical matter and lumps of clay,
Barrier
c. Bait complying with the following
System AASHTO METHODS T-11
3. ROADS &
PARKING and T-26 Grading
3.01 Subgrade Requirements:
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow Sieve Designation Percent Weight Passing
Material U.S. Standard Sieve Type "B" Base Course
b. Base
Course 1 - 1/2" 100
c. Choker 1" 85 - 100
Aggregate
3.02 Paving No. 4 20 - 45
and
Surfacing No. 200 5 - 12
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Local Borrow Fill materials:
Materials BANDA Y BANDA
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ESCOMBRO P5,000 per 15 16 cum
PROOFING
2.01 Termite ESCOMBRO – BULIK (for Riprap)
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.03 RIPRAP (ROCK LINING)
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- - a constructed layer or facing of stone, placed to prevent
Control
Materials erosion, scour or sloughing of a structure or embankment.
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
2.01 Termite - term "riprap" also is frequently defined as the stone used
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical to construct such a lining.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.03 RIPRAP (ROCK LINING)
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- - a special class of very large aggregate. Riprap
Control
Materials gradations range in diameter from 50mm (2 inches) to
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK 1148mm (42 inches). Because riprap is subject to
PROOFING
2.01 Termite significant energy, it is important that it be sound and
Proofing free from defects or entrained substances such soil
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier shale or organic materials.
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
- resistance of riprap to displacement of moving water is
3. ROADS & a function of the weight, size, and shape of the stone,
PARKING the geometry of the channel or bank it is protecting,
3.01 Subgrade
and Base and the filter blanket over which the riprap is placed.
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.04 GABION SYSTEM
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- - Wire-enclosed riprap
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK - consists of mats or baskets fabricated from wire mesh,
PROOFING
2.01 Termite filled with small riprap, and anchored to a slope.
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- - Wrapping the riprap enables use of smaller rocks for the
Control
Materials same resistance to displacement by water energy as
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK larger unwrapped riprap.
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
- is particularly advantageous in areas inaccessible to
Materials trucks or large construction equipment.
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
2.01 Termite - wire baskets also allow
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical steeper (i.e., vertical)
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
channel linings to be
Barrier constructed.
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS & - gabion baskets or
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
mattresses can be made
and Base from commercially available
Course
Materials
wire units or from available
a. Borrow wire fencing material or may
Material
b. Base be fabricated from No. 9 or
Course
c. Choker
No. 12 galvanized wire.
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- - According to FHA guidance, the thickness of wire mattresses
Control
Materials used for channel linings is determined by three factors:
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING § the erodibility of the bank soil
2.01 Termite § the maximum velocity of the water, and
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
§ the bank slope.
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait Criteria for Gabion Thickness
System
3. ROADS &
Maximum Minimum Required
PARKING Bank Soil Type Velocity (ft Bank Slope Mattress Thickness
3.01 Subgrade per second) (inches)
and Base
Course Clays, heavy cohesive soils 10 <1:3 9
Materials
a. Borrow 13-16 <1:2 12
Material
b. Base any >1:2 18+
Course Silts, fine sands 10 <1:2 12
c. Choker
Aggregate Shingle with gravel 16 <1:3 9
3.02 Paving
and 20 <1:2 12
Surfacing
a. Concrete any >1:2 18+
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control Construction materials consisting of synthetic components
Materials made for use with or within earth materials generally are
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
referred to as geosynthetics. Geosynthetics can be further
2.01 Termite categorized into the following components:
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier • Geotextiles
b. Chemical
Barrier • Geomembranes
c. Bait
System
• Geocomposites
3. ROADS & • Geonets and
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade • Geocells
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles are the most common geosynthetics, and
Materials consist of woven or nonwoven fabric made from polymeric
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK materials such as polyester or polypropylene generally used for
PROOFING
2.01 Termite reinforcement, separation, filtration, and in-plane drainage.
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier ü Reinforcement
b. Chemical when the geotextile fabric lends its strength to low load-
Barrier
c. Bait bearing soil to increase the overall design strength and
System
3. ROADS &
decrease the amount of sub-base and base course
PARKING material.
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
ü Separation
2.01 Termite when the geotextile is placed between dissimilar
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical materials to prevent migration of one of the materials
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
into the other.
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ü Filtration
PROOFING
2.01 Termite when the geotextile is used to prevent the movement of
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical fine particles from soil through which seepage occurs .
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ü Filtration has three separate categories:
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical Ø Subsurface
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier those employed in sub-surface drainage
b. Chemical
Barrier applications, such as filters around under-drains or
c. Bait
System
edge drains, or under paving.
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical Ø Erosion Control
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier those employed to protect cut slopes or drainage
b. Chemical
Barrier features. When used in conjunction with a stone lining
c. Bait
System
or riprap, they would serve a secondary function of
3. ROADS & separation.
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Ø Sediment Control
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical are exclusively those used for silt fence applications.
Barrier While they serve the purpose of "filtering" runoff, the
c. Bait
System mechanism by which they function is different than
3. ROADS & subsurface drainage or erosion control applications.
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ü In-Plane Drainage
PROOFING
2.01 Termite particular thick-needled nonwoven geotextiles having
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical sufficient in-plane flow capacity for use as flow conduits
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
in drainage applications.
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
b. Geomembranes are continuous polymeric sheets that
Materials are impermeable. The most frequently used for ground
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
applications are:
2.01 Termite
Proofing ü thermoplastic products manufactured from high-density
b. Physical
Chemical
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
polyethylene (HDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Barrier
b. Chemical ü thermoset polymer Ethylene propylene diene monomer
Barrier
c. Bait (EPDM) frequently used for membrane roofing applications.
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
b. Geomembranes
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK Different types of geomembranes have significantly
PROOFING
2.01 Termite different properties including :
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
§ Strength
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical § Longevity
Barrier § resistance to ultraviolet light
c. Bait
System § thermal expansion and contraction
3. ROADS & § chemical resistance, and
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade § ease of installation
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow Geomembranes should not to be subjected to tensile
Material stresses and should be treated gently during installation and
b. Base
Course subsequent use.
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
c. Geocomposites
Materials consist of a combination of geosynthetic components;
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
are usually sheet or edge drains consisting of a
2.01 Termite prefabricated core to which a geotextile filter is bonded.
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
c. Geocomposites
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
The core provides void space to which water can flow
2.01 Termite in-plane while the geotextile filter keeps soil from filling
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical the voids created by the core.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier Geocomposite sheet drains are available that allow
c. Bait
System flow in from one or both faces.
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
d. Geonet
Materials is a type of geosynthetic that consists of a continuous
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
extrusion of polymeric ribs that form void space through
2.01 Termite which provide in-plane flow capacity.
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical Geonets are available with or without bonded geotextile
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
filters. Geonets with bonded geotextile filters are
Barrier sometimes referred to as composite drainage nets (CDNs).
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
e. Geocells
Materials are three-dimensional prefabricated polymeric systems
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
ranging from 100 to 200 mm (4 to 8 inches) high. The
2.01 Termite geocell systems are collapsed for delivery to the site.
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical Upon arrival at a site, they are spread open and filled to
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
form a three-dimensional reinforced mattress.
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
e. Geocells
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
Originally developed to rapidly stabilize soft subgrades for
2.01 Termite mobilization of large equipment, they are now frequently
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical used for protection and stabilization of steep slope
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
surfaces and protective linings for channels.
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.06 SLOPE-EROSION PROTECTION MATERIALS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Materials These include materials used
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK for both temporary and
PROOFING
2.01 Termite permanent erosion
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical protection.
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier Temporary materials consist
c. Bait of open mesh polymeric
System
3. ROADS & systems, biodegradable
PARKING mesh system (e.g., coir jute),
3.01 Subgrade
and Base or a combination of polymeric
Course and biodegradable mesh.
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.06 SLOPE-EROSION PROTECTION MATERIALS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Materials The open mesh systems
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK serve as a semipermanent
PROOFING
2.01 Termite mulch, anchoring seeds and
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical soil particles subject to
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier erosive flows in channels.
b. Chemical
Barrier Greater flow rates and
c. Bait volumes usually require
System
3. ROADS & denser mesh and more
PARKING durable construction.
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap
1.04 Gabion
2.01 TERMITE PROOFING – there are three types:
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control a. Physical barriers
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING b. Chemical barriers
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
c. Colony Elimination (Bait) System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap
1.04 Gabion
2.01 TERMITE PROOFING
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Physical barriers: prevent termites from accessing the
Materials wood in a home. There are a variety of methods:
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
2.01 Termite ü Termite Resistant Sand - a
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical
layer of sand with uniform
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier size particles. The sand
b. Chemical
Barrier
must be large enough to
c. Bait prevent the termite from
System
3. ROADS & moving through it effectively
PARKING and of a consistency that
3.01 Subgrade
and Base prevents its use in "tunnel"
Course construction. Sometimes
Materials
a. Borrow used around the foundation
Material
b. Base of a home during
Course construction.
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- a. Physical barriers:
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ü Termite Mesh - steel mesh product that is fine
PROOFING enough to keep even tiny termites from passing
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical
through it. Termite Mesh is used in slab construction
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
(concrete slabs are poured over or with the mesh). It
b. Chemical is also used to wrap pipes and other access areas.
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- a. Physical barriers:
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ü Home Construction - in particularly high-risk termite
PROOFING environments, homes are sometimes designed on high
2.01 Termite
Proofing concrete pillars to physically separate the home from
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
the distance termites can travel from their colony.
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- b. Chemical barriers: The objective of this method is to
Control
Materials establish a continuous termiticide barrier or treated area
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK between potential soil access routes and the structure to
PROOFING
2.01 Termite either kill or repel subterranean termites that attempt to
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical reach the structure. A termiticide is a type of chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier used to control termites.
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait ü Pre-construction chemical barriers
System
3. ROADS & are almost always applied during construction, to the soil
PARKING and foundation. There are also termite resistant building
3.01 Subgrade
and Base products, from drywall to floor joists. These are often
Course treated with borates before use in home construction.
Materials
a. Borrow Pre-construction applications must use enough
Material
b. Base insecticide (often 100 gallons or more) at a sufficient
Course concentration to erect an adequate barrier.
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- b. Chemical barriers
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK • Vertical barriers
PROOFING are created by applying 4 gallons of termiticide per 3
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical
linear meters by rodding or trenching around the base
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
of foundations, plumbing, utility entrances, expansion
b. Chemical joints, and where two slabs will join.
Barrier
c. Bait
System
If areas to be treated are more than 300mm (one foot)
3. ROADS &
PARKING deep, then each 300mm of depth should receive 16
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
liters (4 gallons) per 3 linear meters.
Course
Materials
a. Borrow Treatment of trenches involves digging a trench, no
Material wider than 150mm (6 inches), applying termiticide to the
b. Base
Course trench, and mixing with soil as the soil is replaced.
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving Hollow block voids of foundations should also be
and
Surfacing treated with 16 liters (4 gallons) of termiticide per 3
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
linear meters .
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK • Horizontal barriers
PROOFING are made by applying 4 liters (one
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical
gallon) of termiticide per 3 square
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
meters. The treatment is usually
b. Chemical accomplished by applying a
Barrier
c. Bait coarse spray at low pressure. All
System
termite treatments to slab
3. ROADS &
PARKING construction should include
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
horizontal barriers, which are
Course relatively easy to apply.
Materials
a. Borrow
Material ü Slab treatment - involves
b. Base
Course drilling through the slab floor
c. Choker and injecting termiticides into
Aggregate
3.02 Paving the soil at regular intervals.
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK • Horizontal barriers
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
ü Basements and Crawl
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Spaces - trenches are dug
Barrier
b. Chemical around the foundation,
Barrier
c. Bait
termiticide applied and the
System trench filled back in.
3. ROADS &
PARKING
Chemicals may also be
3.01 Subgrade injected into the soil in the
and Base
Course
crawl space/basement and
Materials around the foundation. The
a. Borrow
Material walls and foundation of the
b. Base
Course
home are also treated, as
c. Choker well as around piers, pipes,
Aggregate
3.02 Paving and other access point.
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- c. Colony Elimination (Bait) System
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
The objective of this method is
PROOFING to attract the termite workers to
2.01 Termite
Proofing forage on a slow-acting insect-
b. Physical
Chemical
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier growth regulator (IGR) called
Barrier
b. Chemical hexaflumuron that will work to
Barrier
c. Bait eliminate the termite workers
System population and eventually result
3. ROADS &
PARKING in the death of the queen and
3.01 Subgrade any subsequent future queens,
and Base
Course and therefore the entire colony.
Materials
a. Borrow The system employs baiting and
Material
b. Base monitoring devices, installed
Course where evidence of infestation is
c. Choker
Aggregate found: on the ground outside the
3.02 Paving
and house, on walls, floors, ceilings
Surfacing inside the house.
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 3. ROADS AND PARKING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 3.01 SUBGRADE AND BASE COURSE MATERIALS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- a. Borrow Material
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
b. Base Course Material
PROOFING
2.01 Termite c. Choker Aggregate:
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
A "choker" course is a
Barrier filter layer of finer material
c. Bait
System that is installed over a
3. ROADS & coarse road base
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade material. The purpose of
and Base the choker course is to
Course
Materials provide a stable
a. Borrow
Material
foundation of fine-grained
b. Base aggregate for the
Course
c. Choker construction of a
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
pavement.
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 3.02 PAVING AND SURFACING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- a. Concrete (See Div 03 Concrete)
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
b. Bituminous Surfacing
PROOFING
2.01 Termite ü HOT MIX ASPHALT or ASPHALTIC CONCRETE – a
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical dark brown to black cementitious material, solid or
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
semi-solid, composed of bitumens which when mixed
Barrier with graded aggregates is used as paving material by
c. Bait
System placing, shaping, and compacting while hot over a
3. ROADS & prepared base.
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- b. Bituminous Surfacing
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ü COLD MIX ASPHALT OR ASPHALTIC CONCRETE –
PROOFING is asphaltic concrete prepared with a relatively light and
2.01 Termite
Proofing slow-curing asphalt, placed over a prepared surface
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
without heat. This hardens to a state that is less firm
b. Chemical and durable than hot-mix asphaltic concrete.
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ü ASPHALTIC MACADAM – paving for roads and other
PROOFING surfaces formed by grading and compacting layers of
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical
crushed stone or gravel, then the top layer is bound by
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
asphalt to stabilize the stone, provide a smoother
b. Chemical surface, and seal against water penetration.
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
Standard
Tests
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ü ASPHALT OVERLAY – when one or more courses or
PROOFING layers of asphalt an asphalt leveling course made of
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical
an asphalt and aggregate mixture of variable
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
thickness to correct the contour of existing surface,
b. Chemical are placed on existing pavement.
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
End of
Div 02 SITEWORKS
1. CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.01 LIME
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF One of the oldest manufactured building materials used

CEMENT as a mortar and plaster by all the early civilizations:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition • Egyptians used lime plaster before 2600 B.C.
3.02 Qualities
of Good
• Greeks used it extensively for mortars and plasters
Concrete • Romans developed a mixture of lime putty and volcanic
3.03 Materials of
Concrete ash for the first real cement.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing Manufactured by the
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
calcination of limestone
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
(carbonates of calcium
and magnesium).
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF The carbonates decompose

CEMENT into carbon dioxide, which is
3. CONCRETE expelled, and calcium oxide
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities (CaO) called quicklime.
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete Before quicklime can be
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning used, it must first be mixed
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting with water in the process
and Placing called slaking or hydration. Quicklime
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED The lime has now become

CONCRETE calcium hydroxide
4.01 Types of
Processed (Ca(OH)2), known as slaked
Concrete lime or hydrated lime.
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF Hydrated lime mixed with water to make lime putty, is used
CEMENT as an ingredient of hard-finish coat for two-and three-coat
3. CONCRETE Portland cement plasters. It is also used for mixing with
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities cement mortar or concrete to:
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • increase its workability
Concrete • decrease its permeability
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning to water
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting • reduce cracking due to
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms A type of lime which will
4. PROCESSED set under water is
CONCRETE hydraulic lime, used only
4.01 Types of
Processed where slow underwater
Concrete setting is required.
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.02 GYPSUM
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF Gypsum, like lime, was used

CEMENT as a plaster by the Egyptians,
3. CONCRETE Greeks and Romans.
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
“Plaster” from the Greek
Concrete word for both the raw
3.03 Materials of
Concrete material and calcined
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
product. In architectural
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
terminology the words
and Placing “Plaster” and “gypsum” are
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing often used interchangeably.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
Gypsum rock is ground fine and heated (calcined) to between
4. PROCESSED 325 °F. to 340 °F. when it loses about three-fourths of its
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of combined water.
Processed
Concrete The remaining product is Plaster of Paris if pure gypsum is
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
used, or hard wall plaster if 39.5 % impurities are present or
Conc. added to retard the set and improve the setting qualities. Hard
wall plaster is harder than lime plaster, sets more quickly and
thoroughly.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF Gypsum plaster is rendered

CEMENT more plastic by the addition of
3. CONCRETE hydrated lime.
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Fiber or hair is also sometimes
Concrete added for greater cohesiveness.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete The fiber may be hemp, sisal or
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
jute; the hair is generally
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
cleaned goat or cattle hair.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.03 CEMENT
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF First developed by the Romans by mixing slaked lime with

CEMENT pozzolana (volcanic ash) which hardened under water.
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition With the fall of the Roman Empire the art of cement-making
3.02 Qualities
of Good
was lost and for several centuries.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete In 1756, Smeaton, an Englishman,
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
rediscovered hydraulic cement but it
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
was not until 1824 that Aspdin, an
and Placing English bricklayer and mason,
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing invented and patented Portland
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms cement.
4. PROCESSED Today, the word “cement” generally
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of refers to Portland cement which is the
Processed principal type of cement in use.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.03 CEMENT
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF Portland cement is obtained

CEMENT by finely pulverizing clinker
3. CONCRETE produced by calcining a
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities proportioned mixture of
of Good argillaceous (silica, alumina)
Concrete
3.03 Materials of and calcareous (lime)
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
materials with iron oxide and
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
small amounts of other
3.07 Transporting ingredients.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing Types of Portland cement:
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
• slow-setting cement
• quick-setting high early
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE strength cement
4.01 Types of • sulfate-resisting cement for
Processed
Concrete applications where alkaline
4.02 Aggregates for water and soils occur
Light-weight
Conc. • white cement (or stainless
cement which is free of iron
Portland cement is sold in
impurities). bags of 40 kilos total weight.
1. CEMENTING 2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum Cement should be protected at
1.03 Cement
the building site from injury
2. STORAGE OF through contact with dampness.
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
They should be stored in shed
3.02 Qualities with a wood floor raised about
of Good
Concrete 300mm (12”) from the
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
ground.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning Cement is soft and silky to the touch. If it has lumps that do not
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting readily break, the cement has already absorbed a damaging
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage amount of moisture.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms Cement should be used as soon as possible after delivery.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Piles should be limited to twelve sacks in height.
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Warehouse set - when the cement is stored in high piles for long
Light-weight periods, there is a tendency for the lower layers to harden caused
Conc.
by the pressure above.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.01 DEFINITION
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF Concrete is:

CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
• a proportioned mixture of cement, aggregate and water.
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities • a plastic mass which can be cast, molded or formed into
of Good predetermined size or shape
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete • upon hydration, becomes stone-like in strength, hardness
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning and durability. The hardening of concrete is called setting.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting • when mixed with water and a fine aggregate of less than
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage 6mm (¼“) is known as mortar, stucco or cement plaster.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • when mixed with water, fine aggregate and a large
4. PROCESSED aggregate of more than 6mm (¼”) in size produces
CONCRETE concrete.
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
• when strengthened by embedded steel, is called
4.02 Aggregates for reinforced concrete.
Light-weight
Conc. • when without reinforcement, is called plain or mass
concrete.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.02 QUALITIES OF GOOD CONCRETE
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF Concrete should be:

CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
• Strong
3.01 Definition • Durable
3.02 Qualities
of Good
• of uniform quality, and
Concrete • thoroughly sound.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing These are obtained through:
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
• careful selection of materials
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
• correct proportioning
3.11 Forms • thorough mixing
4. PROCESSED • careful transporting and placing
CONCRETE • proper curing or protection of the concrete after it is
4.01 Types of
Processed placed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF a. Cement
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE • in reinforced-concrete construction should be high-

3.01 Definition grade Type 1 Portland cement type C-150
3.02 Qualities
of Good conforming to the “Standard Specifications and
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Test for Portland Cement” of the American Society
Concrete for Testing Materials (ASTM).
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing • The kind of tests usually made are:
3.07 Transporting
and Placing ü soundness, or constancy of volume
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
ü time of setting
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
ü fineness
ü tensile strength
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed Each bag of cement is equivalent to approximately
Concrete 1 cu. ft. and weighs 94 lbs.
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF b. Aggregates are:

CEMENT
inert mineral fillers used with cement and water in making
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
concrete, should be particles that are durable strong,
3.02 Qualities clean, hard and uncoated, and which are free from
of Good
Concrete injurious amount of dusts, lumps, soft and flaky particles,
3.03 Materials of
Concrete shale, alkali, organic matter loam or other deleterious
3.04 Slump Test substances.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting • Fine aggregates
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage (aggregates smaller than
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures 6mm (¼”) in size) consist of
3.11 Forms sand, stone screenings or
4. PROCESSED other inert materials of
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
similar characteristics.
Processed
Concrete Specs: 80 to 95% shall pass
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
a No. 4 wire cloth sieve and
Conc. not more than 30% nor less
than 10% shall pass a No.
50 sieve.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF b. Aggregates
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE • Coarse aggregate (aggregate larger than ¼” in size)

3.01 Definition consists of crushed stones, gravel or other inert
3.02 Qualities
of Good materials of similar characteristics.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing Coarse aggregates should be well graded in size to a
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
size which will readily pass between all reinforcing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
bars and between reinforcement and forms but not
exceed 25mm (1”) in size for reinforced beams, floor
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
slabs, & thin walls.
4.01 Types of
Processed They may range up to 50mm (2”) for less highly
Concrete reinforced parts of the structures such as footings,
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight thick walls, and massive work.
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE • Special aggregates, such as cinders, blast furnace

3.01 Definition slag, expanded shale or clay, perlite, vermiculite, and
3.02 Qualities
of Good sawdust, may produce:
Concrete
3.03 Materials of - lightweight, nailable concrete
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test - thermal insulating concrete.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF c. Water
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
- should be free from oil, acid, alkali, vegetable matter,
3.01 Definition or other deleterious substances
3.02 Qualities
of Good - should be reasonably clear and clean.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete - The use of sea or brackish water is not allowed.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing - Water combines with the cement to form a paste
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
which coats and surrounds the inert particles of
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
aggregates.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms - Upon hardening, it binds the entire mass together.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE - The strength of the mixture therefore depends directly
4.01 Types of upon the strength of the paste. If there be an excess
Processed
Concrete
of water the paste becomes thin and weak and its
4.02 Aggregates for holding power is reduced.
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF c. Water
CEMENT
- The water-cement ratio is the amount of water used
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
per bag of cement.
3.02 Qualities
of Good - This usually varies from 5 to 7 gallons, with 6.5
Concrete
3.03 Materials of gallons as average for ordinary job conditions. The
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
less water used in mixing, the better the quality of
3.05 Proportioning concrete.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing - The ideal mix is one that is plastic and workable. It
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing should not be too dry that it becomes too difficult to
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms place in the forms, nor too wet that separation of the
ingredients result.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE WATER – CEMENT RATIO
4.01 Types of
Processed Assumed 28-day Maximum water-cement ratio Pounds of water
Concrete Compressive strength U.S. gallons of water per sack per 100 lbs. of
4.02 Aggregates for (lbs. per sq. inch) Cement of 94 lbs. cement
Light-weight
Conc.
2,000 7.00 62.0
2,500 6.50 57.5
3,000 5.75 51.0
3,750 5.00 44.5
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.04 SLUMP TEST
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF - used for measuring the consistency of a concrete mix.

CEMENT - Consistency may be defined as the “state of fluidity of
3. CONCRETE the mix”, and it includes the entire range of fluidity from
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities the wettest to the driest possible mixtures.
of Good
Concrete In this test the tendency of a mix to “slump”, or reduce its
3.03 Materials of
Concrete height due to gravity action, is measured. The apparatus
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
consist of metal cone, the bottom opening being 200mm (8”)
3.06 Mixing in diameter, the top opening being 100mm (4”), and the
3.07 Transporting
and Placing height exactly 300mm (12”).
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF In making the test, the slump tester is

CEMENT placed on a flat, smooth surface and is
3. CONCRETE filled with newly mixed concrete from
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities mixer. In filling the mold with concrete,
of Good the latter is tamped in with a 12mm (½”)
Concrete
3.03 Materials of rod pointed at one end and the top of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
the concrete is smoothed off exactly
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
level. The mold is then slowly raised
3.07 Transporting vertically and the height deducted from
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage the original height of 300mm (12”)
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures represents the slump.
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
No
CONCRETE SLUMP slump
4.01 Types of Collapsed
Processed slump
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
Bucket TOO WET SUITABLE TOO DRY

MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF A harsh mix is efficient for slabs, pavements, or mass

CEMENT concrete where the lowest possible water-cement ratio is
3. CONCRETE desirable.
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
The following table gives the permissible slump for various
Concrete types of concrete in relation to their uses:
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
CONSISTENCY (SLUMP)
3.07 Transporting Maximum Minimum
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing Reinforced foundation walls and 125mm (5”) 50mm (2”)
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms footings
4. PROCESSED Plain footings, caissons, and 100mm (4”) 25mm (1”)
CONCRETE substructure walls
4.01 Types of
Processed Slabs, beams, thin reinforced walls & 150mm (6”) 75mm (3”)
Concrete building columns
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight Pavements and floor laid on ground 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”)
Conc.
Heavy mass construction 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”)
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.05 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF Briefly stated, the principles of proper proportioning are as

CEMENT follows:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition a. Use good quality materials: Portland cement, water,
3.02 Qualities
of Good and aggregate.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete b. Determine the strength of the concrete using the
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
water-cement ratio. (The strength increases as the
3.06 Mixing water-cement ratio decreases).
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage c. Determine the consistency of the mix using the
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures slump test using as dry a mix as practicable.
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED d. Add correct proportions of aggregates to the

CONCRETE cement and water as will give a mix of the desired
4.01 Types of
Processed consistency.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for e. Make a mix that’s workable, not harsh.
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF The strength of a workable concrete mix depends upon the

CEMENT water-cement ratio.
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition The economy of the mix depends upon the proper
3.02 Qualities
of Good
proportioning of the fine and coarse aggregates.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of There are several methods of proportioning concrete:
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test a. Proportioning by arbitrary proportions
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing b. Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test
3.07 Transporting
and Placing c. Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and fineness
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing modulus
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF a. Proportioning by arbitrary proportions

CEMENT 1 foot
Proportioning concrete by
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
the arbitrary selection of
3.02 Qualities the proportions is the
of Good
Concrete oldest, the most
3.03 Materials of
Concrete commonly used, the most
3.04 Slump Test convenient and the least
3.05 Proportioning
1 foot
3.06 Mixing scientific method.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage In this method, the
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures aggregates are measured
3.11 Forms by loose volume, that is, 1 foot
4. PROCESSED its volume as it is thrown

CONCRETE
into a measuring box.
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete One sack of cement is taken as 1 cu. ft.
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
Enough water is used to give the desired consistency.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF Common mixes expressed in proportions by volumes of

CEMENT cement to fine aggregate to coarse aggregate are as follows:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition CONCRETE PROPORTIONS
3.02 Qualities
of Good Class “AA” 1 : 1.5 : 3 For concrete under water, retaining walls
Concrete
3.03 Materials of For suspended slabs, beams, columns, arches,
Concrete Class “A” 1: 2 :4
3.04 Slump Test
stairs, walls of 100mm (4”) thickness
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing Class “B” 1 : 2.5 : 5 For walls thicker than 100mm (4”), footings,
3.07 Transporting steps, reinforced concrete slabs on fill.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage Class “C” 1: 3 :6 For concrete plant boxes, and any non-critical
3.09 Curing concrete structures.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms For mass concrete works.
Class “D” 1 : 3.5 : 7
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE The proportion is to be read:
4.01 Types of
Processed Class A : 1 part cement is to 2 parts sand is to 4 parts gravel.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for Each ‘part’ is equivalent to one cubic foot which is the measure of
Light-weight
Conc. the box constructed to be 1 foot (12 inches) on each of the three
sides.
Each bag of cement is equivalent to approximately one cubic foot.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF b. Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test

CEMENT
There are two steps to be observed:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
- Select the amount of water to be added to the cement
of Good to give the desired strength (see Table)
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete - Add just enough mixed aggregate to the water and
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
cement to give a concrete mix the desired consistency.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting It is customary to specify
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage - the cement in sacks
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures - the water in gallons per sack of cement and
3.11 Forms
- the mixed aggregate in cu. ft. per sack of cement.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE Proportions of cement to fine aggregate to coarse
4.01 Types of
Processed aggregate may be given if desired.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF c. Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and fineness

CEMENT modulus
3. CONCRETE
This method is the same as the second except that the
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities proportions of the fine and coarse aggregate are
of Good
Concrete
determined by the fineness modulus method.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete For economy, proportion the fine coarse aggregates so
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
that the largest quantity of mixed aggregate may be used
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
with a given amount of cement and water to produce a mix
and Placing of the desired consistency of slump.
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures Comparatively, the coarse aggregate has a lesser total
3.11 Forms
surface to be covered with cement paste and, therefore, is
4. PROCESSED more economical.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
However, there must be enough fine aggregate present to
Concrete fill the voids in the coarse aggregate, or extra cement
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight paste will be needed for this purpose. A well-graded
Conc. aggregate contains all sizes of fine and coarse particles in
such proportions that the voids in the combined aggregate
will be a minimum.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.06 MIXING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF • Reinforced-concrete work should be mixed by machine

CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
• Machine-mixed concrete is usually of more uniform
3.01 Definition quality than that mixed by hand and is generally less
3.02 Qualities
of Good
expensive when in large volume.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • The strength of concrete is very largely dependent upon
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test the thoroughness of mixing.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF a. MACHINE MIXING

CEMENT
In machine-mixing, the mixing of each batch should
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
continue not less than one minute after all the materials
3.02 Qualities are in the mixer and whenever practicable, the length of
of Good
Concrete the mixing time should be increased to 1.5 or 2 minutes.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete The entire contents of the drum should be discharged
3.04 Slump Test before recharging the mixer. The mixer should be
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing cleaned at frequent intervals while in use.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage Concrete mixers may be divided into two general classes:
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures Batch mixers -
3.11 Forms
into which sufficient
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
materials are placed at one
4.01 Types of time to make a convenient
Processed
Concrete
size batch of concrete, the
4.02 Aggregates for whole amount being
Light-weight
Conc.
discharged in one mass
after it is mixed.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF a. MACHINE MIXING

CEMENT
3. CONCRETE Continuous mixers -

3.01 Definition into which the materials
3.02 Qualities
of Good are fed constantly and
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
from which the concrete
Concrete is discharged in a
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning steady stream.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
Concrete mixers may also be
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
classified as:
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
- drum mixers
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
- trough mixers
4.01 Types of - gravity mixers, and
Processed - pneumatic mixers.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
The drum mixers are the most
common type.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF b. HAND MIXING

CEMENT
- hand-mixing must be
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
done on a water-tight
3.02 Qualities platform.
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of - cement and fine
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
aggregate shall first
3.05 Proportioning be mixed dry until the
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting whole is a uniform
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage color.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms - water and coarse
aggregate shall then
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE be added and the
4.01 Types of entire mass turned at
Processed
Concrete least three times, or
4.02 Aggregates for until a homogeneous
Light-weight
Conc. mixture of the
required consistency
is obtained.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF b. HAND MIXING

CEMENT
- since initial set of concrete takes place 1 to 3 hours
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
after mixing, a batch may be used anytime before
3.02 Qualities initial set takes place, provided that the mix is plastic.
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of - Regaging or retempering of concrete that has been
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
allowed to stand more than ½ hour is not to be
3.05 Proportioning permitted.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.07 TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF • Fresh concrete should be transported from the

CEMENT mixer as rapidly as practicable by methods that will
3. CONCRETE permit the placing of the concrete in the forms
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities before initial set occurs and without loss or
of Good separation of materials.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete • The delivery of the
3.04 Slump Test concrete from the mixer
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing to the forms should be
3.07 Transporting
and Placing fairly continuous and
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing uninterrupted.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • The time of
4. PROCESSED transportation should
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
not exceed 30 minutes.
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF • The concrete may be transported by

CEMENT means of barrows, buggies, buckets,
3. CONCRETE cableways, hoists, chutes, belts and
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities pipes.
of Good
Concrete • When chutes are used, the slope
3.03 Materials of
Concrete should not be more than 1 vertical to 2
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
horizontal or less than 1 vertical to 3
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
horizontal. The delivery end of the
and Placing chutes shall be as close as possible to
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing the point of deposit.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF • Before placing concrete, the

CEMENT forms shall be cleaned and
3. CONCRETE inspected, surfaces wetted or
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities oiled, and reinforcement
of Good properly secured.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete • Concrete should be deposited in
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
approximately horizontal layers
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
in wall, column and footing
and Placing forms. They should not be piled
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing up in the forms which may result
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms in the separation of the cement
mortar from the coarse
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE aggregate.
4.01 Types of
Processed • Concrete should never be
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for allowed to drop freely over 5 ft.
Light-weight for unexposed work and over 3
Conc.
ft. for exposed work.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.08 SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE & TEMPERATURE CHANGES
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF • Shrinkage of concrete due to hardening and contraction

CEMENT from temperature changes, causes cracks the size of
3. CONCRETE which depends on the extent of the mass. They cannot
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities be counteracted successfully but they can be minimized
of Good by placing reinforcement so that large cracks can be
Concrete
3.03 Materials of broken up to some extent to smaller ones.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
• In long continuous length of concrete, it is better to place
3.07 Transporting shrinkage or contraction joints. Shrinkage cracks are
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage likely to occur at joints where fresh concrete is joined to
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures concrete which has already set, and hence in placing the
3.11 Forms concrete, construction joints should be made on
4. PROCESSED horizontal and vertical lines.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF • Concrete must be allowed to “cure” or harden after it is

CEMENT placed.
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition • Hardening is a rather slow process in which the cement
3.02 Qualities
of Good
and water unite to form compounds that give strength and
Concrete durability to the concrete. It continues as long as the
3.03 Materials of
Concrete temperatures are favorable and moisture is present.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
• Three main factors that affect hardening are:
3.07 Transporting
and Placing - age or time
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing - temperature, and
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms - moisture.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF • In order that the hardening may proceed favorably, the fresh
CEMENT
concrete, for about 7 days after placing, should be protected
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
from excessive vibration, loads, extreme heat or cold, too
3.02 Qualities rapid drying, and contact with impurities which may interfere
of Good
Concrete with the chemical action.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test • The strength of the concrete increases with age when the
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing curing conditions remain favorable.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF • The increase in strength is rapid during the early

CEMENT
ages and continues more slowly as time goes on.
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
The compressive strength reaches about 60% of
3.02 Qualities its own maximum value at an age of 28 days and
of Good
Concrete about 80% at an age of 3 months.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete from drying

CEMENT
out too rapidly. This may be done by:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities a. Covering the concrete. Floors shall be covered with
of Good
Concrete paper sacking wetted down at the edges or with burlap,
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
sand or earth that is kept moist, after the concrete is
3.04 Slump Test hard enough to walk on.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting b. Removal of forms at prescribed time. Forms shall not
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage be removed until after the time specified.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
c. Sprinkling with water. Beams, columns and walls are
sprinkled or sprayed with water as soon as the forms are
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE removed.
4.01 Types of
Processed d. Using curing compounds (see ADMIXTURES).
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF Parts of Structure CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED

CEMENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF FORMS
3. CONCRETE FOOTINGS a. Massive footings a. 1 day (24 hours)
3.01 Definition b. Cantilever footings b. 5 days (120 hours)
3.02 Qualities c. Slab footings c. 5 days (120 hours)
of Good
Concrete WALLS a. Massive walls, 30 a. Up to 2 M. high: 1 day (24 hours). Add 1 day
3.03 Materials of
Concrete AND cms. thick or more (24 hours) for every additional meter or
fraction thereof.
3.04 Slump Test PLASTERS
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing b. Thin walls less b. Up to 2 M. high: 2 days (48 hours. Add 1-1/2
3.07 Transporting
than 30 cms. Thick days (36 hours) for every additional meter or
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage fraction thereof
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures c. Cantilever walls, c. Without loads, same as (b).
3.11 Forms
buttresses,
4. PROCESSED counter forts,
CONCRETE diaphragms.
4.01 Types of
Processed COLUMNS a. Ratio of height to a. 2 days (48 hours)
Concrete least diameter up
4.02 Aggregates for to 4
Light-weight b. Add to the above number 1 day (24 hours)
Conc. b. Ratio of height to for every additional meter or height or
least diameter fraction there of but not more than 28 days
from 4 to 15. (672 hours).
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF Parts of Structure CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED

CEMENT
FOR THE REMOVAL OF FORMS
3. CONCRETE
SLABS a. 3 to 7 ft. spans a. 3 ft. span, 5 days (120 hours). Add ½ day (12
3.01 Definition hours) for every additional 1 ft. span or
3.02 Qualities
of Good fraction thereof.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of b. Over 7 ft. span b. 7 ft. span, 7 days (168 hours). Add 1 day (24
Concrete hours) for every additional 1 ft. span or
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning fraction thereof but not more than 28 days
3.06 Mixing (672 hours).
3.07 Transporting
and Placing BEAMS a. Sides a. 3 days
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing AND b. Bottoms b. Up to 14 ft., 14 days (336 hours). Add 1 day
3.10 Admixtures GIRDERS
3.11 Forms for every 1 ft. additional span or fraction
thereof but not more than 28 days (672
4. PROCESSED hours).
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of ARCHES a. Spandrel walls a. 7 days (168 hours).
Processed b. Spandrel arches b. 14 days (336 hours)
Concrete c. Main arches c. 21 days (504 hours)
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight BALUSTRADES a. Steel & side forms a. 1 day (24 hours)
Conc. , COPINGS,ETC.
R.C. PILES and a. Sides. a. 3 days (72 hours)
R.C. POSTS b. Bottom b. 14 days (336 hours)
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF Substances added to cements, mortars, and

CEMENT concrete for the purpose of improving or imparting
3. CONCRETE particular properties, such as:
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities • To improve workability of concrete, e.g. hydrated lime
of Good • To improve durability by entrainment of air
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • To accelerate setting or hardening (accelerators) e.g.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test calcium chloride
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
• To retard setting (retarders).
3.07 Transporting • To improve wear resistance
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage • To impart water-repellant or water-proofing qualities e.g.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures hydrated lime, KAOLINE, CELITE
3.11 Forms • To impart water-repellant or waterproofing qualities, e.g.,
4. PROCESSED hydrated lime, waterproofing compounds, KAOLINE,
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
CELITE.
Processed • To impart color, MINERAL OXIDES, COLORCON,
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for METALICHROME.
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF Admixtures may be grouped into three categories:

CEMENT • those for mixing into concrete
3. CONCRETE • those for mixing into mortar
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
• those for surface application or finish.
of Good
Concrete Admixtures come in powder, paste, and liquid form, and
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
are usually patented and sold under trademark names.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF Concrete admixtures include:

CEMENT
3. CONCRETE a. Accelerators - to speed up setting time, to develop

3.01 Definition earlier strength, and to reduce length of time for
3.02 Qualities
of Good protection. Principal ingredients are calcium chloride.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Maximum amount added is 2 lbs. per bag of cement.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test Disadvantages: they increase the expansion and
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing contraction of concrete, reduce resistance to sulfate
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
attack, and increases efflorescence and corrosion of
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
high tension steels.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms b. Retarders - to slow down the hydration of the cement
4. PROCESSED during very hot weather. Principal ingredients include
CONCRETE zinc oxide, calcium lignosulfonate, derivatives of adipic
4.01 Types of
Processed acid.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for Disadvantages: may cause some loss of early strength
Light-weight
Conc. and will therefore require careful control and more
frequent slump tests, also reduces the expansion and
contraction of concrete.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF c. Air-entraining agents - introduce minute air bubbles to

CEMENT
greatly increase the resistance of concrete to freezing
3. CONCRETE
and thawing, increase plasticity and reduce bleeding.
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities Addition of air-entraining admixtures is usually in the
of Good proportion of 3 to 6% of the volume of concrete. They
Concrete
3.03 Materials of are manufactured from such ingredients as rosin, beef
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test tallow, stereates, foaming agents (soap).
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting Disadvantages: These require careful control and more
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
frequent slump tests. They may also cause some loss of
3.09 Curing strength.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
d. Inert, finely divided powders such as powdered
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
glass , silica sand, stone dust, hydrated lime - are
4.01 Types of added to improve workability, used as per
Processed
Concrete
manufacturer’s directions. Hydrated lime is usually in the
4.02 Aggregates for proportion of 10 to 15% of the cement by volume.
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF e. Waterproofing (permeability-reducing) compounds

CEMENT
- reduce the capillary attraction of the voids in the
3. CONCRETE concrete or mortar, but while it may decrease water
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities absorption of the concrete or mortar, it does not render
of Good concrete waterproof. They are manufactured from
Concrete
3.03 Materials of stearic acid or its compounds, mainly calcium
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test steareate, and include asphalt emulsions. They are
3.05 Proportioning introduced usually in the amounts of 0.1 to 4.0% of the
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting weight of cement.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF f. Colored pigments are mainly to used to give color to

CEMENT
concrete floors. There are two types:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition • Dry-cast, broadcast or dust-on, for surface
3.02 Qualities
of Good coloring. They are dusted on, usually in two coats,
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
after all surface water has disappeared. The surface
Concrete is then finished with a steel trowel .
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning • Integral colors, for body coloring. Integral color
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting pigments are incorporated in the mortar topping.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
They are mixed dry with the cement and aggregate
3.09 Curing before water is added. Amount of color pigment
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms required is not more than 10% of the cement by
4. PROCESSED weight, generally 3 to 6 lbs. per bag of cement .
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF Admixtures for mixing into mortar include:

CEMENT
• Accelerators
3. CONCRETE
• plasticizing agents (correctly called water-reducing
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities agents) to lower water cement ratio and make the mix
of Good
Concrete
more workable
3.03 Materials of • waterproofing agents, and
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test • color pigments
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing Surface application finishes for concrete consist of:
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing • hardeners
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • color pigments
4. PROCESSED
• special aggregates
CONCRETE • sealers
4.01 Types of • abrasive materials
Processed
Concrete • waterproofing agents, and
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
• fillers and patchers.
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
Lumber used in form
3.02 Qualities construction should only
of Good
Concrete be partially seasoned.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete Kiln-dried lumber has a
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning tendency to swell when
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting soaked by the concrete,
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage and this swelling causes
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
bulging and distortion of
3.11 Forms the forms.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE Green lumber, on the other hand, dries out and shrinks if
4.01 Types of
Processed
allowed to stand too long before the concrete is placed.
Concrete This tendency of green lumber to check and warp may,
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight however, be prevented to some extent by keeping the
Conc. boards thoroughly saturated with water.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement

CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
When using natural,
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities well seasoned lumber,
of Good
Concrete
care should be taken
3.03 Materials of not to drive the work up
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test too close, since forms
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing should always be left in
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
a position to experience
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
some slight swelling
3.10 Admixtures without any undesirable
3.11 Forms
results.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement

CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
• Sheathing lumber dressed at least one side and
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities both edges even are used where the removal and
of Good
Concrete
cleaning of the forms are necessary for re-use .
3.03 Materials of
Concrete • Sheathing lumber dressed on all four sides shall
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning be used in face work, where smooth and true surface
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting is important.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
• Tongue-and-groove lumber will achieve tight joints
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
between boards in floor and wall panel construction.
4. PROCESSED • Simply dressing the lumber true to edge form
CONCRETE square of butt joints in the forms for columns, beams,
4.01 Types of
Processed and girders.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for Sizes of lumber frequently used :
Light-weight • 2-inch thick for columns, beams and girder bottoms
Conc.
• 1-inch thick for floor panels and beam and girder sides
• 2x4s for struts, posts, shores, and uprights
• 1 or 2-inch thick for cleats
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement

CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
Use nails sparingly in
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities the construction of
of Good
Concrete
forms because
3.03 Materials of unnecessary nailing
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test not only adds to the
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing labor of wrecking but
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
also renders the
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
lumber unfit for
3.10 Admixtures continued use. Where
3.11 Forms
nails must be used,
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
leave the head
4.01 Types of protruding so that
Processed they may be
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for withdrawn without
Light-weight
Conc.
injury to the lumber.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement

CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
All forms for concrete require a coating of some lubricant
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities to prevent concrete from adhering to the wood and thus
of Good
Concrete
make a rough, unpleasant appearance. Crude oil and
3.03 Materials of petroline preserve the forms against damage by
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test alternate wetting and drying. The forms should
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing preferably be oiled before they are set in place. Oil
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
should not be used, however, on forms against surfaces
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
which are to be plastered, as oil prevents adhesion of
3.10 Admixtures the plaster. In such cases, wetting with water will be
3.11 Forms
sufficient.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement

CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
The inside of forms which have been used once and
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities are to be used again shall be coated an approved
of Good
Concrete
soap or other approved material, or thoroughly wetted
3.03 Materials of before concreting. No application of soap or other
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test material should be made to forms after the
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing reinforcements are in place.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
The forms should be durable and rigid, and should be
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
well braced so that bulging or twisting cannot occur.
3.11 Forms The joints should be made tight enough to prevent
4. PROCESSED leakage of the mortar.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
b. PLYWOOD FORMS
3. CONCRETE Works best where a smooth surface is required. The
3.01 Definition plywood should be waterproof, Grade “A” and at least
3.02 Qualities
of Good 12mm (½”) thick.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete c. STEEL FORMS
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning Steel forms may be in the form of pans for concrete joist
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting construction or steel decking or corrugated steel for
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
concrete slabs and slab-and-joist construction. .
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms d. PLASTIC FORMS
4. PROCESSED Polystyrene forms are now
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of available for concrete work.
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.01 TYPES OF PROCESSED CONCRETE
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF a. “AEROCRETE”
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE This is a light–weight, expanded structural concrete

3.01 Definition produced by adding a small amount of metallic
3.02 Qualities
of Good aluminum powder to the mixture of Portland cement
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
and sand of cinders.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test On the addition of water, a gas is generated which
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing expands the wet mix and forms small air cells
3.07 Transporting throughout the material.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing It is used for structural floor and roof slabs, partition
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms blocks for sound proofing, wall insulation, in rooms of
4. PROCESSED refrigerator plants, lightweight fill on top of structural
CONCRETE floor and roof slabs.
4.01 Types of
Processed In addition to its light weight, it has excellent fire-
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for resistive qualities.
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF b. “GUNITE”
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE This is the mixture of sand and cement deposited under

3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
high pneumatic pressure with a machine manufactured
of Good under the trade name CEMENT GUN, to which the
Concrete
3.03 Materials of required supply of water is added just before the dry
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
constituents emerge from nozzle.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing GUNITE is used for encasing structural steel, when
3.07 Transporting
and Placing reinforced, for floor and roof slabs and curtain walls. Ideal
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing for swimming pool construction.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF c. “PORETE”
CEMENT
3. CONCRETE A Portland cement concrete to which a chemical foam

3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
is added to generate gases in the process of
of Good deposition, resulting in light weight precast or shop-
Concrete
3.03 Materials of made unit in both hollow and solid forms. It is
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
manufactured in solid slabs for short spans roofs and
3.05 Proportioning siding of industrial buildings.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage d. “HAYDITE”
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms This is processed concrete added with lightweight
4. PROCESSED aggregate .
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF Lightweight aggregates have the following advantages:

CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition • Reduction of dead loads saves structural steel, reduces
3.02 Qualities bearing on foundation and cuts cost of concrete forms
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • High insulating value is provided by numerous dead air
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
spaces .
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing • Rough texture of surfaces have good acoustical properties
3.07 Transporting .
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage • Lightweight allows easier handling of precast slabs and
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures blocks
3.11 Forms
4. PROCESSED
• Lightweight plaster has less tendency to crack and its heat
CONCRETE resistance makes it a good material for fireproofing
4.01 Types of
Processed
structural steel
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF The major disadvantages of lightweight aggregates

CEMENT
are a result paradoxically of the physical qualities
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
which make them weight saving and good insulators
3.02 Qualities :
of Good
Concrete
• Porosity requires changes in the usual formulas for
3.03 Materials of water and slump, and closer supervision of mixing.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test Very light aggregates tend to float out of the mortar
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing and some coarse aggregate concrete mixtures
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
require the addition of a fine aggregate like sand to
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
prevent harsh working and serious bleeding.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • As aggregates become lighter they become
4. PROCESSED structurally weaker so the strength of the matrix
CONCRETE must be modified by adding more cement. More
4.01 Types of
Processed cement is needed, also to “wet” the greater
Concrete aggregate surface area, due to the irregularity of the
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight particles .
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF • The cost of raw aggregates is higher than for gravel,

CEMENT
rock, and sand because of small production facilities
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
and the additional processing that is sometimes
3.02 Qualities necessary .
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • Concrete using lightweight aggregate should not weigh
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
more than 75% of ordinary concrete. Since the
3.05 Proportioning aggregates compromise about 50 percent of the usual
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting mixes, its weight should not be more than 50 percent of
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage that of rock or gravel aggregates for the same volume.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
Grade rock, gravel aggregates weigh a little less than
3.11 Forms 100 lbs. per cu. ft. thus a good lightweight aggregate
4. PROCESSED should weigh less than 50 lbs. per cubic foot.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF Lightweight aggregates can be divided into four general

CEMENT
classifications :
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition a. Aggregates of volcanic origin
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete • Pumice, weighing from 25
3.03 Materials of
Concrete to 60 lbs.per cu. ft. is well
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
qualified as a lightweight
3.06 Mixing aggregate when dry and
3.07 Transporting
and Placing well graded. It is hard to be
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing handled and mixed without
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms excessive breakdown.
4. PROCESSED Undesirable feature,
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of however, is its water
Processed absorption. This can be
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for mitigated by wetting the
Light-weight aggregate before it is
Conc.
mixed with cement .
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF a. Aggregates of volcanic origin

CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
• Perlite is composed of stable silicates, and is inert
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities and thus durable for use as a lightweight aggregate
of Good
Concrete
or for insulation. Its disadvantages are its friability,
3.03 Materials of small particle size, and extreme lightness. The small
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test particle size requires more cement, while its
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing lightness, from 8 to 16 lbs. per cu. ft. increases the
3.07 Transporting tendency to float out of the mortar.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms Perlite is useful where
4. PROCESSED
maximum strength is not
CONCRETE required, as in precast
4.01 Types of slabs and blocks and in
Processed
Concrete floor fill, fireproofing and
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
plaster .
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
b. Micaceous minerals
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
• Vermiculite is a micaceous mineral which expands on
3.02 Qualities application of heat to as much as 30 times its original
of Good
Concrete volume.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete Dried ground ore is subjected to about 1,800 degrees
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning heat for 4 to 8 seconds, after which it weighs only 6 to
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting 12 lbs. per cubic ft.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing It is used as an aggregate in concrete fireproofing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
steel, for floor and roof fill, and for acoustic and
fireproof plaster.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF c. Expanded shales and clays

CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
• Lightweight aggregates from shales and clays
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities require heating the material in a kiln to a
of Good
Concrete
temperature near its fusion point. The material
3.03 Materials of softens and coalesces to a sticky mass; escaping
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test gases are trapped, forming cellular structures and
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing expanding the volume of the material about 50%.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage The crushing and firing operations are varied with
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures different processes. In some, the material is fired to
3.11 Forms
a clinker, then crushed and sized; the process is
4. PROCESSED often reversed with crushing operation first.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed Examples of clay, shale aggregates are “AIROX”,
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for “ROCKLITE”, Diatomite, “HAYDITE”. .
Light-weight
Conc.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF d. By-product Aggregates

CEMENT
3. CONCRETE
• Expanded Slag or “foamed” slags are made by treating
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities molten blast furnace slag with controlled quantities of water
of Good or steam. Some slags are expanded are expanded in pits in
Concrete
3.03 Materials of the ground; others are made in machines. Close control of
Concrete steam is very important because too much granulates the
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning slag, yielding soft, friable particles; too little gives a heavy
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting aggregate.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing • Foamed slag has been used for precast blocks, cast-in-
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
place walls of houses and for panel filling of steel-framed
buildings.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE • Cinders are composed of the ash components of the coal
4.01 Types of
Processed along with the various quantities of unburned or partially
Concrete burned combustible matter. Cinders containing a minimum
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
amount of combustible material are satisfactory for use in
Conc. concrete but are not particularly weight saving. Lightweight
cinders often have unsound physical and chemical
properties.
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.03 Cement
2. STORAGE OF WEIGHT OF AGGREGATE AND CONCRETE BY

CEMENT
TYPE OF AGGREGATE
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities TYPE OF AGGREGATE Aggregate Weight per Cubic
of Good Weight per Foot of Concrete
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Cubic Foot Using Aggregate
Concrete (Lbs.) (Lbs.)
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning Gravel 120 150
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting Sand 90-100 150
and Placing Crushed Stone 100 145
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing Crushed Bank Slag 80 110-130
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms Haydite (Expanded Clay, shale) 40-60 100-120
Foamed Slag 40-60 90-100
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE Cinders 40-50 110-115
4.01 Types of Pumice 30-60 60-90
Processed Diatomite 28-40 55-70
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for Perlite 6-16 40-65
Light-weight Vermiculite 6-10 25-50
Conc.
End of
Div 03 CONCRETE
1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS
- a proportioned mixture of siliceous materials (sand, crushed stone)

and cement (lime, Portland) which, after being prepared in a plastic
state with water, hardens into a stonelike mass.
• Mortar is cement mix used to glue masonry units to each other, or
other surface finishing materials like tiles, bricks, stones to a
receiving structure like a wall or floor.
• Plaster is mortar applied to wall surfaces as a preparation or a hard
finish coat.
1.01 CEMENT MORTAR
- is a proportioned mixture of cement, fine aggregate and water.
- For first-class mortars 1 part of cement should be added to not more

than 3 parts of sand.
- Replacing 10 or 15 percent of the cement by volume with hydrated

lime gives greater workability and increases the strength of the mortar.
- For rubble stonework, 1 : 4 will be much stronger than lime mortar.
- For the top surface of floors and walks, use 1 : 1 to 1-1/2.
- Mortar made with fine sand requires a much larger quantity of cement
to obtain a given strength than mortar made with coarse sand.
1.01 CEMENT MORTAR
- Mortar may be mixed by hand or mechanical mixers, the latter

being preferred for large quantities.
- When the mixing is done by hand, it should be done on
platforms made watertight to prevent the loss of cement.
- The cement and sand should be mixed dry in small batches in
the proportions required on a clean platform.
- Water is added and the whole remixed until it is homogeneous
in color and leaves the mixing hoe clean when drawn out.
- Mortar should never be retempered after it has begun to set
1.02 PLASTER
- is a mortar of cementitious material ( lime, gypsum or cement),

sand and water which is applied in coats (layers) to masonry
surfaces, lath or various types of plaster board to give a hard finish
surface to interior or exterior walls and ceilings.
- the word “plaster” refers to gypsum plaster and the words gypsum
and plaster are often used interchangeably.
- Fiber or hair is sometimes added to the mixture to give increased
strength as when used for the first coat.
- Plastering is done according to two basic methods: two-coat and
three-coat. A three-coat job consists of :
• a first binding coat called scratch coat;
• a second straightening coat called the brown-coat; and
• a final coat called the finish coat.
In the two-coat work, the scratch and brown coats are combined into one.
1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES

a. Lime Plaster
Lime putty (hydrated lime and water), mixed on the job with sand
and gypsum plaster, used for two and three-coat finish surfaces
for interior walls and ceilings.
Scratch coat : 1 part lime putty, 1 part Portland cement or
Keene’s cement, 2-3/4 parts sand by weight.
Brown coat : 1 part lime putty, 1part Portland cement or
Keene’s cement, 3 parts sand by weight.
Finish coat:
Hard finish : 1 part lime putty, 1/3 gypsum plaster by volume
Sand float : 1 part lime putty, ¼ gypsum plaster, 2 parts sand
by volume

b. Gypsum Plaster
• Gypsum plaster. Plaster of Paris mixed with clay, lime and

other materials in combinations covered by trademarks or
patents. Mixed on the job with water, sand, lime putty, hair or
fiber for two or three-coat finish surfaces for interior walls and
ceilings; or used dry as ingredient for hard or sand float finish
with lime plaster (see above).
• High-strength gypsum plaster. Same as gypsum plaster but

mixed to meet established standards. Mixed on the job with
water, sand, lime putty, hair or fiber for two and three-coat finish
surfaces for both exteriors and interiors.
- Scratch and brown coats : 1 part high-strength gypsum
plaster to 2 parts sand by weight.
- Hard finish : ¼ lime putty to 1 part high-
strength gypsum plaster by volume

b. Gypsum Plaster
• Fibered gypsum plaster. Gypsum plaster premixed with

fibers. Mixed on the job with water and sand for scratch coat for
three-coat plastering job
• Prepared gypsum plaster. Gypsum plaster mixed with fine

white sand. Used for two and three-coat finish surfaces for
interior walls and ceilings .
- Scratch and brown coats : mix per manufacturer’s instructions.
- Finish coat: Any type of final coat plaster
(gypsum, Keene’s cement, lime or
prepared finish coat

b. Gypsum Plaster
• Bonding plaster. Gypsum plaster mixed with ingredients

develop more adhesive strength in combinations covered by
trademarks or patents. Used for interior finish for smooth
concrete walls or ceilings. Mix and apply as per manufacturer’s
directions
• Lightweight gypsum plaster, fire-resistant plaster. Gypsum

plaster mixed on the job with water, perlite, vermiculite or other
suitable mineral aggregate. Lightweight gypsum plaster is used
when weight is important, and for fire-proofing other materials
such as steel. Applied on lath. For interior use only .
- Scratch and brown coats : 2 sand, 2 cu. ft. perlite or vermiculite per 100 lb.
of plaster.
- Brown coat: 3 sand, 3 cu ft. perlite or vermiculite per 100 lb.
of plaster.
- Finish coat:
Hard finish: 1/3 gypsum plaster, 1 lime putty by volume
Sand Float Finish: 1 gypsum plaster, 1-1/2 sand by volume

b. Gypsum Plaster
• Keene’s cement. Plaster of Paris mixed with alum or borax or

other materials and burned (calcined) at 932°F. Mixed on the
job with water, lime putty and fine white sand as hard finish for
two and three-coat gypsum plaster. For interior use only
- Hard finish : 1 Keene’s cement, ¼ lime putty,
1/10 fine white sand by weight .
- Sand float finish : ½ Keene’s cement, 2 lime putty, 4 ½
sand by volume.
• Plaster of Paris. For ornamental plaster work and castings.
• Molding plaster. For ornamental plaster work and castings. Mix

with water as per manufacturer’s directions.
• Acoustics plaster. For acoustic treatment of interior walls and

ceilings. Applied on gypsum plaster base coats. Mix with water as
per manufacturer’s directions.

c. Portland Cement Plaster
• Mixed with water, sand and lime putty. Used for two and three-
coat finish surfaces for exterior and interior walls and ceilings
- Scratch and brown coats : 1 cement, ¼ lime putty, 3 sand.
- Sand float finish : 1 cement, ¼ lime putty, 3 sand.
• Thickness of plaster coats depends on the type of material to
which the plaster is applied. Generally, the total thickness is
5/8” on metal lath and ½” on lathing board and gypsum block.
• In three-coat plastering work, the scratch and brown coats are

¼” thick at minimum; the finish coat is 1/8” with a minimum of
1/16” at any point.
• For two-coat work, the base coat is ½” and the finish coat is the
same as three-coat work.

d. “Sgraffito”
• is highly decorative type of plaster work developed in Italy during
the Renaissance. This type of technique consists of applying two or
three thin coats of plaster different colors and then cutting away
certain areas of one or two coats to produce a three-dimensional
colored design.
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.01 DEFINITION
Masonry - is a built-up construction or combination of building
materials as clay, concrete, or stone set in mortar; or
plain concrete.
Masonry Terms:
a. Bed – The horizontal surfaces on which the
stones or bricks of walls lie in the courses.
b. Course – A continuous layer of bricks, stones,

Course
or other masonry units
c. Wythe or Tier – Each continuous, vertical

section of the wall, one masonry unit thick.
Wythe
or Tier
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.01 DEFINITION
Masonry Terms:
d. Bond – That connection between bricks, stones

or other masonry units formed by lapping them
one upon another carrying up the work, so as to
form an inseparable mass of building, by
preventing the vertical joints falling over each English Bond
other (also called a breaking joint).
e. Stretcher – A brick or block masonry laid

lengthwise of a wall Stretcher
f. Header – A brick or block masonry extending

over the thickness of the wall
Header
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.01 DEFINITION
Masonry Terms:
g. Heading course – A course in which the bricks

or other masonry units are all headers.
h. Soldier – A unit laid on its end with its face

perpendicular to the face of the wall.
Soldier
i. Quoins – The corner stones at the angles of

buildings, usually rusticated so as to project
from the normal surface of the wall.
j. Bond Stones – Stones running through the

thickness of the wall at right angles to its face,
in order to bind it together.
k. Blocking or Blocking Course – A course of

stones placed on top of cornice crowning the
walls
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.02 STONE
- Stone, together with wood and clay, are the basic building material
of man. The history of architecture until as late as 1900 was largely
the history of stone in architecture,
- Stone was the structural material, the

exterior and interior finishing material,
the flooring material and in many cases
the roofing material.
- It was also used for all types of

sculpture, statuary, and decorative and
ornamental applications.
- Today, stone is largely used as a

surface finishing material for both the
exterior and interior of buildings.
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.02 STONE
- Stone commonly used for architectural purposes include
granite limestone
marble sandstone
travertine slate.
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.02 STONE
They are commonly classified as:
a. Rubble Stone. Stone

delivered from the quarries
rough and irregular shape.
b. Dimension Stone. Stone

cut into specific size,
squared to dimensions, and
to a specific thickness
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.02 STONE
- STONEWORK: The types of stonework are based on the shape

and the surface treatment of finish of the stone :
a. Rubble work. Masonry of

rough, undressed stones.
When only the roughest

irregularities are knocked off, it
is called scabbled rubble, and
when the stones in each course RUBBLE WORK
are rudely dressed to a nearly

uniform height, range rubble .
b. Random work. Stones fitted

together at random without any
attempt to lay them in course.
RANDOM WORK
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.02 STONE
- STONEWORK:
c. Ashlar. Squared stones in regular courses, in contradistinction to
rubble work .
• Ranged work or coursed

ashlar – Uniform courses with
stones uniform in size.
BROKEN
RANGED WORK
• Broken range ashlar – Course

laid with the horizontal joints
uninterrupted but the width of the
courses and the length of the
stones are varied to produce a
wall with a less regular pattern.
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.02 STONE
- STONEWORK:
c. Ashlar
• Random course their rectangular

shape and are laid on horizontal
beds but no effort is made to RANDOM
COURSE WORK
continue the horizontal beds
through in an uninterrupted
manner. Large stones combine with
small ones in a convenient and, if
possible, an interesting manner.
• Rustic or Rock work - RUSTIC OR
Courses of stone face which ROCK WORK
is jagged, so as to present a
rough surface. * Rustication occurs when heavier
stones or areas of stone project
from the normal face of the
surrounding wall or of the joint
themselves.
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.03 BRICKS
- are structural units of clay or shale formed while plastic and

subsequently fired.
- The manufacture of brick consists essentially of screening,

grinding, or working the clay to the desired consistency for
moulding, whether by hand or machine.
- After moulding, the bricks are dried and then burned in kilns for
many hours at high temperatures, approximately 2000°F.
- These processes purify the raw products, make it uniform and

homogeneous, burn out all combustible matter, and result in a
product which is both stable and physically permanent .
- Standard size of brick is 3-3/4” x 2-1/4” x 8”.

2. UNIT MASONRY
2.03 BRICKS
The types of bricks most frequently used in architecture are :
a. Common or building brick. Used for all

purposes, including facing.
b. Facing brick. Specially processed to give certain

specific surface characteristics. Used for
exposed masonry surfaces.
c. Glazed brick. These have a smooth outer

surface with a dull satin or high gloss finish. They
are load bearing, fire resisting, and impervious.
They are usually formed with vertical hollow
cores through the body with scoring on the back.
d. Fire (refractory) brick. These are ordinarily

made from a mixture of flint clay and plastic clay,
and are used for the lining of furnaces,
fireplaces, and chimneys.
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.03 BRICKS
BRICK WORK. The usual methods of laying brick are as follows :
a. Common Bond. Consists of five

stretcher courses and then a
header course. It is generally
begun with a row of headers at
the bottom course COMMON BOND
b. English Bond. Consists of

alternate courses of stretchers
and headers .
c. Flemish Bond. Consists of ENGLISH BOND
alternate headers and stretchers

in each course .
d. Herringbone. The bricks are

laid diagonally to form a herring-
bone pattern. FLEMISH BOND
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.03 BRICKS
Mortar joints
between brick
courses are
usually from
4.5mm (3/16”)
to 12mm (½”).
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.04 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK
• Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) is a hollow masonry unit, with two

or three cells or cores, made of the following ingredients: water,
Portland cement, and various types of aggregate such as sand,
gravel, and crushed stone.
• Lightweight concrete hollow blocks are also manufactured with

such aggregates as cinders, expanded slag, expanded shale or
clay. Expanded blast furnace slag rates the highest in fire
resistance, and due to its cellular structure, has high sound and
thermal insulation quality.
• These are manufactured by machine-mixing the ingredients,

pouring the mix into molds, and curing the block by air drying. A
steam-and-pressure curing process is also used which can
produce concrete hollow block in a few hours.
2. UNIT MASONRY
• Standard CHB sizes are from

thicknesses of 100mm (4”), 150mm (6”)
and 200mm (8”) x height of 200mm (8”)
x length of 400mm (16”).
• CHB of 100mm (4”) thickness should

be used only for interior partition walls
where weather-tightness is not
required.
2. UNIT MASONRY
• The different types of concrete hollow block

include:
a. Stretchers c. Corner blocks e. Beam or lintel

blocks
b. Headers d. Jamb blocks

2. UNIT MASONRY
• Concrete hollow blocks should be laid on a full bed

of mortar with horizontal and vertical joints 10mm
(3/8”) thick.
• Reinforcement for 100mm (4”) and 150mm (6”)

thick wall shall be 10mm∅ vertical bars at 600mm
on centers and 10mm∅ horizontal bars every third
course.
• Reinforcement for 200mm (8”) thick walls shall be 12mm∅ vertical bars
at 600mm on center and 12mm∅ horizontal bars every third course.
• All horizontal reinforcement shall be tied to the vertical reinforcement at

their intersections.
• Dowel bars should be placed into the piers, columns, slabs, leaving 20
bar diameters exposed to splice with the reinforcement of the hollow
blocks.
2. UNIT MASONRY
• Block cells with reinforcement are filled with cement mortar.
• Concrete hollow block walls should have a reinforced concrete lintel

or beam block course every twelfth course; and a concrete column
stiffener at every 4.80 meters length.
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.05 “DURISOL” BLOCK
- “DURISOL” block is lightweight block

made from fiber and cement.
- “DURISOL” block units are two-core,

100mm (4”) or 150mm ( 6”) x 87mm (7-
1/2”) x 600mm (24”).
- Reinforcement shall be 10mm ∅ vertical

bars at 720mm (36”) on center and at
every 4th course. Every 4th course
should be a beam block course. Cores
shall be solidly filled with cement mortar.
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.06 PLASTER BLOCK
- also known as gypsum partition blocks, are usually made of gypsum,

vegetable fibers as binders, and reinforcement.
- used for lightweight, fire-resistant interior partitions and for furring and
fireproofing columns.
- Gypsum hollow blocks are manufactured in units of 75mm (3”), 100mm

(4”) or 150mm ( 6”) thicknesses, x 300mm (12”) height x 700mm (30”)
length.
- Gypsum solid block is manufactured only with a 50mm (2”) thickness.

2. UNIT MASONRY
2.07 STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE
- Structural clay tile are hollow masonry units, open at two ends with
interior webs or partitions 19mm (¾”) to 25mm (1”) dividing the block
into longitudinal cells.
- In its manufacture, the various shapes of clay tile are formed through
special dies and then wire-cut into the required lengths.
- It may have a smooth or scored (grooved) surface. Structural clay tile

is classified into:
a. Load-bearing wall tile. 300mm x
300mm x 300mm (12” x 12” x 12”)
b. Non-load bearing, fireproofing,
partition, and furring tile. 100mm
(4”) or 125mm (5”) x 200mm x
300mm
End of
Div 04 MASONRY

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1.

2. STORAGE OF One of the oldest manufactured building materials used

2. STORAGE OF The carbonates decompose

4. PROCESSED The lime has now become

2. STORAGE OF Gypsum, like lime, was used

2. STORAGE OF Gypsum plaster is rendered

2. STORAGE OF First developed by the Romans by mixing slaked lime with

2. STORAGE OF Portland cement is obtained

2. STORAGE OF Concrete is:

2. STORAGE OF Concrete should be:

3. CONCRETE • in reinforced-concrete construction should be high-

2. STORAGE OF b. Aggregates are:

3. CONCRETE • Coarse aggregate (aggregate larger than ¼” in size)

3. CONCRETE • Special aggregates, such as cinders, blast furnace

2. STORAGE OF - used for measuring the consistency of a concrete mix.

2. STORAGE OF In making the test, the slump tester is

Bucket TOO WET SUITABLE TOO DRY

2. STORAGE OF A harsh mix is efficient for slabs, pavements, or mass

2. STORAGE OF Briefly stated, the principles of proper proportioning are as

4. PROCESSED d. Add correct proportions of aggregates to the

2. STORAGE OF The strength of a workable concrete mix depends upon the

2. STORAGE OF a. Proportioning by arbitrary proportions

4. PROCESSED its volume as it is thrown

2. STORAGE OF Common mixes expressed in proportions by volumes of

2. STORAGE OF b. Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test

2. STORAGE OF c. Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and fineness

2. STORAGE OF • Reinforced-concrete work should be mixed by machine

2. STORAGE OF a. MACHINE MIXING

2. STORAGE OF a. MACHINE MIXING

3. CONCRETE Continuous mixers -

2. STORAGE OF b. HAND MIXING

2. STORAGE OF b. HAND MIXING

2. STORAGE OF • Fresh concrete should be transported from the

2. STORAGE OF • The concrete may be transported by

2. STORAGE OF • Before placing concrete, the

2. STORAGE OF • Shrinkage of concrete due to hardening and contraction

2. STORAGE OF • Concrete must be allowed to “cure” or harden after it is

2. STORAGE OF • The increase in strength is rapid during the early

2. STORAGE OF Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete from drying

2. STORAGE OF Parts of Structure CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED

2. STORAGE OF Parts of Structure CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED

2. STORAGE OF Substances added to cements, mortars, and

2. STORAGE OF Admixtures may be grouped into three categories:

2. STORAGE OF Concrete admixtures include:

3. CONCRETE a. Accelerators - to speed up setting time, to develop

2. STORAGE OF c. Air-entraining agents - introduce minute air bubbles to

2. STORAGE OF e. Waterproofing (permeability-reducing) compounds

2. STORAGE OF f. Colored pigments are mainly to used to give color to

2. STORAGE OF Admixtures for mixing into mortar include:

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

3. CONCRETE This is a light–weight, expanded structural concrete

3. CONCRETE This is the mixture of sand and cement deposited under

3. CONCRETE A Portland cement concrete to which a chemical foam

2. STORAGE OF Lightweight aggregates have the following advantages:

2. STORAGE OF The major disadvantages of lightweight aggregates

2. STORAGE OF • The cost of raw aggregates is higher than for gravel,

2. STORAGE OF Lightweight aggregates can be divided into four general

2. STORAGE OF a. Aggregates of volcanic origin

2. STORAGE OF c. Expanded shales and clays