Optics Communications 465 (2020) 125606

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Optics Communications
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom

Inverse designed tunable four-channel wavelength demultiplexer

Jingmin Han a,b , Jie Huang b , Jiagui Wu a ,∗, Junbo Yang b ,∗
a
College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
b
Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Traditional wavelength demultiplexers are usually designed by brute-force parameter sweeping that only uses
Inverse design a small parameter space, which limits the functionality and compactness of the device. Furthermore, the long
Wavelength demultiplexer design cycle required by these techniques reduces design efficiency and technology development. In this paper,
we have designed a tunable four-channel wavelength demultiplexer using a recently proposed objective-first
algorithm. High performance is achieved for this demultiplexer with a footprint of only 20.16 μm2 . The peak
transmission efficiencies are -1.87 dB, -2.10 dB, -1.68 dB, -1.74 dB and the crosstalk are -14.0 dB, -13.2 dB,
-13.7 dB, -16.3 dB at 1453 nm, 1511 nm, 1576 nm, 1639 nm, for each channel, respectively. Moreover, the
working wavelength of each channel can be tuned by changing the refractive index of the demultiplexer.

1. Introduction
On-chip wavelength division multiplexing plays a significant role
in a variety of applications, ranging from optical interconnects [1,2],
optical switches [3,4], optical sensors [5–7] to quantum communi-
cation [8,9]. As the basic building blocks of such system, efficient
wavelength division multiplexers (WDMs) have been studied for a
long time [10–15]. Traditional wavelength demultiplexers such as ring
resonant array [16], arrayed waveguide grating [17], echelle grating
demultiplexer [18] are designed by hand-tuning parameters techniques.
These methods are relatively mature. The advantages of these design
methods are that they can achieve a larger number of channels and
a relatively small wavelength spacing based on acceptable insertion
loss and crosstalk. But their shortcomings are equally significant. Their
footprints are often in the order of hundreds of micrometers [19],
which seriously hinder the on-chip integration of photonic devices.
Others demultiplexers such as, photonic crystal based WDMs, have
ultra-compact footprints, small channel spacing and high transmis-
sion efficiency, and have been gaining extensive attention in latest
years [20–25]. However, their design also suffers from being a long
cycle, and not taking full use of all the available design space available
for these devices. In contrast to these forward parameter sweeping
methods, a variety of sophisticated optimization approaches have been
applied to the design of the dielectric wavelength splitters, including
direct binary search [26–28], genetic algorithm [29]. Unfortunately,
compared to full parameter space optimizing, these approaches are
restricted to optimize a relatively smaller subset of parameters, which
limit device performance. Furthermore, scientists have attempted to
train deep neural networks to inversely design nanophotonic devices
[30–32]. In fact, an efficient and reliable neural network could ren-
der the structures for intended functions very rapidly. However, the
length of the data sets required for training network itself and the
nonuniqueness of inverse scattering problems make this approach very
challenging. Recently, objective first inverse design algorithms, a highly
promising concept, has been proposed [13–15]. This approach forces
the fields to satisfy the performance objectives first, and then to attempt
to satisfy Maxwell’s equations. Using these algorithms, various devices
with excellent properties have been efficiently designed [33–39]. For
example, based on the objective first concept, Alexander et al. exper-
imentally demonstrated a silicon wavelength demultiplexer that splits
1300 nm and 1550 nm into two output waveguides [33]. The device
displays low insertion loss, low crosstalk and the footprint is merely
2.8 μm × 2.8 μm.
In this paper, by using objective-first inverse design method, we nu-
merically demonstrate a four-channel wavelength demultiplexer with
approximately 60 nm channel spacing, and the footprint of only 20.16
μm2 . We have achieved approximately 70% transmission and less than
−13 dB channel crosstalk. At the same time, the results of finite-
difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations performed, show that the
wavelength of each channel is capable of being tunable by changing
the refractive index (RI) of the structure. The operating wavelengths of
the four channels are uniformly red-shifted when the refractive index
value increases. In fact, when refractive index increases by 0.1 as an
example, the corresponding wavelengths have a red shift of about
50 nm. In the following sections, we will discuss the design process,
the optical transmission characteristics, as well as the tunability for
splitting different wavelengths.

∗ Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: mgh@swu.edu.cn (J. Wu), yangjunbo@nudt.edu.cn (J. Yang).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2020.125606
Received 7 December 2019; Received in revised form 8 February 2020; Accepted 24 February 2020
Available online 26 February 2020
0030-4018/© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
J. Han, J. Huang, J. Wu et al.
Fig. 1. A three-dimensional rendering of the structure. Purple, blue, green and red
indicate the increasing operating wavelength of four channels. The correspondence
between color and channel is kept consistent throughout the text. (For interpretation of
the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version
of this article.)
2. Design and result
The objective-first inverse design optimization is divided into two
stages: continuous optimization and discrete optimization. We abstract
our physical target into a mathematical optimization problem. The
design problem can be formulated as the following linear programming
model [23],
∑
𝑀
Minimize ‖𝐴𝑖 (𝑧)𝑥𝑖 − 𝑏𝑖 ‖2
‖ ‖
𝑖 wavelengths of this wavelength demultiplexer. The coupling region,
| |
subject to 𝛼𝑖𝑗 ≤ |𝑐𝑖𝑗† 𝑥𝑖 | ≤ 𝛽𝑖𝑗
| |
𝑧min ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧max
where 𝐴𝑖 (𝑧)𝑥𝑖 − 𝑏𝑖 is the physical residual which is )transformed by
( 40 nm × 40 nm, resulting in a total area of 2.4 × 8.4 μm2 . We set the
the electromagnetic wave equation ∇ × 𝜇0−1 ∇ × −𝜔2𝑖 𝜀 𝐸𝑖 + 𝑖𝜔𝑖 𝐽𝑖 . The
physical residual is allowed non zero since the design objective is
| |
prioritized. The formula |𝑐𝑖𝑗† 𝑥𝑖 | represents the desired electromagnetic
| |
behavior function, namely, the design objective. For the design of our
four channel demultiplexer, it is the transferred power of mode i (𝑖 = 1,
2, 3, 4) with an output pattern j (𝑗 = 1, 2, 3, 4). We specify that 0.9 ≤
| † | | |
|𝑐𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖 | ≤ 1 at the aimed output port and 0 ≤ |𝑐𝑖𝑗† 𝑥𝑖 | ≤ 0.01 at remained
| | | |
output port for each wavelength. The final dielectric distribution is
limited by Eq. (1c). Here, the constraint of the relative permittivity z is
𝑧𝑎𝑖𝑟 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧𝑆𝑖 for continuous dielectric design. In the continuous stage,
the permittivity of the
( ) coupling region is expressed by the formula
𝑧 = 𝑧𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝑝 𝑧𝑆𝑖 − 𝑧𝑎𝑖𝑟 . The permittivity values of silicon and air used
were zSi = 11.9025 and zair = 1 respectively. The variable p in the
optimization process can take values between 0 to 1. The alternative
directions method of multipliers (ADMM) optimization algorithm [40]
is employed to solve Eq. (1), which means iteratively solving for electric
field 𝑥𝑖 and relative permittivity z.
The continuous permittivity obtained from stage one should be dis-
crete to make our structure feasible to fabricate. Different approaches
could be applied to this discretization process [41]. Level set rep-
resentation [33] is one of these methods which determines material
via comparing a scalar-valued function of position with a specific
threshold. The threshold value is set 0 in our process. It means the
values assumed are the dielectric value of silicon when higher than 0,
otherwise it assumes the dielectric value of air.
As shown in Fig. 1, we made a three-dimensional rendering of
structure to illustrate the function of this SOI device. Our demultiplexer
uses the structure similar to a multimode interference (MMI) coupler.
The MMI coupler is composed of three parts: input access waveguide,
multimode interference section, output access waveguide. The brown
thick slab represents the silica substrate with the refractive index value
of 1.45. The input access waveguide, introducing the broadband opti-
cal source, is symbolized by a white cylindrical waveguide. Cuboidal
waveguides represent the output access waveguides. The different col-
ors of the four output waveguides stand for the four different operating
Optics Communications 465 (2020) 125606
Fig. 2. Structure of our four-channel WDM. (a) Initial structure. (b) Final optimized
structure. Black represents silicon with RI of 3.45 and white represents air with RI of
1.
Table 1
Insertion loss and crosstalk of the WDM.
Channel 1 2 3 4
Port 2 3 4 5
𝜆 (nm) 1453 1511 1576 1639
Insertion loss (dB) −1.87 −2.10 −1.68 −1.74
Crosstalk (dB) −14.0 −13.2 −13.7 −16.1
fwhm (nm) 50 43 37 74
(1a)
(1b) which is multimode interference section, is a 220 nm thick silicon slab
distributed with full etched irregular air holes.
(1c) The initial structure is preset as shown in Fig. 2(a). The design
region (gray part) is comprised of 60 × 120 square pixels, each of size
initial p value to 0.75 empirically, so that the initial permittivity value
of the coupling region is 9.1769, namely, the initial refractive index
value is 3.0293. The width of input and output waveguides is 0.48 μm.
The four output ports have an equal spacing of 1.92 μm. Fig. 2(b) shows
exactly the final computed result where black sections represent silicon
and white sections represent air. We think that a series of scattering
and refraction of light in this irregularly distributed coupling region
has led to our efficient wavelength demultiplexing. The device was
designed in about 80 h on a single computer with an Intel Core i7-
6850K processor, 128 GB of RAM, and four Nvidia Titan XP graphics
cards. We number the input and output ports in sequence from 1 to 5
for easier identification.
Optical performance characterization results are explored based on
3D FDTD approach, as presented in Fig. 3. Simulated electromagnetic
energy distribution and the transmissions at four optical channels are
shown in Fig. 3(a) and (b), respectively. Fig. 3(a) shows the coupling
of light of four target wavelengths from the input to the target output
ports. The scattering and refraction of light in the coupling region
form the basis of the wavelength splitting. The peak transmissions are
0.65 at 1453 nm, 0.62 at 1511 nm, 0.68 at 1576 nm and 0.67 at
1639 nm with the insertion losses of −1.87 dB, −2.10 dB, −1.68 dB,
−1.74 dB respectively. The crosstalk is −14.0 dB, −13.2 dB, −13.7 dB,
−16.3 dB at each peak-transmission wavelength, as shown in Table 1.
The insertion loss is defined as IL (dB) = 10log (𝑃out ∕𝑃in ) where 𝑃out
(𝑃in ) signifies the output power (input power) at each channel. The
crosstalk value, at a specific channel, refers to decibel transmission
efficiency caused by remaining three operating wavelengths. We choose
the maximum value among them to characterize the crosstalk of the
target channel. According to the transmission curves in Fig. 3(b), the
full-width-half-maximum (fwhm) for four channels is 50 nm, 43 nm,
37 nm and 74 nm, respectively.
3. Tunable wavelength demultiplexer
We investigate how material in coupling regions influence the trans-
mitted peak wavelength. In Fig. 4(a), the solid lines represent the
2
J. Han, J. Huang, J. Wu et al. Optics Communications 465 (2020) 125606

Fig. 3. Simulated results from FDTD. (a) Electromagnetic energy distribution |𝐸|2 at 1453 nm (purple), 1511 nm (blue), 1576 nm (green), 1639 nm (red). (b) Optical power
transmission at four output ports, port2 (purple), port3 (blue), port4 (green), port5 (red). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred
to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 4. (a) Initial transmission (solid lines) and the transmission for RI in coupling region increasing by 0.1 (dashed line). The relation between operating wavelengths (b), insertion
loss (c), crosstalk (d) and RI shift at four output ports, respectively. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version
of this article.)

initial computed result and the dashed lines refer to transmission where when the incident light at the middle of the left facet, where p repre-
the RI increases by 0.1 in the entire coupling region. It can be seen sents self-image number and 𝐿𝜋 is beat length,
that when the RI increases by 0.1, the four peak wavelengths are 2
4𝑛𝑀𝑀𝐼 𝑊𝑀𝑀𝐼
consistently red shifted by approximately 50 nm. For all four output 𝐿𝜋 ≈ (2b)
ports, as it can be seen from Fig. 4(b), it was found that the red shifts 3𝜆0
in wavelength exhibit nearly linear relationship with the refractive here 𝑛𝑀𝑀𝐼 and 𝑊𝑀𝑀𝐼 correspond to refractive index and width of mul-
index. This means the wavelength demultiplexer was able to operate at timode interference section, with 𝜆0 as the free-space wavelength. In or-
different wavelength ranges, in other words, it can be tuned as if one der to investigate the peak wavelength response, we combine the MMI
changes the refractive index in the coupling region in some methods. governing equation (2a) and (2b) and express the peak wavelength in
In terms of this red shift phenomenon, we adopt mature theory of terms of all above parameter as follow:
multimode interference to demonstrate [42,43]. In order to obtain the ( 2
)
𝑛𝑀𝑀𝐼 𝑊𝑀𝑀𝐼
self-image at the facet of the output access waveguides, the length of 𝜆0 = 𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝 = 0, 1, 2, … , (2c)
multimode interference section must be precisely determined. The MMI 𝐿
effect has been studied and the length of the interference section can As shown in Eq. (2c), we could tune peak wavelength by adjusting the
be calculated using refractive index, the length, or the width of the multimode interference
( ) section. The response wavelength red shift with the refractive index
3𝐿𝜋
𝐿=𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝 = 0, 1, 2, … , (2a) increasing.
4

3
J. Han, J. Huang, J. Wu et al.
Fig. 4(c) and (d) display the distribution of the insertion loss and
crosstalk when the refractive index increases from 0 to 0.1. We could
find that the insertion loss of the four channels is limited approximately
from −2 dB to −1.5 dB, while the maximum crosstalk for the operating
peak-transmission wavelength is distributed from −16 dB to −13 dB.
The results suggest the performance of demultiplexer is stable when
operating wavelengths shift.
4. Conclusions
In this paper, we designed a tunable four channel wavelength
demultiplexer based on the objective-first inverse design algorithm. The
resulting structure possess ultra-compact footprint, high transmission,
low crosstalk and relatively small channel spacing. Furthermore, the
wavelengths of the channels can be manipulated by changing the
refractive index in the coupling region of the WDM. We believe this
tunable four channel WDM could find important applications in next
generation on-chip optical circuits and optical computing.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Jingmin Han: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - original
draft. Jie Huang: Software, Validation, Data curation. Jiagui Wu:
Validation, Writing - review & editing. Junbo Yang: Resources, Super-
vision, Funding acquisition.
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China (60907003, 6180
5278, 61875168); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2018M6
33704, 2017M612885); Foundation of NUDT, China (JC13-02-13, ZK17-
03-01); Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (13JJ
3001); Chongqing Postdoctoral Science Foundation Special Funded
project (Xm2017008); Program for New Century Excellent Talents in
University, China (NCET-12-0142)
References
[1] J.S. Levy, A. Gondarenko, M.A. Foster, et al., CMOS-compatible multiple-
wavelength oscillator for on-chip optical interconnects, Nat. photonics 4 (1)
(2010) 37.
[2] J. Wang, S. Chen, D. Dai, Silicon hybrid demultiplexer with 64 channels for
wavelength/mode-division multiplexed on-chip optical interconnects, Opt. Lett.
39 (24) (2014) 6993–6996.
[3] A. Sudbø, S. Bjørnstad, J. Cheyns, et al., Scalable optical switch structure based
on tunable wavelength converters and arrayed waveguide grating routers, J. Opt.
Netw. 2 (9) (2003) 340–349.
[4] R. Togashi, X. Gu, T. Sakaguchi, et al., Full C-band wavelength demultiplexer
with optical gain for use in wavelength selective switch, in: Optical Fiber
Communication Conference, Optical Society of America, 2019.
[5] J. Yin, T. Liu, J. Jiang, Wavelength-division-multiplexing method of polarized
low-coherence interferometry for fiber Fabry–Perot interferometric sensors, Opt.
Lett. 38 (19) (2013) 3751–3753.
[6] J. Deglint, F. Kazemzadeh, D. Cho, Numerical demultiplexing of color image
sensor measurements via non-linear random forest modeling, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016)
28665.
[7] X. Yu, X. Dong, X. Chen, Large-scale multilongitudinal mode fiber laser sensor
array with wavelength/frequency division multiplexing, J. Lightwave Technol.
35 (11) (2017) 2299–2305.
[8] S. Wengerowsky, S.K. Joshi, F. Steinlechner, An entanglement-based wavelength-
multiplexed quantum communication network, Nat. 564 (7735) (2018)
225.
[9] J.F. Dynes, W.W.S. Tam, A. Plews, Ultra-high bandwidth quantum secured data
transmission, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 35149.
[10] M. Koshiba, Wavelength division multiplexing and demultiplexing with photonic
crystal waveguide couplers, J. lightwave Technol. 19 (12) (2001) 1970.
[11] A. Rostami, F. Nazari, H.A. Banaei, A novel proposal for DWDM demultiplexer
design using modified-T photonic crystal structure, Photon. Nanostruct. Fundam.
Appl. 8 (1) (2010) 14–22.
4
Optics Communications 465 (2020) 125606
[12] H. Jia, T. Zhou, L. Zhang, Optical switch compatible with wavelength division
multiplexing and mode division multiplexing for photonic networks-on-chip, Opt.
Express 25 (17) (2017) 20698–20707.
[13] J. Lu, J. Vučković, Objective-first design of high-efficiency, small-footprint
couplers between arbitrary nanophotonic waveguide modes, Opt. Express 20 (7)
(2012) 7221–7236.
[14] J. Lu, J. Vučković, Nanophotonic computational design, Opt. Express 21 (11)
(2013) 13351–13367.
[15] A.Y. Piggott, J. Lu, T.M. Babinec, Inverse design and implementation of a
wavelength demultiplexing grating coupler, Sci. Rep. 4 (2014) 7210.
[16] M.S. Dahlem, C.W. Holzwarth, A. Khilo, Reconfigurable multi-channel second-
order silicon microring-resonator filterbanks for on-chip WDM systems, Opt.
Express 19 (1) (2011) 306–316.
[17] Stefano Tondini, Claudio Castellan, Mattia Mancinelli, Christophe Kopp, Lorenzo
Pavesi, Methods for low crosstalk and wavelength tunability in arrayed-
waveguide grating for on-silicon optical network, J. Lightwave Technol. 35
(2017) 5134–5141.
[18] F. Horst, W.M.J. Green, B.J. Offrein, Silicon-on-insulator echelle grating WDM
demultiplexers with two stigmatic points, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 21 (23)
(2009) 1743–1745.
[19] W. Bogaerts, Silicon-on-insulator spectral filters fabricated with CMOS
technology, J. Quantum Electron. 16 (2010) 33–44.
[20] X. Zhang, Q. Liao, T. Yu, Novel ultracompact wavelength division demultiplexer
based on photonic band gap, Opt. Commun. 285 (3) (2012) 274–276.
[21] Meron Y. Tekeste, Jan M. Yarrison-Rice, High efficiency photonic crystal-based
wavelength demultiplexer, Opt. Express 14 (2006) 7931–7942.
[22] T. Chantakit, S. Chiangga, I.S. Amiri, All-optical wireless wavelength multiplexing
and demultiplexing using resonant cavity, Appl. Opt. 57 (27) (2018) 7997–8004.
[23] V.R. Balaji, M. Murugan, S. Robinson, Design and optimization of photonic
crystal based eight channel dense wavelength division multiplexing demultiplexer
using conjugate radiant neural network, Opt. Quantum Electron. 49 (5) (2017)
198.
[24] Yuta Ooka, Tomohiro Tetsumoto, Nurul Ashikin Binti Daud, Takasumi Tan-
abe, Ultrasmall in-plane photonic crystal demultiplexers fabricated with
photolithography, Opt. Express 25 (2017) 1521–1528.
[25] Luhua Xu, Yun Wang, Deng Mao, Eslam El-Fiky, Zhenping Xing, Amar Kumar,
Md Ghulam Saber, Maxime Jacques, David V. Plant, Broadband 1310/1550
nm wavelength demultiplexer based on a multimode interference coupler with
tapered internal photonic crystal for the silicon-on-insulator platform, Opt. Lett.
44 (2019) 1770–1773.
[26] F. Zhou, L. Lu, M. Zhang, Ultra-compact, low-loss and low-crosstalk wavelength
demultiplexer for CWDM system based on the photonic-crystal-like metamaterial
structure, in: Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2017, p. 1.
[27] B. Shen, P. Wang, R. Polson, An integrated-nanophotonics polarization
beamsplitter with 2.4×2.4 μm2 footprint, Nat. Photonics 9 (6) (2015) 378.
[28] Yingjie Liu, Ke Xu, Shuai Wang, Weihong Shen, Hucheng Xie, Arbitrarily
routed mode-division multiplexed photonic circuits for dense integration, Nature
Commun. 10 (2019) 3263.
[29] A. Håkansson, J. Sánchez-Dehesa, Inverse designed photonic crystal de-multiplex
waveguide coupler, Opt. Express 13 (14) (2005) 5440–5449.
[30] I. Malkiel, M. Mrejen, A. Nagler, Plasmonic nanostructure design and
characterization via deep learning, Light.-Sci. Appl. 7 (1) (2018) 60.
[31] M.H. Tahersima, K. Kojima, T. Koike-Akino, Deep neural network inverse design
of integrated photonic power splitters, Sci. Rep. 9 (1) (2019) 1368.
[32] Dianjing Liu, Yixuan Tan, Erfan Khoram, Zongfu Yu, Training deep neural
networks for the inverse design of nanophotonic structures, ACS Photon. 5 (2018)
1365–1369.
[33] A.Y. Piggott, J. Lu, K.G. Lagoudakis, Inverse design and demonstration of a
compact and broadband on-chip wavelength demultiplexer, Nat. Photonics 9 (6)
(2015) 374.
[34] L. Su, A.Y. Piggott, N.V. Sapra, Inverse design and demonstration of a compact
on-chip narrowband three-channel wavelength demultiplexer, ACS Photon. 5 (2)
(2017) 301–305.
[35] L. Su, R. Trivedi, N.V. Sapra, Fully-automated optimization of grating couplers,
Opt. Express 26 (4) (2018) 4023–4034.
[36] F. Callewaert, S. Butun, Z. Li, Inverse design of an ultra-compact broadband
optical diode based on asymmetric spatial mode conversion, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016)
32577.
[37] A.Y. Piggott, J. Petykiewicz, L. Su, Fabrication-constrained nanophotonic inverse
design, Sci. Rep. 7 (1) (2017) 1786.
[38] J. Huang, J. Yang, D. Chen, Ultra-compact broadband polarization beam splitter
with strong expansibility, Photon. Res. 6 (6) (2018) 574–578.
[39] Jie Huang, JunBo Yang, DingBo Chen, WeiBai, Jingmin Han, Implementation of
on-chip multi-channel focusing wavelength demultiplexer with regularized digital
metamaterials, Nanophotonics (2019).
J. Han, J. Huang, J. Wu et al.
[40] R. Chartrand, B. Wohlberg, A nonconvex ADMM algorithm for group sparsity
with sparse groups, in: IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and
Signal Processing, 2013, pp. 6009–6013.
[41] J. Petykiewicz, Active Nanopotonics: Inverse Design and Strained Germanium
Light Emitters (Ph. D dissertation), Department of Electrical of Engineering,
Stanford university, Palo Alto, 2016.
Optics Communications 465 (2020) 125606
[42] L.B. Soldano, E.C.M. Pennings, Optical multi-mode interference devices based
on self-imaging: principles and applications, J. Lightwave Technol. 130 (1995)
615–627.
[43] J.E. Antonio-Lopez, A. Castillo-Guzman, D.A. May-Arrioja, R. Selvas-Aguilar, P.
LiKamWa, Tunable multimode-interference bandpass fiber filter, Opt. Lett. 35
(2010) 324–326.